DOLCE+DnS Ultralite

IRI:
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Current version:
3.34
Other visualisation:
Ontology source

Abstract

The DOLCE+DnS Ultralite ontology. It is a simplification of some parts of the DOLCE Lite-Plus library (cf. http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DLP397.owl). Main aspects in which DOLCE+DnS Ultralite departs from DOLCE Lite-Plus are the following: - The names of classes and relations have been made more intuitive - The DnS-related part is closer to the newer 'constructive DnS' ontology (http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/cDnS.owl). - Temporal and spatial relations are simplified - Qualities and regions are more relaxed than in DOLCE-Full: they can be used as attributes of any entity; an axiom states that each quality has a region - Axiomatization makes use of simpler constructs than DOLCE Lite-Plus - The architecture of the ontology is pattern-based, which means that DOLCE+DnS Ultralite is also available in modules, called 'content ontology design patterns', which can be applied independently in the design of domain ontologies (cf. http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org). If many modules are needed in a same ontology project, it is anyway useful to use this integrated version. The final result is a lightweight, easy-to-apply foundational ontology for modeling either physical or social contexts. Several extensions of DOLCE+DnS Ultralite have been designed: - Information objects: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl - Systems: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/SystemsLite.owl - Plans: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/PlansLite.owl - Legal domain: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/CLO/CoreLegal.owl - Lexical and semiotic domains: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L2.owl - DOLCE-Zero: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/d0.owl is a commonsense-oriented generalisation of some top-level classes, which allows to use DOLCE with tolerance against ambiguities like abstract vs. concrete information, locations vs. physical artifacts, event occurrences vs. event types, events vs. situations, qualities vs. regions, etc.; etc.

Table of Content

  1. Classes
  2. Object Properties
  3. Data Properties
  4. Annotation Properties
  5. Namespace Declarations

Classes

Abstractc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Abstract

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Any Entity that cannot be located in space-time. E.g. mathematical entities: formal semantics elements, regions within dimensional spaces, etc.
has super-classes
Entityc
has sub-classes
Formal entityc, Regionc
is disjoint with
Eventc, Objectc, Qualityc

Actionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Action

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
An Event with at least one Agent that isParticipantIn it, and that executes a Task that typically isDefinedIn a Plan, Workflow, Project, etc.
has super-classes
Eventc
has participantop some Agentc
executes taskop min 1
is in domain of
executes taskop, is action included inop
is in range of
includes actionop, is executed inop

Agentc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Agent

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Additional comment: a computational agent can be considered as a PhysicalAgent that realizes a certain class of algorithms (that can be considered as instances of InformationObject) that allow to obtain some behaviors that are considered typical of agents in general. For an ontology of computational objects based on DOLCE see e.g. http://www.loa-cnr.it/COS/COS.owl, and http://www.loa-cnr.it/KCO/KCO.owl.
has super-classes
Objectc
has sub-classes
Personc, Physical agentc, Social agentc
is in domain of
acts forop, conceptualizesop, is agent included inop, is agent involved inop
is in range of
acts throughop, includes agentop, involves agentop, is conceptualized byop

Amountc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Amount

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A quantity, independently from how it is measured, computed, etc.
has super-classes
Regionc
is disjoint with
Physical attributec, Space regionc, Time intervalc

Biological objectc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#BiologicalObject

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
has super-classes
Physical bodyc
has sub-classes
Organismc

Chemical objectc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#ChemicalObject

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
has super-classes
Physical bodyc

Classificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Classification

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A special kind of Situation that allows to include time indexing for the classifies relation in situations. For example, if a Situation s 'my old cradle is used in these days as a flower pot' isSettingFor the entity 'my old cradle' and the TimeIntervals '8June2007' and '10June2007', and we know that s satisfies a functional Description for aesthetic objects, which defines the Concepts 'flower pot' and 'flower', then we also need to know what concept classifies 'my old cradle' at what time. In order to solve this issue, we need to create a sub-situation s' for the classification time: 'my old cradle is a flower pot in 8June2007'. Such sub-situation s' isPartOf s.
has super-classes
time indexed relationc
is setting forop some Time intervalc
is setting forop some Entityc
is setting forop some Conceptc

Collectionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Collection

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Any container for entities that share one or more common properties. E.g. "stone objects", "the nurses", "the Louvre Aegyptian collection", all the elections for the Italian President of the Republic. A collection is not a logical class: a collection is a first-order entity, while a class is second-order. A collection is neither an aggregate of its member entities (see e.g. ObjectAggregate class).
has super-classes
Social objectc
has partop only Collectionc
has sub-classes
Collectivec, Configurationc, Type collectionc
is in domain of
has memberop, is characterized byop, is covered byop, is unified byop
is in range of
characterizesop, coversop, is member ofop, unifiesop

Collectivec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Collective

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A Collection whose members are agents, e.g. "the nurses", "the Italian rockabilly fans". Collectives, facon de parler, can act as agents, although they are not assumed here to be agents (they are even disjoint from the class SocialAgent). This is represented by admitting collectives in the range of the relations having Agent in their domain or range.
has super-classes
Collectionc
has memberop only Agentc

Collective agentc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#CollectiveAgent

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A SocialAgent that is actedBy agents that are (and act as) members of a Collective. A collective agent can have roles that are also roles of those agents. For example, in sociology, a 'group action' is the situation in which a number of people (that result to be members of a collective) in a given area behave in a coordinated way in order to achieve a (often common) goal. The Agent in such a Situation is not single, but a CollectiveAgent (a Group). This can be generalized to the notion of social movement, which assumes a large Community or even the entire Society as agents. The difference between a CollectiveAgent and an Organization is that a Description that introduces a CollectiveAgent is also one that unifies the corresponding Collective. In practice, this difference makes collective agents 'less stable' than organizations, because they have a dedicated, publicly recognizable Description that is conceived to introduce them.
has super-classes
Social agentc
is introduced byop some Descriptionc
acts throughop some Agentc
has sub-classes
Communityc, Groupc

Communityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Community

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
has super-classes
Collective agentc

Conceptc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Concept

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A Concept is a SocialObject, and isDefinedIn some Description; once defined, a Concept can be used in other Description(s). If a Concept isDefinedIn exactly one Description, see the LocalConcept class. The classifies relation relates Concept(s) to Entity(s) at some TimeInterval
has super-classes
Social objectc
is defined inop some Descriptionc
has partop only Conceptc
has sub-classes
Event typec, Local conceptc, Parameterc, Rolec
is in domain of
characterizesop, classifiesop, coversop, has parameterop, is concept expressed byop, is concept used inop, is defined inop, is related to conceptop, is subordinated toop, is superordinated toop
is in range of
definesop, expresses conceptop, is characterized byop, is classified byop, is covered byop, is parameter forop, is related to conceptop, is subordinated toop, is superordinated toop, uses conceptop
is disjoint with
Information objectc, Situationc, Social agentc

Configurationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Configuration

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A collection whose members are 'unified', i.e. organized according to a certain schema that can be represented by a Description. Typically, a configuration is the collection that emerges out of a composed entity: an industrial artifact, a plan, a discourse, etc. E.g. a physical book has a configuration provided by the part-whole schema that holds together its cover, pages, ink. That schema, based on the individual relations between the book and its parts, can be represented in a reified way by means of a (structural) description, which is said to 'unify' the book configuration.
has super-classes
Collectionc

Contractc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Contract

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
(The content of) an agreement between at least two agents that play a Party Role, about some contract object (a Task to be executed).
has super-classes
Descriptionc

Descriptionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Description

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A Description is a SocialObject that represents a conceptualization. It can be thought also as a 'descriptive context' that uses or defines concepts in order to create a view on a 'relational context' (cf. Situation) out of a set of data or observations. For example, a Plan is a Description of some actions to be executed by agents in a certain way, with certain parameters; a Diagnosis is a Description that provides an interpretation for a set of observed entities, etc. Descriptions 'define' or 'use' concepts, and can be 'satisfied' by situations.
has super-classes
Social objectc
has sub-classes
Contractc, Designc, Diagnosisc, Goalc, Methodc, Narrativec, Normc, Planc, Relationc, Rightc, Theoryc
is in domain of
definesop, defines roleop, defines taskop, describesop, expandsop, introducesop, is expanded inop, is related to descriptionop, is satisfied byop, unifiesop, uses conceptop
is in range of
expandsop, is concept used inop, is defined inop, is described byop, is expanded inop, is introduced byop, is related to descriptionop, is role defined inop, is task defined inop, is unified byop, satisfiesop
is disjoint with
Information objectc, Situationc, Social agentc

