DOLCE+DnS Ultralite

Classes

Abstract
Action
Agent
Amount
Biological object
Chemical object
Classification
Collection
Collective
Collective agent
Community
Concept
Configuration
Contract
Description
Design
Designed artifact
designed substance
Diagnosis
Entity
Event
Event type
Formal entity
Functional substance
Goal
Group
information entity
Information object
Information realization
Local concept
Method
Narrative
Natural person
Norm
Object
object aggregate
Organism
Organization
Parameter
parthood
Pattern
Person
Personification
Physical agent
Physical artifact
Physical attribute
Physical body
Physical object
Physical place
Place
Plan
Plan execution
Process
Project
Quality
Region
Relation
Right
Role
Set
Situation
Social agent
Social attribute
Social object
Social person
Social relation
Space region
spatio temporal region
Substance
Task
Theory
time indexed relation
Time interval
Transition
Type collection
Unit of measure
Workflow
Workflow execution

Abstract^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Abstract

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Any Entity that cannot be located in space-time. E.g. mathematical entities: formal semantics elements, regions within dimensional spaces, etc.

has super-classes: Entity^c
has sub-classes: Formal entity^c, Region^c
is disjoint with: Event^c, Object^c, Quality^c

Action^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Action

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

An Event with at least one Agent that isParticipantIn it, and that executes a Task that typically isDefinedIn a Plan, Workflow, Project, etc.

has super-classes: Event^c; executes task^op min 1; has participant^op some Agent^c
is in domain of: executes task^op, is action included in^op
is in range of: includes action^op, is executed in^op

Agent^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Agent

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Additional comment: a computational agent can be considered as a PhysicalAgent that realizes a certain class of algorithms (that can be considered as instances of InformationObject) that allow to obtain some behaviors that are considered typical of agents in general. For an ontology of computational objects based on DOLCE see e.g. http://www.loa-cnr.it/COS/COS.owl, and http://www.loa-cnr.it/KCO/KCO.owl.

has super-classes: Object^c
has sub-classes: Person^c, Physical agent^c, Social agent^c
is in domain of: acts for^op, conceptualizes^op, is agent included in^op, is agent involved in^op
is in range of: acts through^op, includes agent^op, involves agent^op, is conceptualized by^op

Amount^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Amount

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A quantity, independently from how it is measured, computed, etc.

has super-classes: Region^c
is disjoint with: Physical attribute^c, Space region^c, Time interval^c

Biological object^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#BiologicalObject

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

has super-classes: Physical body^c
has sub-classes: Organism^c

Chemical object^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#ChemicalObject

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

has super-classes: Physical body^c

Classification^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Classification

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A special kind of Situation that allows to include time indexing for the classifies relation in situations. For example, if a Situation s 'my old cradle is used in these days as a flower pot' isSettingFor the entity 'my old cradle' and the TimeIntervals '8June2007' and '10June2007', and we know that s satisfies a functional Description for aesthetic objects, which defines the Concepts 'flower pot' and 'flower', then we also need to know what concept classifies 'my old cradle' at what time. In order to solve this issue, we need to create a sub-situation s' for the classification time: 'my old cradle is a flower pot in 8June2007'. Such sub-situation s' isPartOf s.

has super-classes: time indexed relation^c; is setting for^op some Entity^c; is setting for^op some Concept^c; is setting for^op some Time interval^c

Collection^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Collection

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Any container for entities that share one or more common properties. E.g. "stone objects", "the nurses", "the Louvre Aegyptian collection", all the elections for the Italian President of the Republic. A collection is not a logical class: a collection is a first-order entity, while a class is second-order. A collection is neither an aggregate of its member entities (see e.g. ObjectAggregate class).

has super-classes: Social object^c; has part^op only Collection^c
has sub-classes: Collective^c, Configuration^c, Type collection^c
is in domain of: has member^op, is characterized by^op, is covered by^op, is unified by^op
is in range of: characterizes^op, covers^op, is member of^op, unifies^op

Collective^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Collective

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A Collection whose members are agents, e.g. "the nurses", "the Italian rockabilly fans". Collectives, facon de parler, can act as agents, although they are not assumed here to be agents (they are even disjoint from the class SocialAgent). This is represented by admitting collectives in the range of the relations having Agent in their domain or range.

has super-classes: Collection^c; has member^op only Agent^c

Collective agent^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#CollectiveAgent

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A SocialAgent that is actedBy agents that are (and act as) members of a Collective. A collective agent can have roles that are also roles of those agents. For example, in sociology, a 'group action' is the situation in which a number of people (that result to be members of a collective) in a given area behave in a coordinated way in order to achieve a (often common) goal. The Agent in such a Situation is not single, but a CollectiveAgent (a Group). This can be generalized to the notion of social movement, which assumes a large Community or even the entire Society as agents. The difference between a CollectiveAgent and an Organization is that a Description that introduces a CollectiveAgent is also one that unifies the corresponding Collective. In practice, this difference makes collective agents 'less stable' than organizations, because they have a dedicated, publicly recognizable Description that is conceived to introduce them.

has super-classes: Social agent^c; is introduced by^op some Description^c; acts through^op some Agent^c
has sub-classes: Community^c, Group^c

Community^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Community

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

has super-classes: Collective agent^c

Concept^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Concept

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A Concept is a SocialObject, and isDefinedIn some Description; once defined, a Concept can be used in other Description(s). If a Concept isDefinedIn exactly one Description, see the LocalConcept class. The classifies relation relates Concept(s) to Entity(s) at some TimeInterval

has super-classes: Social object^c; has part^op only Concept^c; is defined in^op some Description^c
has sub-classes: Event type^c, Local concept^c, Parameter^c, Role^c
is in domain of: characterizes^op, classifies^op, covers^op, has parameter^op, is concept expressed by^op, is concept used in^op, is defined in^op, is related to concept^op, is subordinated to^op, is superordinated to^op
is in range of: defines^op, expresses concept^op, is characterized by^op, is classified by^op, is covered by^op, is parameter for^op, is related to concept^op, is subordinated to^op, is superordinated to^op, uses concept^op
is disjoint with: Information object^c, Situation^c, Social agent^c

Configuration^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Configuration

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A collection whose members are 'unified', i.e. organized according to a certain schema that can be represented by a Description. Typically, a configuration is the collection that emerges out of a composed entity: an industrial artifact, a plan, a discourse, etc. E.g. a physical book has a configuration provided by the part-whole schema that holds together its cover, pages, ink. That schema, based on the individual relations between the book and its parts, can be represented in a reified way by means of a (structural) description, which is said to 'unify' the book configuration.

has super-classes: Collection^c

Contract^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Contract

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

(The content of) an agreement between at least two agents that play a Party Role, about some contract object (a Task to be executed).

has super-classes: Description^c

Description^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Description

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A Description is a SocialObject that represents a conceptualization. It can be thought also as a 'descriptive context' that uses or defines concepts in order to create a view on a 'relational context' (cf. Situation) out of a set of data or observations. For example, a Plan is a Description of some actions to be executed by agents in a certain way, with certain parameters; a Diagnosis is a Description that provides an interpretation for a set of observed entities, etc. Descriptions 'define' or 'use' concepts, and can be 'satisfied' by situations.

has super-classes: Social object^c
has sub-classes: Contract^c, Design^c, Diagnosis^c, Goal^c, Method^c, Narrative^c, Norm^c, Plan^c, Relation^c, Right^c, Theory^c
is in domain of: defines^op, defines role^op, defines task^op, describes^op, expands^op, introduces^op, is expanded in^op, is related to description^op, is satisfied by^op, unifies^op, uses concept^op
is in range of: expands^op, is concept used in^op, is defined in^op, is described by^op, is expanded in^op, is introduced by^op, is related to description^op, is role defined in^op, is task defined in^op, is unified by^op, satisfies^op
is disjoint with: Information object^c, Situation^c, Social agent^c

Design^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Design

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A Description of the Situation, in terms of structure and function, held by an Entity for some reason. A design is usually accompanied by the rationales behind the construction of the designed Entity (i.e. of the reasons why a design is claimed to be as such). For example, the actual design (a Situation) of a car or of a law is based on both the specification (a Description) of the structure, and the rationales used to construct cars or laws. While designs typically describe entities to be constructed, they can also be used to describe 'refunctionalized' entities, or to hypothesize unknown functions. For example, a cradle can be refunctionalized as a flowerpot based on a certain home design.

has super-classes: Description^c

Designed artifact^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#DesignedArtifact

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A PhysicalArtifact that is also described by a Design. This excludes simple recycling or refunctionalization of natural objects. Most common sense 'artifacts' can be included in this class: cars, lamps, houses, chips, etc.

has super-classes: Physical artifact^c; is described by^op some Design^c
has sub-classes: designed substance^c

designed substance^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#DesignedSubstance

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

has super-classes: Designed artifact^c; Functional substance^c

Diagnosis^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Diagnosis

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A Description of the Situation of a system, usually applied in order to control a normal behaviour, or to explain a notable behavior (e.g. a functional breakdown).

has super-classes: Description^c

Entity^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Entity

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Anything: real, possible, or imaginary, which some modeller wants to talk about for some purpose.

has sub-classes: Abstract^c, Event^c, Object^c, Quality^c, information entity^c
is in domain of: associatedWith^op, directly follows^op, directly precedes^op, far from^op, follows^op, has common boundary^op, has component^op, has constituent^op, has constraint^op, has data value^dp, has location^op, has part^op, has quality^op, has region^op, has setting^op, is classified by^op, is component of^op, is constituent of^op, is described by^op, is in the same setting as^op, is location of^op, is member of^op, is observable at^op, is part of^op, is reference of^op, is reference of information realized by^op, near to^op, overlaps^op, precedes^op
is in range of: associatedWith^op, classifies^op, describes^op, directly follows^op, directly precedes^op, far from^op, follows^op, has common boundary^op, has component^op, has constituent^op, has location^op, has member^op, has part^op, is about^op, is component of^op, is constituent of^op, is constraint for^op, is in the same setting as^op, is location of^op, is part of^op, is quality of^op, is region for^op, is setting for^op, is time of observation of^op, near to^op, overlaps^op, precedes^op, realizes information about^op

Event^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Event

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Any physical, social, or mental process, event, or state. More theoretically, events can be classified in different ways, possibly based on 'aspect' (e.g. stative, continuous, accomplishement, achievement, etc.), on 'agentivity' (e.g. intentional, natural, etc.), or on 'typical participants' (e.g. human, physical, abstract, food, etc.). Here no special direction is taken, and the following explains why: events are related to observable situations, and they can have different views at a same time. If a position has to be suggested here anyway, the participant-based classification of events seems the most stable and appropriate for many modelling problems. (1) Alternative aspectual views Consider a same event 'rock erosion in the Sinni valley': it can be conceptualized as an accomplishment (what has brought a certain state to occur), as an achievement (the state resulting from a previous accomplishment), as a punctual event (if we collapse the time interval of the erosion into a time point), or as a transition (something that has changed from a state to a different one). In the erosion case, we could therefore have good motivations to shift from one aspect to another: a) causation focus, b) effectual focus, c) historical condensation, d) transition (causality). The different views refer to the same event, but are still different: how to live with this seeming paradox? A typical solution e.g. in linguistics (cf. Levin's aspectual classes) and in DOLCE Full (cf. WonderWeb D18 axiomatization) is to classify events based on aspectual differences. But this solution would create different identities for a same event, where the difference is only based on the modeller's attitude. An alternative solution is suggested here, and exploits the notion of (observable) Situation; a Situation is a view, consistent with a Description, which can be observed of a set of entities. It can also be seen as a 'relational context' created by an observer on the basis of a 'frame'. Therefore, a Situation allows to create a context where each particular view can have a proper identity, while the Event preserves its own identity. For example, ErosionAsAccomplishment is a Situation where rock erosion is observed as a process leading to a certain achievement: the conditions (roles, parameters) that suggest such view are stated in a Description, which acts as a 'theory of accomplishments'. Similarly, ErosionAsTransition is a Situation where rock erosion is observed as an event that has changed a state to another: the conditions for such interpretation are stated in a different Description, which acts as a 'theory of state transitions'. Consider that in no case the actual event is changed or enriched in parts by the aspectual view. (2) Alternative intentionality views Similarly to aspectual views, several intentionality views can be provided for a same Event. For example, one can investigate if an avalanche has been caused by immediate natural forces, or if there is any hint of an intentional effort to activate those natural forces. Also in this case, the Event as such has not different identities, while the causal analysis generates situations with different identities, according to what Description is taken for interpreting the Event. On the other hand, if the possible actions of an Agent causing the starting of an avalanche are taken as parts of the Event, then this makes its identity change, because we are adding a part to it. Therefore, if intentionality is a criterion to classify events or not, this depends on if an ontology designer wants to consider causality as a relevant dimension for events' identity. (3) Alternative participant views A slightly different case is when we consider the basic participants to an Event. In this case, the identity of the Event is affected by the participating objects, because it depends on them. For example, if snow, mountain slopes, wind, waves, etc. are considered as an avalanche basic participants, or if we also want to add water, human agents, etc., that makes the identity of an avalanche change. Anyway, this approach to event classification is based on the designer's choices, and more accurately mirrors lexical or commonsense classifications (see. e.g. WordNet 'supersenses' for verb synsets). Ultimately, this discussion has no end, because realists will keep defending the idea that events in reality are not changed by the way we describe them, while constructivists will keep defending the idea that, whatever 'true reality' is about, it can't be modelled without the theoretical burden of how we observe and describe it. Both positions are in principle valid, but, if taken too radically, they focus on issues that are only partly relevant to the aim of computational ontologies, which assist domain experts in representing a certain portion of reality according to their own assumptions and requirements. For this reason, in this ontology version of DOLCE, both events and situations are allowed, together with descriptions (the reason for the inclusion of the D&S framewrok in DOLCE), in order to encode the modelling needs, independently from the position (if any) chosen by the model designer.

has super-classes: Entity^c; has participant^op some Object^c; has part^op only Event^c; has constituent^op only Event^c; has time interval^op some Time interval^c
has sub-classes: Action^c, Process^c
is in domain of: has event date^dp, has participant^op, has time interval^op, involves agent^op, is event included in^op
is in range of: includes event^op, is agent involved in^op, is participant in^op, is time interval of^op
is disjoint with: Abstract^c, Object^c, Quality^c

Event type^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#EventType

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A Concept that classifies an Event . An event type describes how an Event should be interpreted, executed, expected, seen, etc., according to the Description that the EventType isDefinedIn (or used in)

has super-classes: Concept^c; classifies^op only Event^c
has sub-classes: Task^c
is disjoint with: Parameter^c, Role^c

Formal entity^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#FormalEntity

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Entities that are formally defined and are considered independent from the social context in which they are used. They cannot be localized in space or time. Also called 'Platonic entities'. Mathematical and logical entities are included in this class: sets, categories, tuples, costants, variables, etc. Abstract formal entities are distinguished from information objects, which are supposed to be part of a social context, and are localized in space and time, therefore being (social) objects. For example, the class 'Quark' is an abstract formal entity from the purely set-theoretical perspective, but it is an InformationObject from the viewpoint of ontology design, when e.g. implemented in a logical language like OWL. Abstract formal entities are also distinguished from Concept(s), Collection(s), and Description(s), which are part of a social context, therefore being SocialObject(s) as well. For example, the class 'Quark' is an abstract FormalEntity from the purely set-theoretical perspective, but it is a Concept within history of science and cultural dynamics. These distinctions allow to represent two different notions of 'semantics': the first one is abstract and formal ('formal semantics'), and formallyInterprets symbols that are about entities whatsoever; for example, the term 'Quark' isAbout the Collection of all quarks, and that Collection isFormalGroundingFor the abstract class 'Quark' (in the extensional sense). The second notion is social, localized in space-time ('social semantics'), and can be used to interpret entities in the intensional sense. For example, the Collection of all quarks isCoveredBy the Concept 'Quark', which is also expressed by the term 'Quark'.

has super-classes: Abstract^c
has sub-classes: Set^c

Functional substance^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#FunctionalSubstance

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

has super-classes: Substance^c
has sub-classes: designed substance^c

Goal^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Goal

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

The Description of a Situation that is desired by an Agent, and usually associated to a Plan that describes how to actually achieve it

has super-classes: Description^c

Group^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Group

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A CollectiveAgent whose acting agents conceptualize a same SocialRelation .

has super-classes: Collective agent^c; is described by^op some Plan^c

information entity^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#InformationEntity

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A piece of information, be it concretely realized or not. It is a catchall class, intended to bypass the ambiguities of many data or text that could denote either a an expression or a concrete realization of that expression. In a semiotic model, there is no special reason to distinguish between them, however we may want to distinguish between a pure information content (e.g. the 3rd Gymnopedie by Satie), and its possible concrete realizations as a music sheet, a piano execution, the reproduction of the execution, its publishing as a record, etc.).

has super-classes: Entity^c
has sub-classes: Information object^c, Information realization^c

Information object^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#InformationObject

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A piece of information, such as a musical composition, a text, a word, a picture, independently from how it is concretely realized.

has super-classes: information entity^c; Social object^c
is in domain of: expresses^op, expresses concept^op, is about^op, is realized by^op
is in range of: is concept expressed by^op, is expressed by^op, is reference of^op, realizes^op
is disjoint with: Concept^c, Description^c, Situation^c, Social agent^c

Information realization^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#InformationRealization

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A concrete realization of an InformationObject, e.g. the written document (object) containing the text of a law, a poetry reading (event), the dark timbre (quality) of a sound (event) in the execution (event) of a musical composition, realizing a 'misterioso' tempo indication. The realization of an information object also realizes information about itself. This is a special semiotic feature, which allows to avoid a traditonal paradox, by which an information is often supposed to be about itself besides other entities (e.g. the information object 'carpe diem' is about its meaning in Horace's Odes (let alone its fortune in Western culture and beyond), but also about its expression in context: 'dum loquimur, fugerit invida aetas: carpe diem, quam minimum credula postero', with the sound and emotional relations that it could activate. This is expressed in OWL2 with a local reflexivity axiom of the dul:InformationRealization class.

has super-classes: information entity^c; realizes^op some Information object^c; Event^c or Physical object^c or Quality^c; realizes self information^op
is in domain of: concretely expresses^op, realizes^op, realizes information about^op
is in range of: is concretely expressed by^op, is realized by^op, is reference of information realized by^op

Local concept^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#LocalConcept

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A Concept that isDefinedIn exactly 1 Description. For example, the Concept 'coffee' in a 'preparesCoffee' relation can be defined in that relation, and for all other Description(s) that use it, the isConceptUsedIn property should be applied. Notice therefore that not necessarily all Concept(s) isDefinedIn exactly 1 Description.

has super-classes: Concept^c

Method^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Method

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A method is a Description that defines or uses concepts in order to guide carrying out actions aimed at a solution with respect to a problem. It is different from a Plan, because plans could be carried out in order to follow a method, but a method can be followed by executing alternative plans.

has super-classes: Description^c

Narrative^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Narrative

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

has super-classes: Description^c

Natural person^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#NaturalPerson

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A person in the physical commonsense intuition: 'have you seen that person walking down the street?'

has super-classes: Person^c; Physical agent^c

Norm^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Norm

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A social norm.

has super-classes: Description^c

Object^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Object

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Any physical, social, or mental object, or a substance. Following DOLCE Full, objects are always participating in some event (at least their own life), and are spatially located.

has super-classes: Entity^c; is classified by^op only Role^c; has constituent^op only Object^c; has part^op only Object^c; has location^op some Entity^c; is participant in^op some Event^c
has sub-classes: Agent^c, Physical object^c, Social object^c
is in domain of: co-participates with^op, has role^op, is object included in^op, is participant in^op
is in range of: co-participates with^op, has participant^op, includes object^op, is role of^op
is disjoint with: Abstract^c, Event^c, Quality^c

object aggregate^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#ObjectAggregate