Designc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Design

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A Description of the Situation, in terms of structure and function, held by an Entity for some reason. A design is usually accompanied by the rationales behind the construction of the designed Entity (i.e. of the reasons why a design is claimed to be as such). For example, the actual design (a Situation) of a car or of a law is based on both the specification (a Description) of the structure, and the rationales used to construct cars or laws. While designs typically describe entities to be constructed, they can also be used to describe 'refunctionalized' entities, or to hypothesize unknown functions. For example, a cradle can be refunctionalized as a flowerpot based on a certain home design.
has super-classes
Descriptionc

Designed artifactc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#DesignedArtifact

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A PhysicalArtifact that is also described by a Design. This excludes simple recycling or refunctionalization of natural objects. Most common sense 'artifacts' can be included in this class: cars, lamps, houses, chips, etc.
has super-classes
Physical artifactc
is described byop some Designc
has sub-classes
designed substancec

designed substancec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#DesignedSubstance

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
has super-classes
Designed artifactc
Functional substancec

Diagnosisc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Diagnosis

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A Description of the Situation of a system, usually applied in order to control a normal behaviour, or to explain a notable behavior (e.g. a functional breakdown).
has super-classes
Descriptionc

Entityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Entity

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Anything: real, possible, or imaginary, which some modeller wants to talk about for some purpose.
has sub-classes
Abstractc, Eventc, Objectc, Qualityc, Situationc, information entityc
is in domain of
associatedWithop, directly followsop, directly precedesop, far fromop, followsop, has common boundaryop, has componentop, has constituentop, has constraintop, has data valuedp, has locationop, has partop, has qualityop, has regionop, has settingop, is classified byop, is component ofop, is constituent ofop, is described byop, is in the same setting asop, is location ofop, is member ofop, is observable atop, is part ofop, is reference ofop, is reference of information realized byop, near toop, overlapsop, precedesop
is in range of
associatedWithop, classifiesop, describesop, directly followsop, directly precedesop, far fromop, followsop, has common boundaryop, has componentop, has constituentop, has locationop, has memberop, has partop, is aboutop, is component ofop, is constituent ofop, is constraint forop, is in the same setting asop, is location ofop, is part ofop, is quality ofop, is region forop, is setting forop, is time of observation ofop, near toop, overlapsop, precedesop, realizes information aboutop