Date:: 21T23:35:02Z/02/2021

Authors:: Aldo Gangemi

An aggregate of distributed objects, members of a same Collection, e.g. the stars in a constellation, the parts of a car, the employees of a company, the entries from an encyclopedia, the concepts expressed in a speech, etc. It cannot be defined by means of an equivalence axiom, because it'd require the same Collection for all members, an axiom that cannot be expressed in OWL.

has super-classes: Object^c and (has part^op some Object^c and (is member of^op some Collection^c))

Organism^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Organism

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A physical objects with biological characteristics, typically that organisms can self-reproduce.

has super-classes: Biological object^c; Physical agent^c

Organization^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Organization

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

An internally structured, conventionally created SocialAgent, needing a specific Role and Agent that plays it, in order to act.

has super-classes: Social agent^c

Parameter^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Parameter

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A Concept that classifies a Region; the difference between a Region and a Parameter is that regions represent sets of observable values, e.g. the height of a given building, while parameters represent constraints or selections on observable values, e.g. 'VeryHigh'. Therefore, parameters can also be used to constrain regions, e.g. VeryHigh on a subset of values of the Region Height applied to buildings, or to add an external selection criterion , such as measurement units, to regions, e.g. Meter on a subset of values from the Region Length applied to the Region Length applied to roads.

has super-classes: Concept^c; has part^op only Parameter^c; classifies^op only Region^c
has sub-classes: Unit of measure^c
is in domain of: has parameter data value^dp, is constraint for^op, is parameter for^op, parametrizes^op
is in range of: has constraint^op, has parameter^op, is parametrized by^op
is disjoint with: Event type^c, Role^c

parthood^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Parthood

Date:: 03T13:53:57Z/04/2021

Authors:: Aldo Gangemi

A special kind of Situation that allows to include time indexing for the hasPart relation in situations. For example, if a Situation s 'finally, my bike has a luggage rack' isSettingFor the entity 'my bike' and the TimeIntervals 'now', or more specifically '29March2021', we need to have a time-index the part relation. With Parthood, we use includesWhole and includesPart properties. This can be done similarly for other arguments of parthood, e.g. location, configuration, topology, etc. Concerning the possible property characteristics reused from mereology (transitivity, asymmetry, reflexivity), they need to be implemented by means of rules (or, in a limited way, property chains using the binary hasPart or hasProperPart properties). A key is also added to ensure identification constraints of time-indexed parthood.

has super-classes: time indexed relation^c; includes part^op some Entity^c; includes whole^op some Entity^c
has keys: includes part^op , includes whole^op

Pattern^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Pattern

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Any invariance detected from a dataset, or from observation; also, any invariance proposed based on top-down considerations. E.g. patterns detected and abstracted by an organism, by pattern recognition algorithms, by machine learning techniques, etc. An occurrence of a pattern is an 'observable', or detected Situation

has super-classes: Relation^c

Person^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Person

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Persons in commonsense intuition, which does not apparently distinguish between either natural or social persons.

has super-classes: Agent^c
has sub-classes: Natural person^c, Social person^c

Personification^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Personification

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A social entity with agentive features, but whose status is the result of a cultural transformation from e.g. a PhysicalObject, an Event, an Abstract, another SocialObject, etc. For example: the holy grail, deus ex machina, gods, magic wands, etc.

has super-classes: Social agent^c

Physical agent^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#PhysicalAgent

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A PhysicalObject that is capable of self-representing (conceptualizing) a Description in order to plan an Action. A PhysicalAgent is a substrate for (actsFor) a Social Agent

has super-classes: Agent^c; Physical object^c
has sub-classes: Natural person^c, Organism^c

Physical artifact^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#PhysicalArtifact

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Any PhysicalObject that isDescribedBy a Plan . This axiomatization is weak, but allows to talk of artifacts in a very general sense, i.e. including recycled objects, objects with an intentional functional change, natural objects that are given a certain function, even though they are not modified or structurally designed, etc. PhysicalArtifact(s) are not considered disjoint from PhysicalBody(s), in order to allow a dual classification when needed. E.g., FunctionalSubstance(s) are included here as well. Immaterial (non-physical) artifacts (e.g. texts, ideas, cultural movements, corporations, communities, etc. can be modelled as social objects (see SocialObject), which are all 'artifactual' in the weak sense assumed here.

has super-classes: Physical object^c; is described by^op some Plan^c
has sub-classes: Designed artifact^c

Physical attribute^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#PhysicalAttribute

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Physical value of a physical object, e.g. density, color, etc.

has super-classes: Region^c; is region for^op only Physical object^c
is disjoint with: Amount^c, Space region^c, Time interval^c

Physical body^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#PhysicalBody

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Physical bodies are PhysicalObject(s), for which we tend to neutralize any possible artifactual character. They can have several granularity levels: geological, chemical, physical, biological, etc.

has super-classes: Physical object^c
has sub-classes: Biological object^c, Chemical object^c, Substance^c

Physical object^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#PhysicalObject

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Any Object that has a proper space region. The prototypical physical object has also an associated mass, but the nature of its mass can greatly vary based on the epistemological status of the object (scientifically measured, subjectively possible, imaginary).

has super-classes: Object^c; has part^op only Physical object^c
has sub-classes: Physical agent^c, Physical artifact^c, Physical body^c, Physical place^c
is disjoint with: Social object^c

Physical place^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#PhysicalPlace

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A physical object that is inherently located; for example, a water area.

has super-classes: Physical object^c

Place^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Place

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Socially or cognitively dependent locations: political geographic entities (Rome, Lesotho), and non-material locations determined by the presence of other entities ("the area close to Rome") or of pivot events or signs ("the area where the helicopter fell"), as well as identified as complements to other entities ("the area under the table"), etc. In this generic sense, a Place is a 'dependent' location. For 'non-dependent' locations, cf. the PhysicalPlace class. For an abstract (dimensional) location, cf. the SpaceRegion class.

has super-classes: Social object^c; is location of^op min 1

Plan^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Plan

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A Description having an explicit Goal, to be achieved by executing the plan

has super-classes: Description^c; has component^op some Goal^c
has sub-classes: Project^c, Workflow^c

Plan execution^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#PlanExecution

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Plan executions are situations that proactively satisfy a plan. Subplan executions are proper parts of the whole plan execution.

is equivalent to: satisfies^op some Plan^c
has super-classes: Situation^c

Process^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Process

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

This is a placeholder for events that are considered in their evolution, or anyway not strictly dependent on agents, tasks, and plans. See Event class for some thoughts on classifying events. See also 'Transition'.

has super-classes: Event^c

Project^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Project

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A Plan that defines Role(s), Task(s), and a specific structure for tasks to be executed in relation to goals to be achieved, in order to achieve the main goal of the project. In other words, a project is a plan with a subgoal structure and multiple roles and tasks.

has super-classes: Plan^c; defines task^op some Task^c; defines role^op some Role^c

Quality^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Quality

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Any aspect of an Entity (but not a part of it), which cannot exist without that Entity. For example, the way the surface of a specific PhysicalObject looks like, or the specific light of a place at a certain time, are examples of Quality, while the encoding of a Quality into e.g. a PhysicalAttribute should be modeled as a Region. From the design viewpoint, the Quality-Region distinction is useful only when individual aspects of an Entity are considered in a domain of discourse. For example, in an automotive context, it would be irrelevant to consider the aspects of car windows for a specific car, unless the factory wants to check a specific window against design parameters (anomaly detection). On the other hand, in an antiques context, the individual aspects for a specific piece of furniture are a major focus of attention, and may constitute the actual added value, because the design parameters for old furniture are often not fixed, and may not be viewed as 'anomalies'.

has super-classes: Entity^c; is quality of^op some Entity^c; has part^op only Quality^c; has region^op some Region^c; has constituent^op only Quality^c
is in domain of: is quality of^op
is in range of: has quality^op
is disjoint with: Abstract^c, Event^c, Object^c

Region^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Region

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Any region in a dimensional space (a dimensional space is a maximal Region), which can be used as a value for a quality of an Entity . For example, TimeInterval, SpaceRegion, PhysicalAttribute, Amount, SocialAttribute are all subclasses of Region. Regions are not data values in the ordinary knowledge representation sense; in order to get patterns for modelling data, see the properties: representsDataValue and hasDataValue

has super-classes: Abstract^c; has part^op only Region^c; has constituent^op only Region^c; precedes^op only Region^c; overlaps^op only Region^c
has sub-classes: Amount^c, Physical attribute^c, Social attribute^c, Space region^c, Time interval^c, spatio temporal region^c
is in domain of: has region data value^dp, is parametrized by^op, is region for^op
is in range of: has region^op, parametrizes^op

Relation^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Relation

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Relations are descriptions that can be considered as the counterpart of formal relations (that are included in the FormalEntity class). For example, 'givingGrantToInstitution(x,y,z)' with three argument types: Provider(x),Grant(y),Recipient(z), can have a Relation counterpart: 'GivingGrantToInstitution', which defines three Concept instances: Provider,Grant,Recipient. Since social objects are not formal entities, Relation includes here any 'relation-like' entity in common sense, including social relations.

has super-classes: Description^c
has sub-classes: Pattern^c, Social relation^c

Right^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Right

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A legal position by which an Agent is entitled to obtain something from another Agent , under specified circumstances, through an enforcement explicited either in a Law, Contract , etc.

has super-classes: Description^c; defines task^op min 1; defines role^op min 2

Role^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Role

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A Concept that classifies an Object

has super-classes: Concept^c; has part^op only Role^c; classifies^op only Object^c
is in domain of: has task^op, is role defined in^op, is role of^op
is in range of: defines role^op, has role^op, is task of^op
is disjoint with: Event type^c, Parameter^c

Set^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Set

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

has super-classes: Formal entity^c

Situation^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Situation

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A view, consistent with ('satisfying') a Description, on a set of entities. It can also be seen as a 'relational context' created by an observer on the basis of a 'frame' (i.e. a Description). For example, a PlanExecution is a context including some actions executed by agents according to certain parameters and expected tasks to be achieved from a Plan; a DiagnosedSituation is a context of observed entities that is interpreted on the basis of a Diagnosis, etc. Situation is also able to represent reified n-ary relations, where isSettingFor is the top-level relation for all binary projections of the n-ary relation. If used in a transformation pattern for n-ary relations, the designer should take care of creating only one subclass of Situation for each n-ary relation, otherwise the 'identification constraint' (Calvanese et al., IJCAI 2001) could be violated.

has super-classes: Social object^c; satisfies^op some Description^c
has sub-classes: Plan execution^c, Transition^c, Workflow execution^c, time indexed relation^c
is in domain of: includes action^op, includes agent^op, includes event^op, includes object^op, includes time^op, is setting for^op, satisfies^op
is in range of: has setting^op, is action included in^op, is agent included in^op, is event included in^op, is object included in^op, is satisfied by^op, is time included in^op
is disjoint with: Concept^c, Description^c, Information object^c, Social agent^c

Social agent^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#SocialAgent

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Any individual whose existence is granted simply by its social communicability and capability of action (through some PhysicalAgent).

has super-classes: Agent^c; Social object^c; acts through^op some Physical agent^c
has sub-classes: Collective agent^c, Organization^c, Personification^c, Social person^c
is in domain of: acts through^op, is introduced by^op
is in range of: acts for^op, introduces^op
is disjoint with: Concept^c, Description^c, Information object^c, Situation^c

Social attribute^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#SocialObjectAttribute

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Any Region in a dimensional space that is used to represent some characteristic of a SocialObject, e.g. judgment values, social scalars, statistical attributes over a collection of entities, etc.

has super-classes: Region^c; is region for^op only Social object^c

Social object^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#SocialObject

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Any Object that exists only within some communication Event, in which at least one PhysicalObject participates in. In other words, all objects that have been or are created in the process of social communication: for the sake of communication (InformationObject), for incorporating new individuals (SocialAgent, Place), for contextualizing existing entities (Situation), for collecting existing entities (Collection), or for describing existing entities (Description, Concept). Being dependent on communication, all social objects need to be expressed by some information object (information object are self-expressing).

has super-classes: Object^c; has part^op only Social object^c; is expressed by^op some Information object^c
has sub-classes: Collection^c, Concept^c, Description^c, Information object^c, Place^c, Situation^c, Social agent^c
is in domain of: is conceptualized by^op, is concretely expressed by^op, is expressed by^op, is specialized by^op, specializes^op
is in range of: conceptualizes^op, concretely expresses^op, expresses^op, is specialized by^op, specializes^op
is disjoint with: Physical object^c

Social person^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#SocialPerson

Current version:: Formerly: Person (changed to avoid confusion with commonsense intuition)

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A SocialAgent that needs the existence of a specific NaturalPerson in order to act (but the lifetime of the NaturalPerson has only to overlap that of the SocialPerson).

has super-classes: Person^c; Social agent^c; acts through^op exactly 1

Social relation^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#SocialRelation

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Any social relationship

has super-classes: Relation^c

Space region^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#SpaceRegion

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Any Region in a dimensional space that is used to localize an Entity ; i.e., it is not used to represent some characteristic (e.g. it excludes time intervals, colors, size values, judgment values, etc.). Differently from a Place , a space region has a specific dimensional space.

has super-classes: Region^c
is disjoint with: Amount^c, Physical attribute^c, Time interval^c

spatio temporal region^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#SpatioTemporalRegion

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

has super-classes: Region^c; has constituent^op some Time interval^c; has constituent^op some Space region^c

Substance^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Substance

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Any PhysicalBody that has not necessarily specified (designed) boundaries, e.g. a pile of trash, some sand, etc. In this sense, an artistic object made of trash or a dose of medicine in the form of a pill would be a FunctionalSubstance, and a DesignedArtifact, since its boundaries are specified by a Design; aleatoric objects that are outcomes of an artistic process might be still considered DesignedArtifact(s), and Substance(s).

has super-classes: Physical body^c
has sub-classes: Functional substance^c

Task^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Task

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

An EventType that classifies an Action to be executed. For example, reaching a destination is a task that can be executed by performing certain actions, e.g. driving a car, buying a train ticket, etc. The actions to execute a task can also be organized according to a Plan that is not the same as the one that defines the task (if any). For example, reaching a destination could be defined by a plan to get on holidays, while the plan to execute the task can consist of putting some travels into a sequence.

has super-classes: Event type^c; is task defined in^op only Description^c; is task of^op only Role^c; has part^op only Task^c; is executed in^op only Action^c
is in domain of: is executed in^op, is task defined in^op, is task of^op
is in range of: defines task^op, executes task^op, has task^op

Theory^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Theory

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A Theory is a Description that represents a set of assumptions for describing something, usually general. Scientific, philosophical, and commonsense theories can be included here. This class can also be used to act as 'naturalized reifications' of logical theories (of course, they will be necessarily incomplete in this case, because second-order entities are represented as first-order ones).

has super-classes: Description^c; has component^op some Relation^c

time indexed relation^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#TimeIndexedRelation

Date:: 24T14:24:23Z/02/2021

Authors:: Aldo Gangemi

A Situation that includes a time indexing in its setting, so allowing to order any binary relation (property) with time.

is equivalent to: Situation^c and (is setting for^op some Time interval^c)
has super-classes: Situation^c
has sub-classes: Classification^c, parthood^c

Time interval^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#TimeInterval

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Any Region in a dimensional space that aims at representing time.

has super-classes: Region^c
is in domain of: has interval date^dp, is time included in^op, is time interval of^op, is time of observation of^op
is in range of: has time interval^op, includes time^op, is observable at^op
is disjoint with: Amount^c, Physical attribute^c, Space region^c

Transition^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Transition

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A transition is a Situation that creates a context for three TimeInterval(s), two additional different Situation(s), one Event, one Process, and at least one Object: the Event is observed as the cause for the transition, one Situation is the state before the transition, the second Situation is the state after the transition, the Process is the invariance under some different transitions (including the one represented here), in which at least one Object is situated. Finally, the time intervals position the situations and the transitional event in time. This class of situations partly encodes the ontology underlying typical engineering algebras for processes, e.g. Petri Nets. A full representation of the transition ontology is outside the expressivity of OWL, because we would need qualified cardinality restrictions, coreference, property equivalence, and property composition.

has super-classes: Situation^c; is setting for^op some Situation^c and (precedes^op some Event^c and (precedes^op some Situation^c)); includes time^op min 3 Time interval^c; is setting for^op min 2 Situation^c; includes event^op some Event^c; includes object^op some Object^c; is setting for^op some Process^c

Type collection^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#TypeCollection

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A Collection whose members are the maximal set of individuals that share the same (named) type, e.g. "the gem stones", "the Italians". This class is very useful to apply a variety of the so-called "ClassesAsValues" design pattern, when it is used to talk about the extensional aspect of a class. An alternative variety of the pattern applies to the intensional aspect of a class, and the class Concept should be used instead.

has super-classes: Collection^c

Unit of measure^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#UnitOfMeasure

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Units of measure are conceptualized here as parameters on regions, which can be valued as datatype values.

has super-classes: Parameter^c; parametrizes^op some Region^c

Workflow^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Workflow

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A Plan that defines Role(s), Task(s), and a specific structure for tasks to be executed, usually supporting the work of an Organization

has super-classes: Plan^c; defines role^op some Role^c; defines task^op some Task^c

Workflow execution^c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#WorkflowExecution

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

is equivalent to: satisfies^op some Workflow^c
has super-classes: Situation^c

Object Properties

acts for
acts through
associatedWith
characterizes
classifies
co-participates with
conceptualizes
concretely expresses
covers
defines
defines role
defines task
describes
directly follows
directly precedes
executes task
expands
expresses
expresses concept
far from
follows
has common boundary
has component
has constituent
has constraint
has location
has member
has parameter
has part
has participant
has postcondition
has precondition
has proper part
has quality
has region
has role
has setting
has task
has time interval
includes action
includes agent
includes event
includes object
includes part
includes time
includes whole
introduces
involves agent
is about
is action included in
is agent included in
is agent involved in
is characterized by
is classified by
is component of
is concept expressed by
is concept used in
is conceptualized by
is concretely expressed by
is constituent of
is constraint for
is covered by
is defined in
is described by
is event included in
is executed in
is expanded in
is expressed by
is in the same setting as
is introduced by
is location of
is member of
is object included in
is observable at
is parameter for
is parametrized by
is part of
is participant in
is postcondition of
is precondition of
is propert part of
is quality of
is realized by
is reference of
is reference of information realized by
is region for
is related to concept
is related to description
is role defined in
is role of
is satisfied by
is setting for
is specialized by
is subordinated to
is superordinated to
is task defined in
is task of
is time included in
is time interval of
is time of observation of
is unified by
near to
overlaps
parametrizes
precedes
realizes
realizes information about
realizes self information
satisfies
specializes
unifies
uses concept

acts for^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#actsFor

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

The relation holding between any Agent, and a SocialAgent. In principle, a SocialAgent requires at least one PhysicalAgent in order to act, but this dependency can be 'delegated'; e.g. a university can be acted for by a department, which on its turm is acted for by physical agents.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Agent^c
has range: Social agent^c
is inverse of: acts through^op

acts through^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#actsThrough

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

The relation holding between a PhysicalAgent and a SocialAgent. In principle, a SocialAgent requires at least one PhysicalAgent in order to act, but this dependency can be 'delegated', e.g. a university can be acted for by a department, which is acted for by physical agents. AKA isActedBy

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Social agent^c
has range: Agent^c
is inverse of: acts for^op

associatedWith^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#associatedWith

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A catch-all object property, useful for alignment and querying purposes. It is declared as both transitive and symmetric, in order to reason an a maximal closure of associations between individuals.