Eventc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Event

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Any physical, social, or mental process, event, or state. More theoretically, events can be classified in different ways, possibly based on 'aspect' (e.g. stative, continuous, accomplishement, achievement, etc.), on 'agentivity' (e.g. intentional, natural, etc.), or on 'typical participants' (e.g. human, physical, abstract, food, etc.). Here no special direction is taken, and the following explains why: events are related to observable situations, and they can have different views at a same time. If a position has to be suggested here anyway, the participant-based classification of events seems the most stable and appropriate for many modelling problems. (1) Alternative aspectual views Consider a same event 'rock erosion in the Sinni valley': it can be conceptualized as an accomplishment (what has brought a certain state to occur), as an achievement (the state resulting from a previous accomplishment), as a punctual event (if we collapse the time interval of the erosion into a time point), or as a transition (something that has changed from a state to a different one). In the erosion case, we could therefore have good motivations to shift from one aspect to another: a) causation focus, b) effectual focus, c) historical condensation, d) transition (causality). The different views refer to the same event, but are still different: how to live with this seeming paradox? A typical solution e.g. in linguistics (cf. Levin's aspectual classes) and in DOLCE Full (cf. WonderWeb D18 axiomatization) is to classify events based on aspectual differences. But this solution would create different identities for a same event, where the difference is only based on the modeller's attitude. An alternative solution is suggested here, and exploits the notion of (observable) Situation; a Situation is a view, consistent with a Description, which can be observed of a set of entities. It can also be seen as a 'relational context' created by an observer on the basis of a 'frame'. Therefore, a Situation allows to create a context where each particular view can have a proper identity, while the Event preserves its own identity. For example, ErosionAsAccomplishment is a Situation where rock erosion is observed as a process leading to a certain achievement: the conditions (roles, parameters) that suggest such view are stated in a Description, which acts as a 'theory of accomplishments'. Similarly, ErosionAsTransition is a Situation where rock erosion is observed as an event that has changed a state to another: the conditions for such interpretation are stated in a different Description, which acts as a 'theory of state transitions'. Consider that in no case the actual event is changed or enriched in parts by the aspectual view. (2) Alternative intentionality views Similarly to aspectual views, several intentionality views can be provided for a same Event. For example, one can investigate if an avalanche has been caused by immediate natural forces, or if there is any hint of an intentional effort to activate those natural forces. Also in this case, the Event as such has not different identities, while the causal analysis generates situations with different identities, according to what Description is taken for interpreting the Event. On the other hand, if the possible actions of an Agent causing the starting of an avalanche are taken as parts of the Event, then this makes its identity change, because we are adding a part to it. Therefore, if intentionality is a criterion to classify events or not, this depends on if an ontology designer wants to consider causality as a relevant dimension for events' identity. (3) Alternative participant views A slightly different case is when we consider the basic participants to an Event. In this case, the identity of the Event is affected by the participating objects, because it depends on them. For example, if snow, mountain slopes, wind, waves, etc. are considered as an avalanche basic participants, or if we also want to add water, human agents, etc., that makes the identity of an avalanche change. Anyway, this approach to event classification is based on the designer's choices, and more accurately mirrors lexical or commonsense classifications (see. e.g. WordNet 'supersenses' for verb synsets). Ultimately, this discussion has no end, because realists will keep defending the idea that events in reality are not changed by the way we describe them, while constructivists will keep defending the idea that, whatever 'true reality' is about, it can't be modelled without the theoretical burden of how we observe and describe it. Both positions are in principle valid, but, if taken too radically, they focus on issues that are only partly relevant to the aim of computational ontologies, which assist domain experts in representing a certain portion of reality according to their own assumptions and requirements. For this reason, in this ontology version of DOLCE, both events and situations are allowed, together with descriptions (the reason for the inclusion of the D&S framewrok in DOLCE), in order to encode the modelling needs, independently from the position (if any) chosen by the model designer.
has super-classes
Entityc
has partop only Eventc
has participantop some Objectc
has time intervalop some Time intervalc
has constituentop only Eventc
has sub-classes
Actionc, Processc
is in domain of
has event datedp, has participantop, has time intervalop, involves agentop, is event included inop
is in range of
includes eventop, is agent involved inop, is participant inop, is time interval ofop
is disjoint with
Abstractc, Objectc, Qualityc

Event typec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#EventType

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A Concept that classifies an Event . An event type describes how an Event should be interpreted, executed, expected, seen, etc., according to the Description that the EventType isDefinedIn (or used in)
has super-classes
Conceptc
classifiesop only Eventc
has sub-classes
Taskc
is disjoint with
Parameterc, Rolec

Formal entityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#FormalEntity

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Entities that are formally defined and are considered independent from the social context in which they are used. They cannot be localized in space or time. Also called 'Platonic entities'. Mathematical and logical entities are included in this class: sets, categories, tuples, costants, variables, etc. Abstract formal entities are distinguished from information objects, which are supposed to be part of a social context, and are localized in space and time, therefore being (social) objects. For example, the class 'Quark' is an abstract formal entity from the purely set-theoretical perspective, but it is an InformationObject from the viewpoint of ontology design, when e.g. implemented in a logical language like OWL. Abstract formal entities are also distinguished from Concept(s), Collection(s), and Description(s), which are part of a social context, therefore being SocialObject(s) as well. For example, the class 'Quark' is an abstract FormalEntity from the purely set-theoretical perspective, but it is a Concept within history of science and cultural dynamics. These distinctions allow to represent two different notions of 'semantics': the first one is abstract and formal ('formal semantics'), and formallyInterprets symbols that are about entities whatsoever; for example, the term 'Quark' isAbout the Collection of all quarks, and that Collection isFormalGroundingFor the abstract class 'Quark' (in the extensional sense). The second notion is social, localized in space-time ('social semantics'), and can be used to interpret entities in the intensional sense. For example, the Collection of all quarks isCoveredBy the Concept 'Quark', which is also expressed by the term 'Quark'.
has super-classes
Abstractc
has sub-classes
Setc