has characteristics: symmetric, transitive

has sub-properties: acts for^op, acts through^op, characterizes^op, classifies^op, co-participates with^op, conceptualizes^op, concretely expresses^op, covers^op, describes^op, expresses^op, far from^op, follows^op, has common boundary^op, has constituent^op, has location^op, has member^op, has part^op, has participant^op, has quality^op, has region^op, has setting^op, introduces^op, is about^op, is characterized by^op, is classified by^op, is concept used in^op, is conceptualized by^op, is concretely expressed by^op, is constituent of^op, is covered by^op, is described by^op, is expressed by^op, is in the same setting as^op, is introduced by^op, is location of^op, is member of^op, is part of^op, is participant in^op, is quality of^op, is realized by^op, is reference of^op, is reference of information realized by^op, is region for^op, is related to concept^op, is related to description^op, is satisfied by^op, is setting for^op, is specialized by^op, is unified by^op, near to^op, overlaps^op, precedes^op, realizes^op, realizes information about^op, satisfies^op, specializes^op, unifies^op, uses concept^op
has domain: Entity^c
has range: Entity^c
is inverse of: associatedWith^op, associatedWith^op

characterizes^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#characterizes

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between concepts and collections, where a Concept is said to characterize a Collection; it corresponds to a link between the (reified) intensional and extensional interpretations of a _proper subset of_ a (reified) class. This is different from covers, because it refers to an interpretation the entire reified class. E.g. the collection of vintage saxophones is characterized by the Concept 'manufactured by hand', while it gets covered by the Concept 'Saxophone' with the Parameter 'Vintage'.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Concept^c
has range: Collection^c
is inverse of: is characterized by^op

classifies^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#classifies

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between a Concept and an Entity, e.g. the Role 'student' classifies a Person 'John'.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has sub-properties: is constraint for^op, is executed in^op, is role of^op, parametrizes^op
has domain: Concept^c
has range: Entity^c
is inverse of: is classified by^op

co-participates with^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#coparticipatesWith

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between two objects participating in a same Event; e.g., 'Vitas and Jimmy are playing tennis'.

has characteristics: symmetric

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Object^c
has range: Object^c
is inverse of: co-participates with^op, co-participates with^op
has sub-property chains: is participant in^op o has participant^op

conceptualizes^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#conceptualizes

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation stating that an Agent is internally representing a SocialObject: situations, descriptions, concepts, etc. E.g., 'John believes in the conspiracy theory'; 'Niels Bohr created the solar-system metaphor for the atomic theory'; 'Jacques assumes all swans are white'; 'the task force members share the attack plan'. Conceptualizations can be distinguished into different forms, primarily based on the type of SocialObject that is conceptualized. Descriptions and concepts can be 'assumed', situations can be 'believed' or 'known', plans can be 'adopted', etc. (see ontology: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/Conceptualization.owl.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Agent^c
has range: Social object^c
is inverse of: is conceptualized by^op

concretely expresses^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#concretelyExpresses

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between an InformationRealization and a Description, e.g. 'the printout of the Italian Constitution concretelyExpresses the Italian Constitution'. It should be supplied also with a rule stating that the InformationRealization realizes an InformationObject that expresses the Description

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Information realization^c
has range: Social object^c
is inverse of: is concretely expressed by^op

covers^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#covers

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between concepts and collections, where a Concept is said to cover a Collection; it corresponds to a link between the (reified) intensional and extensional interpretations of a (reified) class. E.g. the collection of vintage saxophones is covered by the Concept 'Saxophone' with the Parameter 'Vintage'.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Concept^c
has range: Collection^c
is inverse of: is covered by^op

defines^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#defines

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between a Description and a Concept, e.g. a Workflow for a governmental Organization defines the Role 'officer', or 'the Italian Traffic Law defines the role Vehicle'.

has super-properties: uses concept^op
has sub-properties: defines role^op, defines task^op
has domain: Description^c
has range: Concept^c
is inverse of: is defined in^op

defines role^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#definesRole

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between a description and a role, e.g. the recipe for a cake defines the role 'ingredient'.

has super-properties: defines^op
has domain: Description^c
has range: Role^c
is inverse of: is role defined in^op

defines task^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#definesTask

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between a description and a task, e.g. the recipe for a cake defines the task 'boil'.

has super-properties: defines^op
has domain: Description^c
has range: Task^c
is inverse of: is task defined in^op

describes^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#describes

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

The relation between a Description and an Entity : a Description gives a unity to a Collection of parts (the components), or constituents, by assigning a Role to each of them in the context of a whole Object (the system). A same Entity can be given different descriptions, for example, an old cradle can be given a unifying Description based on the original aesthetic design, the functionality it was built for, or a new aesthetic functionality in which it can be used as a flower pot.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Description^c
has range: Entity^c
is inverse of: is described by^op

directly follows^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#directlyFollows

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

The intransitive follows relation. For example, Wednesday directly precedes Thursday. Directness of precedence depends on the designer conceptualization.

has super-properties: follows^op
has sub-properties: has precondition^op, is postcondition of^op, is subordinated to^op
has domain: Entity^c
has range: Entity^c
is inverse of: directly precedes^op

directly precedes^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#directlyPrecedes

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

The intransitive precedes relation. For example, Monday directly precedes Tuesday. Directness of precedence depends on the designer conceptualization.

has super-properties: precedes^op
has sub-properties: has postcondition^op, is precondition of^op, is superordinated to^op
has domain: Entity^c
has range: Entity^c
is inverse of: directly follows^op

executes task^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#executesTask

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between an action and a task, e.g. 'putting some water in a pot and putting the pot on a fire until the water starts bubbling' executes the task 'boiling'.

has super-properties: is classified by^op
has domain: Action^c
has range: Task^c
is inverse of: is executed in^op

expands^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#expands

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A partial order relation that holds between descriptions. It represents the proper part relation between a description and another description featuring the same properties as the former, with at least one additional one. Descriptions can be expanded either by adding other descriptions as parts, or by refining concepts that are used by them. An 'intention' to expand must be present (unless purely formal theories are considered, but even in this case a criterion of relevance is usually active).

has super-properties: is related to description^op
has domain: Description^c
has range: Description^c
is inverse of: is expanded in^op

expresses^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#expresses

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between an InformationObject and a 'meaning', generalized here as a 'SocialObject'. For example: 'A Beehive is a structure in which bees are kept, typically in the form of a dome or box.' (Oxford dictionary)'; 'the term Beehive expresses the concept Beehive in my apiculture ontology'. The intuition for 'meaning' is intended to be very broad. A separate, large comment is included for those who want to investigate more on what kind of meaning can be represented in what form.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has sub-properties: expresses concept^op
has domain: Information object^c
has range: Social object^c
is inverse of: is expressed by^op

expresses concept^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#expressesConcept

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between an InformationObject and a Concept , e.g. the term "dog" expresses the Concept "dog". For expressing a relational meaning, see the more general object property: expresses

has super-properties: expresses^op
has domain: Information object^c
has range: Concept^c
is inverse of: is concept expressed by^op

far from^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#farFrom

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Generic distance relation between any Entity(s). E.g. Rome is far from Beijing, astronomy is far from necromancy.

has characteristics: symmetric

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Entity^c
has range: Entity^c
is inverse of: far from^op, far from^op

follows^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#follows

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between entities, expressing a 'sequence' schema. E.g. 'year 2000 follows 1999', 'preparing coffee' follows 'deciding what coffee to use', 'II World War follows I World War', etc. It can be used between tasks, processes or time intervals, and subproperties would fit best in order to distinguish the different uses.

has characteristics: transitive

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has sub-properties: directly follows^op
has domain: Entity^c
has range: Entity^c
is inverse of: precedes^op

has common boundary^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasCommonBoundary

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation to encode either formal or informal characterizations of 'boundaries' common to two different entities: an Event that ends when another begins, two abstract regions that have a common topological boundary, two objects that are said to be 'in contact' from a commonsense perspective, etc.

has characteristics: symmetric

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Entity^c
has range: Entity^c
is inverse of: has common boundary^op, has common boundary^op

has component^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasComponent

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

The hasProperPart relation without transitivity, holding between an Object (the system) and another (the component), and assuming a Design that structures the Object.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has super-properties: has proper part^op
has domain: Entity^c
has range: Entity^c
is inverse of: is component of^op

has constituent^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasConstituent

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

'Constituency' depends on some layering of the world described by the ontology. For example, scientific granularities (e.g. body-organ-tissue-cell) or ontological 'strata' (e.g. social-mental-biological-physical) are typical layerings. Intuitively, a constituent is a part belonging to a lower layer. Since layering is actually a partition of the world described by the ontology, constituents are not properly classified as parts, although this kinship can be intuitive for common sense. A desirable advantage of this distinction is that we are able to talk e.g. of physical constituents of non-physical objects (e.g. systems), while this is not possible in terms of parts. Example of are the persons constituting a social system, the molecules constituting a person, the atoms constituting a river, etc. In all these examples, we notice a typical discontinuity between the constituted and the constituent object: e.g. a social system is conceptualized at a different layer from the persons that constitute it, a person is conceptualized at a different layer from the molecules that constitute them, and a river is conceptualized at a different layer from the atoms that constitute it.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Entity^c
has range: Entity^c
is inverse of: is constituent of^op

has constraint^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasConstraint

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between parameters and entities. It allows to assert generic constraints (encoded as parameters), e.g. MinimumAgeForDriving isConstraintFor John (where John is a legal subject under the TrafficLaw). The intended semantics (not expressible in OWL) is that a Parameter isParameterFor a Concept that classifies an Entity; moreover, it entails that a Parameter parametrizes a Region that isRegionFor that Entity.

has super-properties: is classified by^op
has domain: Entity^c
has range: Parameter^c
is inverse of: is constraint for^op

has location^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasLocation

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A generic, relative spatial location, holding between any entities. E.g. 'the cat is on the mat', 'Omar is in Samarcanda', 'the wound is close to the femural artery'. For 'absolute' locations, see SpaceRegion

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Entity^c
has range: Entity^c
is inverse of: is location of^op

has member^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasMember

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between collections and entities, e.g. 'my collection of saxophones includes an old Adolphe Sax original alto' (i.e. my collection has member an Adolphe Sax alto).

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Collection^c
has range: Entity^c
is inverse of: is member of^op

has parameter^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasParameter

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A Concept can have a Parameter that constrains the attributes that a classified Entity can have in a certain Situation, e.g. a 4WheelDriver Role definedIn the ItalianTrafficLaw has a MinimumAge parameter on the Amount 16.

has super-properties: is related to concept^op
has domain: Concept^c
has range: Parameter^c
is inverse of: is parameter for^op

has part^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasPart

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A schematic relation between any entities, e.g. 'the human body has a brain as part', '20th century contains year 1923', 'World War II includes the Pearl Harbour event'. Parthood should assume the basic properties of mereology: transitivity, antisymmetry, and reflexivity (propert Parthood of course misses reflexivity). However, antisymmetry is not supported in OWL2 explicitly, therefore DUL has to adopt one of two patterns: 1) dropping asymmetry axioms, while granting reflexivity: this means that symmetry is not enforced, but permitted for the case of reflexivity. Of course, in this way we cannot prevent symmetric usages of hasPart; 2) dropping the reflexivity axiom, and enforce asymmetry: in this case, we would prevent all symmetric usages, but we loose the possibility of enforcing reflexivity, which is commonsensical in parthood. In DUL, we adopt pattern #1 for partOf, and pattern #2 for properPartOf, which seems a good approximation: due to the lack of inheritance of property characteristics, each asymmetric hasPropertPart assertion would also be a reflexive hasPart assertion (reflexive reduction design pattern). Subproperties and restrictions can be used to specialize hasPart for objects, events, etc.

has characteristics: transitive

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has sub-properties: has proper part^op
has domain: Entity^c
has range: Entity^c
is inverse of: is part of^op
has sub-property chains: o includes part^op

has participant^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasParticipant

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between an object and a process, e.g. 'John took part in the discussion', 'a large mass of snow fell during the avalanche', or 'a cook, some sugar, flour, etc. are all present in the cooking of a cake'.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has sub-properties: involves agent^op
has domain: Event^c
has range: Object^c
is inverse of: is participant in^op

has postcondition^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasPostcondition

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Direct succession applied to situations. E.g., 'A postcondition of our Plan is to have things settled'.

has super-properties: directly precedes^op
has domain: Event^c or Situation^c
has range: Event^c or Situation^c
is inverse of: is postcondition of^op

has precondition^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasPrecondition

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Direct precedence applied to situations. E.g., 'A precondition to declare war against a foreign country is claiming to find nuclear weapons in it'.

has super-properties: directly follows^op
has domain: Event^c or Situation^c
has range: Event^c or Situation^c
is inverse of: is precondition of^op

has proper part^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasProperPart

Asymmetric (so including irreflexive) parthood.

has characteristics: transitive

has super-properties: has part^op
has sub-properties: has component^op
is inverse of: is propert part of^op

has quality^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasQuality

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between entities and qualities, e.g. 'Dmitri's skin is yellowish'.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Entity^c
has range: Quality^c
is inverse of: is quality of^op

has region^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasRegion

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between entities and regions, e.g. 'the number of wheels of that truck is 12', 'the time of the experiment is August 9th, 2004', 'the whale has been localized at 34 degrees E, 20 degrees S'.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has sub-properties: has time interval^op, is observable at^op
has domain: Entity^c
has range: Region^c
is inverse of: is region for^op

has role^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasRole

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between an object and a role, e.g. the person 'John' has role 'student'.

has super-properties: is classified by^op
has domain: Object^c
has range: Role^c
is inverse of: is role of^op

has setting^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasSetting

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between entities and situations, e.g. 'this morning I've prepared my coffee with a new fantastic Arabica', i.e.: (an amount of) a new fantastic Arabica hasSetting the preparation of my coffee this morning.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has sub-properties: is event included in^op, is object included in^op, is time included in^op
has domain: Entity^c
has range: Situation^c
is inverse of: is setting for^op

has task^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasTask

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between roles and tasks, e.g. 'students have the duty of giving exams' (i.e. the Role 'student' hasTask the Task 'giving exams').

has super-properties: is related to concept^op
has domain: Role^c
has range: Task^c
is inverse of: is task of^op

has time interval^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasTimeInterval

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

The generic relation between events and time intervals.

has super-properties: has region^op
has domain: Event^c
has range: Time interval^c
is inverse of: is time interval of^op

includes action^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#includesAction

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between situations and actions, e.g. 'this morning I've prepared my coffee and had my fingers burnt' (i.e.: the preparation of my coffee this morning included a burning of my fingers).

has super-properties: includes event^op
has domain: Situation^c
has range: Action^c
is inverse of: is action included in^op

includes agent^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#includesAgent

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between situations and persons, e.g. 'this morning I've prepared my coffee and had my fingers burnt' (i.e.: the preparation of my coffee this morning included me).

has super-properties: includes object^op
has domain: Situation^c
has range: Agent^c
is inverse of: is agent included in^op

includes event^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#includesEvent

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between situations and events, e.g. 'this morning I've prepared my coffee and had my fingers burnt' (i.e.: the preparation of my coffee this morning included a burning of my fingers).

has super-properties: is setting for^op
has sub-properties: includes action^op
has domain: Situation^c
has range: Event^c
is inverse of: is event included in^op

includes object^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#includesObject

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between situations and objects, e.g. 'this morning I've prepared my coffee and had my fingers burnt' (i.e.: the preparation of my coffee this morning included me).

has super-properties: is setting for^op
has sub-properties: includes agent^op
has domain: Situation^c
has range: Object^c
is inverse of: is object included in^op

includes part^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#includesPart

Date:: 03T14:11:09Z/04/2021

Authors:: Aldo Gangemi

has super-properties: is setting for^op

includes time^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#includesTime

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between situations and time intervals, e.g. 'this morning I've prepared my coffee and had my fingers burnt' (i.e.: preparing my coffee was held this morning). A data value attached to the time interval typically complements this modelling pattern.

has super-properties: is setting for^op
has domain: Situation^c
has range: Time interval^c
is inverse of: is time included in^op

includes whole^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#includesWhole

Date:: 03T14:11:01Z/04/2021

Authors:: Aldo Gangemi

has super-properties: is setting for^op

introduces^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#introduces

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between a Description and a SocialAgent, e.g. a Constitutional Charter introduces the SocialAgent 'PresidentOfRepublic'.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Description^c
has range: Social agent^c
is inverse of: is introduced by^op

involves agent^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#involvesAgent

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Agent participation.

has super-properties: has participant^op
has domain: Event^c
has range: Agent^c
is inverse of: is agent involved in^op

is about^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isAbout

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between an information object and an Entity (including information objects). It can be used to talk about entities that are references of proper nouns: the proper noun 'Leonardo da Vinci' isAbout the Person Leonardo da Vinci; as well as to talk about sets of entities that can be described by a common noun: the common noun 'person' isAbout the set of all persons in a domain of discourse, which can be represented in DOLCE-Ultralite as an individual of the class: dul:Collection. A specific sentence may use common nouns with either a singular or plural reference, or it can even refer to all possible references (e.g. in a lexicographic definition): all those uses are kinds of aboutness. The isAbout relation is sometimes considered as reflexive, however this is semiotically inaccurate, because information can be about itself ('de dicto' usage, as in 'John is four character long'), but it is typically about something else ('de re' usage, as in 'John loves Mary'). If a reflexivity exists in general, it rather concerns its realisation, which is always associated with an event, e.g. an utterance, which makes the information denoting itself, besides its aboutness. This is implemented in DUL with the dul:realizesSelfInformation property, which is used with local reflexivity in the dul:InformationRealization class.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Information object^c
has range: Entity^c
is inverse of: is reference of^op

is action included in^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isActionIncludedIn

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

has super-properties: is event included in^op
has domain: Action^c
has range: Situation^c
is inverse of: includes action^op

is agent included in^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isAgentIncludedIn

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

has super-properties: is object included in^op
has domain: Agent^c
has range: Situation^c
is inverse of: includes agent^op

is agent involved in^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isAgentInvolvedIn

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Agent participation.

has super-properties: is participant in^op
has domain: Agent^c
has range: Event^c
is inverse of: involves agent^op

is characterized by^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isCharacterizedBy

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Collection^c
has range: Concept^c
is inverse of: characterizes^op

is classified by^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isClassifiedBy

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between a Concept and an Entity, e.g. 'John is considered a typical rude man'; your last concert constitutes the achievement of a lifetime; '20-year-old means she's mature enough'.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has sub-properties: executes task^op, has constraint^op, has role^op, is parametrized by^op
has domain: Entity^c
has range: Concept^c
is inverse of: classifies^op

is component of^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isComponentOf

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

The asymmetric isProperPartOf relation without transitivity, holding between an Object (the system) and another (the component), and assuming a Design that structures the Object.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has super-properties: is propert part of^op
has domain: Entity^c
has range: Entity^c
is inverse of: has component^op

is concept expressed by^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isConceptExpressedBy

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between an InformationObject and a Concept , e.g. the term "dog" expresses the Concept "dog". For expressing a relational meaning, see the more general object property: expresses

has super-properties: is expressed by^op
has domain: Concept^c
has range: Information object^c
is inverse of: expresses concept^op

is concept used in^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isConceptUsedIn

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A more generic relation holding between a Description and a Concept. In order to be used, a Concept must be previously definedIn another Description

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has sub-properties: is defined in^op
has domain: Concept^c
has range: Description^c
is inverse of: uses concept^op

is conceptualized by^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isConceptualizedBy

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation stating that an Agent is internally representing a Description . E.g., 'John believes in the conspiracy theory'; 'Niels Bohr created a solar-system metaphor for his atomic theory'; 'Jacques assumes all swans are white'; 'the task force shares the attack plan'.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Social object^c
has range: Agent^c
is inverse of: conceptualizes^op

is concretely expressed by^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isConcretelyExpressedBy

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Social object^c
has range: Information realization^c
is inverse of: concretely expresses^op

is constituent of^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isConstituentOf

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Entity^c
has range: Entity^c
is inverse of: has constituent^op

is constraint for^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isConstraintFor

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between parameters and entities. It allows to assert generic constraints (encoded as parameters), e.g. MinimumAgeForDriving isConstraintFor John (where John is a legal subject under the TrafficLaw). The intended semantics (not expressible in OWL) is that a Parameter isConstraintFor and Entity if the Parameter isParameterFor a Concept that classifies that Entity; moreover, it entails that a Parameter parametrizes a Region that isRegionFor that Entity. The use in OWL is therefore a shortcut to annotate what Parameter constrains what Entity

has super-properties: classifies^op
has domain: Parameter^c
has range: Entity^c
is inverse of: has constraint^op

is covered by^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isCoveredBy

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Collection^c
has range: Concept^c
is inverse of: covers^op

is defined in^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isDefinedIn

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between a Description and a Concept, e.g. a Workflow for a governmental Organization defines the Role 'officer', or 'the Italian Traffic Law defines the role Vehicle'.

has super-properties: is concept used in^op
has sub-properties: is role defined in^op, is task defined in^op
has domain: Concept^c
has range: Description^c
is inverse of: defines^op

is described by^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isDescribedBy

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

The relation between an Entity and a Description: a Description gives a unity to a Collection of parts (the components), or constituents, by assigning a Role to each of them in the context of a whole Object (the system). A same Entity can be given different descriptions, for example, an old cradle can be given a unifying Description based on the original aesthetic design, the functionality it was built for, or a new aesthetic functionality in which it can be used as a flower pot.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Entity^c
has range: Description^c
is inverse of: describes^op

is event included in^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isEventIncludedIn

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

has super-properties: has setting^op
has sub-properties: is action included in^op
has domain: Event^c
has range: Situation^c
is inverse of: includes event^op

is executed in^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isExecutedIn

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between an action and a task, e.g. 'putting some water in a pot and putting the pot on a fire until the water starts bubbling' executes the task 'boiling'.

has super-properties: classifies^op
has domain: Task^c
has range: Action^c
is inverse of: executes task^op

is expanded in^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isExpandedIn

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

has super-properties: is related to description^op
has domain: Description^c
has range: Description^c
is inverse of: expands^op

is expressed by^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isExpressedBy

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between a dul:SocialObject (the 'meaning') and a dul:InformationObject (the 'expression'). For example: 'A Beehive is a structure in which bees are kept, typically in the form of a dome or box.' (Oxford dictionary)'; 'the term Beehive expresses the concept Beehive in my apiculture ontology'. The intuition for 'meaning' is intended to be very broad. A separate, large comment is included in the encoding of 'expresses', for those who want to investigate more on what kind of meaning can be represented in what form.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has sub-properties: is concept expressed by^op
has domain: Social object^c
has range: Information object^c
is inverse of: expresses^op

is in the same setting as^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#sameSettingAs

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between two entities participating in a same Situation; e.g., 'Our company provides an antivenom service' (the situation is the service, the two entities are the company and the antivenom).

has characteristics: symmetric

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Entity^c
has range: Entity^c
is inverse of: is in the same setting as^op, is in the same setting as^op
has sub-property chains: has setting^op o is setting for^op

is introduced by^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isIntroducedBy

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between a Description and a SocialAgent, e.g. a Constitutional Charter introduces the SocialAgent 'PresidentOfRepublic'.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Social agent^c
has range: Description^c
is inverse of: introduces^op

is location of^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isLocationOf

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A generic, relative localization, holding between any entities. E.g. 'Rome is the seat of the Pope', 'the liver is the location of the tumor'. For 'absolute' locations, see SpaceRegion

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Entity^c
has range: Entity^c
is inverse of: has location^op

is member of^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isMemberOf

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between collections and entities, e.g. 'the Night Watch by Rembrandt is in the Rijksmuseum collection'; 'Davide is member of the Pen Club', 'Igor is one the subjects chosen for the experiment'.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Entity^c
has range: Collection^c
is inverse of: has member^op

is object included in^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isObjectIncludedIn

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

has super-properties: has setting^op
has sub-properties: is agent included in^op
has domain: Object^c
has range: Situation^c
is inverse of: includes object^op

is observable at^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isObservableAt

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation to represent a (past, present or future) TimeInterval at which an Entity is observable. In order to encode a specific time, a data value should be related to the TimeInterval. An alternative way of representing time is the datatype property: hasIntervalDate

has super-properties: has region^op
has domain: Entity^c
has range: Time interval^c
is inverse of: is time of observation of^op

is parameter for^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isParameterFor

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

has super-properties: is related to concept^op
has domain: Parameter^c
has range: Concept^c
is inverse of: has parameter^op

is parametrized by^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isParametrizedBy

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

The relation between a Parameter, e.g. 'MajorAge', and a Region, e.g. '>17 year'.

has super-properties: is classified by^op
has domain: Region^c
has range: Parameter^c
is inverse of: parametrizes^op

is part of^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isPartOf

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between any entities, e.g. 'brain is a part of the human body'. See dul:hasPart for additional documentation.

has characteristics: reflexive, transitive

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has sub-properties: is propert part of^op
has domain: Entity^c
has range: Entity^c
is inverse of: has part^op

is participant in^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isParticipantIn

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has sub-properties: is agent involved in^op
has domain: Object^c
has range: Event^c
is inverse of: has participant^op

is postcondition of^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isPostconditionOf

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Direct succession applied to situations. E.g., 'Taking some rest is a postcondition of my search for a hotel'.

has super-properties: directly follows^op
has domain: Event^c or Situation^c
has range: Event^c or Situation^c
is inverse of: has postcondition^op

is precondition of^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isPreconditionOf

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Direct precedence applied to situations. E.g., 'claiming to find nuclear weapons in a foreign country is a precondition to declare war against it'.

has super-properties: directly precedes^op
has domain: Event^c or Situation^c
has range: Event^c or Situation^c
is inverse of: has precondition^op

is propert part of^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isPropertPartOf

See dul:hasProperPart for additional documentation.

has characteristics: transitive

has super-properties: is part of^op
has sub-properties: is component of^op
is inverse of: has proper part^op

is quality of^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isQualityOf

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between entities and qualities, e.g. 'Dmitri's skin is yellowish'.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Quality^c
has range: Entity^c
is inverse of: has quality^op

is realized by^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isRealizedBy

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between an information realization and an information object, e.g. the paper copy of the Italian Constitution realizes the text of the Constitution.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Information object^c
has range: Information realization^c
is inverse of: realizes^op

is reference of^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isReferenceOf

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between information objects and any Entity (including information objects). It can be used to talk about e.g. entities are references of proper nouns: the proper noun 'Leonardo da Vinci' isAbout the Person Leonardo da Vinci; as well as to talk about sets of entities that can be described by a common noun: the common noun 'person' isAbout the set of all persons in a domain of discourse, which can be represented in DOLCE-Ultralite as an individual of the class: Collection . The isReferenceOf relation is irreflexive, differently from its inverse isAbout.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Entity^c
has range: Information object^c
is inverse of: is about^op

is reference of information realized by^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isReferenceOfInformationRealizedBy

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

The relation between entities and information realizations, e.g. between Italy and a paper copy of the text of the Italian Constitution.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Entity^c
has range: Information realization^c
is inverse of: realizes information about^op

is region for^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isRegionFor

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between entities and regions, e.g. 'the color of my car is red'.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has sub-properties: is time interval of^op, is time of observation of^op
has domain: Region^c
has range: Entity^c
is inverse of: has region^op

is related to concept^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isRelatedToConcept

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Any relation between concepts, e.g. superordinated, conceptual parthood, having a parameter, having a task, superordination, etc.

has characteristics: symmetric

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has sub-properties: has parameter^op, has task^op, is parameter for^op, is subordinated to^op, is superordinated to^op, is task of^op
has domain: Concept^c
has range: Concept^c
is inverse of: is related to concept^op, is related to concept^op

is related to description^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isRelatedToDescription

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Any relation between descriptions.

has characteristics: symmetric

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has sub-properties: expands^op, is expanded in^op
has domain: Description^c
has range: Description^c
is inverse of: is related to description^op, is related to description^op

is role defined in^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isRoleDefinedIn

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between a description and a role, e.g. the role 'Ingredient' is defined in the recipe for a cake.

has super-properties: is defined in^op
has domain: Role^c
has range: Description^c
is inverse of: defines role^op

is role of^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isRoleOf

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between an object and a role, e.g. 'student' is the role of 'John'.

has super-properties: classifies^op
has domain: Role^c
has range: Object^c
is inverse of: has role^op

is satisfied by^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isSatisfiedBy

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between a Situation and a Description, e.g. the execution of a Plan satisfies that plan.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Description^c
has range: Situation^c
is inverse of: satisfies^op

is setting for^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isSettingFor

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between situations and entities, e.g. 'this morning I've prepared my coffee with a new fantastic Arabica', i.e.: the preparation of my coffee this morning is the setting for (an amount of) a new fantastic Arabica.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has sub-properties: includes event^op, includes object^op, includes part^op, includes time^op, includes whole^op
has domain: Situation^c
has range: Entity^c
is inverse of: has setting^op

is specialized by^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isSpecializedBy

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A partial order relation that holds between social objects. It represents the subsumption relation between e.g. a Concept and another Concept that is broader in extensional interpretation, but narrowe in intensional interpretation. E.g. PhDStudent Role specializes Student Role

has characteristics: transitive

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Social object^c
has range: Social object^c
is inverse of: specializes^op

is subordinated to^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isSubordinatedTo

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Direct succession applied to concepts. E.g. the role 'Officer' is subordinated to 'Director'.

has super-properties: directly follows^op; is related to concept^op
has domain: Concept^c
has range: Concept^c
is inverse of: is superordinated to^op

is superordinated to^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isSuperordinatedTo

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Direct precedence applied to concepts. E.g. the role 'Executive' is superordinated to 'DepartmentManager'.

has super-properties: directly precedes^op; is related to concept^op
has domain: Concept^c
has range: Concept^c
is inverse of: is subordinated to^op

is task defined in^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isTaskDefinedIn

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between a description and a task, e.g. the task 'boil' is defined in a recipe for a cake.

has super-properties: is defined in^op
has domain: Task^c
has range: Description^c
is inverse of: defines task^op

is task of^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isTaskOf

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between roles and tasks, e.g. 'students have the duty of giving exams' (i.e. the Role 'student' hasTask the Task 'giving exams').

has super-properties: is related to concept^op
has domain: Task^c
has range: Role^c
is inverse of: has task^op

is time included in^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isTimeIncludedIn

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

has super-properties: has setting^op
has domain: Time interval^c
has range: Situation^c
is inverse of: includes time^op

is time interval of^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isTimeIntervalOf

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

The generic relation between time intervals and events.

has super-properties: is region for^op
has domain: Time interval^c
has range: Event^c
is inverse of: has time interval^op

is time of observation of^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isTimeOfObservationOf

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

has super-properties: is region for^op
has domain: Time interval^c
has range: Entity^c
is inverse of: is observable at^op

is unified by^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isUnifiedBy

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A Collection has a unification criterion, provided by a Description; for example, a community of practice can be unified by a shared theory or interest, e.g. the community that makes research on mirror neurons shares some core knowledge about mirror neurons, which can be represented as a Description MirrorNeuronTheory that unifies the community. There can be several unifying descriptions.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Collection^c
has range: Description^c
is inverse of: unifies^op

near to^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#nearTo

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

Generic distance relation between any Entity(s). E.g. Rome is near to Florence, astronomy is near to physics.

has characteristics: symmetric

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Entity^c
has range: Entity^c
is inverse of: near to^op, near to^op

overlaps^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#overlaps

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A schematic relation between any entities, e.g. 'the chest region overlaps with the abdomen region', 'my spoken words overlap with hers', 'the time of my leave overlaps with the time of your arrival', 'fibromyalgia overlaps with other conditions'. Subproperties and restrictions can be used to specialize overlaps for objects, events, time intervals, etc.

has characteristics: symmetric

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Entity^c
has range: Entity^c
is inverse of: overlaps^op, overlaps^op

parametrizes^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#parametrizes

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

The relation between a Parameter, e.g. 'MajorAgeLimit', and a Region, e.g. '18_year'. For a more data-oriented relation, see hasDataValue

has super-properties: classifies^op
has domain: Parameter^c
has range: Region^c
is inverse of: is parametrized by^op

precedes^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#precedes

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between entities, expressing a 'sequence' schema. E.g. 'year 1999 precedes 2000', 'deciding what coffee to use' precedes 'preparing coffee', 'World War II follows World War I', 'in the Milan to Rome autoroute, Bologna precedes Florence', etc. It can then be used between tasks, processes, time intervals, spatially locate objects, situations, etc. Subproperties can be defined in order to distinguish the different uses.

has characteristics: transitive

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has sub-properties: directly precedes^op
has domain: Entity^c
has range: Entity^c
is inverse of: follows^op

realizes^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#realizes

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between an information realization and an information object, e.g. the paper copy of the Italian Constitution realizes the text of the Constitution.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Information realization^c
has range: Information object^c
is inverse of: is realized by^op

realizes information about^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#realizesInformationAbout

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

The relation between entities and information realizations, e.g. between Italy and a paper copy of the text of the Italian Constitution.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has sub-properties: realizes self information^op
has domain: Information realization^c
has range: Entity^c
is inverse of: is reference of information realized by^op
has sub-property chains: realizes^op o is about^op

realizes self information^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#realizesSelfInformation

Date:: 05T22:31:22Z/04/2021

Authors:: Aldo Gangemi

This relation is a workaround to enable local reflexivity axioms (Self) working with non-simple properties; in this case, dul:realizesInformation About.

has super-properties: realizes information about^op

satisfies^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#satisfies

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A relation between a Situation and a Description, e.g. the execution of a Plan satisfies that plan.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Situation^c
has range: Description^c
is inverse of: is satisfied by^op

specializes^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#specializes

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A partial order relation that holds between social objects. It mainly represents the subsumption relation between e.g. a Concept or Description and another Concept (resp. Description) that is broader in extensional interpretation, but narrower in intensional interpretation. For example, the role PhDStudent specializes the role Student. Another possible use is between a Collection that isCoveredBy a Concept A, and another Collection that isCoveredBy a Concept B that on its turm specializes A. For example, the 70,000 series Selmer Mark VI saxophone Collection specializes the Selmer Mark VI saxophone Collection.

has characteristics: transitive

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Social object^c
has range: Social object^c
is inverse of: is specialized by^op

unifies^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#unifies

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has domain: Description^c
has range: Collection^c
is inverse of: is unified by^op

uses concept^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#usesConcept

is defined by: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl

A generic relation holding between a Description and a Concept. In order to be used, a Concept must be previously definedIn another Description. This last condition cannot be encoded for object properties in OWL.

has super-properties: associatedWith^op
has sub-properties: defines^op
has domain: Description^c
has range: Concept^c
is inverse of: is concept used in^op

This HTML document was obtained by processing the OWL ontology source code through LODE, Live OWL Documentation Environment, developed by Silvio Peroni.

DOLCE+DnS Ultralite

Abstract

Table of Content

Classes

Abstractc back to ToC or Class ToC

Actionc back to ToC or Class ToC

Agentc back to ToC or Class ToC

Amountc back to ToC or Class ToC

Biological objectc back to ToC or Class ToC

Chemical objectc back to ToC or Class ToC

Classificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

Collectionc back to ToC or Class ToC

Collectivec back to ToC or Class ToC

Collective agentc back to ToC or Class ToC

Communityc back to ToC or Class ToC

Conceptc back to ToC or Class ToC

Configurationc back to ToC or Class ToC

Contractc back to ToC or Class ToC

Descriptionc back to ToC or Class ToC

Designc back to ToC or Class ToC

Designed artifactc back to ToC or Class ToC

designed substancec back to ToC or Class ToC

Diagnosisc back to ToC or Class ToC

Entityc back to ToC or Class ToC

Eventc back to ToC or Class ToC

Event typec back to ToC or Class ToC

Formal entityc back to ToC or Class ToC

Functional substancec back to ToC or Class ToC

Goalc back to ToC or Class ToC

Groupc back to ToC or Class ToC

information entityc back to ToC or Class ToC

Information objectc back to ToC or Class ToC

Information realizationc back to ToC or Class ToC

Local conceptc back to ToC or Class ToC

Methodc back to ToC or Class ToC

Narrativec back to ToC or Class ToC

Natural personc back to ToC or Class ToC

Normc back to ToC or Class ToC

Objectc back to ToC or Class ToC

object aggregatec back to ToC or Class ToC

Organismc back to ToC or Class ToC

Organizationc back to ToC or Class ToC

Parameterc back to ToC or Class ToC

parthoodc back to ToC or Class ToC

Patternc back to ToC or Class ToC

Personc back to ToC or Class ToC

Personificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

Physical agentc back to ToC or Class ToC

Physical artifactc back to ToC or Class ToC

Physical attributec back to ToC or Class ToC

Physical bodyc back to ToC or Class ToC

Physical objectc back to ToC or Class ToC

Physical placec back to ToC or Class ToC

Placec back to ToC or Class ToC

Planc back to ToC or Class ToC

Plan executionc back to ToC or Class ToC

Processc back to ToC or Class ToC

Projectc back to ToC or Class ToC

Qualityc back to ToC or Class ToC

Regionc back to ToC or Class ToC

Relationc back to ToC or Class ToC

Rightc back to ToC or Class ToC

Rolec back to ToC or Class ToC

Setc back to ToC or Class ToC

Situationc back to ToC or Class ToC

Social agentc back to ToC or Class ToC

Social attributec back to ToC or Class ToC

Social objectc back to ToC or Class ToC

Social personc back to ToC or Class ToC

Social relationc back to ToC or Class ToC

Space regionc back to ToC or Class ToC

spatio temporal regionc back to ToC or Class ToC

Substancec back to ToC or Class ToC

Taskc back to ToC or Class ToC

Theoryc back to ToC or Class ToC

time indexed relationc back to ToC or Class ToC

Time intervalc back to ToC or Class ToC

Transitionc back to ToC or Class ToC

Type collectionc back to ToC or Class ToC

Unit of measurec back to ToC or Class ToC

Abstract^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Action^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Agent^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Amount^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Biological object^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Chemical object^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Classification^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Collection^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Collective^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Collective agent^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Community^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Concept^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Configuration^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Contract^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Description^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Design^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Designed artifact^c back to ToC or Class ToC

designed substance^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Diagnosis^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Entity^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Event^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Event type^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Formal entity^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Functional substance^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Goal^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Group^c back to ToC or Class ToC

information entity^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Information object^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Information realization^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Local concept^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Method^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Narrative^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Natural person^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Norm^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Object^c back to ToC or Class ToC

object aggregate^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Organism^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Organization^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Parameter^c back to ToC or Class ToC

parthood^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Pattern^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Person^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Personification^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Physical agent^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Physical artifact^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Physical attribute^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Physical body^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Physical object^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Physical place^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Place^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Plan^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Plan execution^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Process^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Project^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Quality^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Region^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Relation^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Right^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Role^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Set^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Situation^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Social agent^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Social attribute^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Social object^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Social person^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Social relation^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Space region^c back to ToC or Class ToC

spatio temporal region^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Substance^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Task^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Theory^c back to ToC or Class ToC

time indexed relation^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Time interval^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Transition^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Type collection^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Unit of measure^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Workflow^c back to ToC or Class ToC

Workflow execution^c back to ToC or Class ToC

acts for^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

acts through^op back to ToC or Object Property ToC