Functional substancec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#FunctionalSubstance

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
has super-classes
Substancec
has sub-classes
designed substancec

Goalc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Goal

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
The Description of a Situation that is desired by an Agent, and usually associated to a Plan that describes how to actually achieve it
has super-classes
Descriptionc

Groupc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Group

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A CollectiveAgent whose acting agents conceptualize a same SocialRelation .
has super-classes
Collective agentc
is described byop some Planc

information entityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#InformationEntity

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A piece of information, be it concretely realized or not. It is a catchall class, intended to bypass the ambiguities of many data or text that could denote either a an expression or a concrete realization of that expression. In a semiotic model, there is no special reason to distinguish between them, however we may want to distinguish between a pure information content (e.g. the 3rd Gymnopedie by Satie), and its possible concrete realizations as a music sheet, a piano execution, the reproduction of the execution, its publishing as a record, etc.).
has super-classes
Entityc
has sub-classes
Information objectc, Information realizationc

Information objectc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#InformationObject

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A piece of information, such as a musical composition, a text, a word, a picture, independently from how it is concretely realized.
has super-classes
information entityc
Social objectc
is in domain of
expressesop, expresses conceptop, is aboutop, is realized byop
is in range of
is concept expressed byop, is expressed byop, is reference ofop, realizesop
is disjoint with
Conceptc, Descriptionc, Social agentc

Information realizationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#InformationRealization

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A concrete realization of an InformationObject, e.g. the written document (object) containing the text of a law, a poetry reading (event), the dark timbre (quality) of a sound (event) in the execution (event) of a musical composition, realizing a 'misterioso' tempo indication. The realization of an information object also realizes information about itself. This is a special semiotic feature, which allows to avoid a traditonal paradox, by which an information is often supposed to be about itself besides other entities (e.g. the information object 'carpe diem' is about its meaning in Horace's Odes (let alone its fortune in Western culture and beyond), but also about its expression in context: 'dum loquimur, fugerit invida aetas: carpe diem, quam minimum credula postero', with the sound and emotional relations that it could activate. This is expressed in OWL2 with a local reflexivity axiom of the dul:InformationRealization class.
has super-classes
information entityc
realizes self informationop
realizesop some Information objectc
Eventc or Physical objectc or Qualityc
is in domain of
concretely expressesop, realizesop, realizes information aboutop
is in range of
is concretely expressed byop, is realized byop, is reference of information realized byop

Local conceptc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#LocalConcept

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A Concept that isDefinedIn exactly 1 Description. For example, the Concept 'coffee' in a 'preparesCoffee' relation can be defined in that relation, and for all other Description(s) that use it, the isConceptUsedIn property should be applied. Notice therefore that not necessarily all Concept(s) isDefinedIn exactly 1 Description.
has super-classes
Conceptc

Methodc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Method

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A method is a Description that defines or uses concepts in order to guide carrying out actions aimed at a solution with respect to a problem. It is different from a Plan, because plans could be carried out in order to follow a method, but a method can be followed by executing alternative plans.
has super-classes
Descriptionc

Narrativec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Narrative

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
has super-classes
Descriptionc

Natural personc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#NaturalPerson

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A person in the physical commonsense intuition: 'have you seen that person walking down the street?'
has super-classes
Personc
Physical agentc

Normc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Norm

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A social norm.
has super-classes
Descriptionc

Objectc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Object

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Any physical, social, or mental object, or a substance. Following DOLCE Full, objects are always participating in some event (at least their own life), and are spatially located.
has super-classes
Entityc
is classified byop only Rolec
has locationop some Entityc
has partop only Objectc
is participant inop some Eventc
has constituentop only Objectc
has sub-classes
Agentc, Physical objectc, Social objectc
is in domain of
co-participates withop, has roleop, is object included inop, is participant inop
is in range of
co-participates withop, has participantop, includes objectop, is role ofop
is disjoint with
Abstractc, Eventc, Qualityc

object aggregatec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#ObjectAggregate

Date:
21T23:35:02Z/02/2021
Authors:
Aldo Gangemi
An aggregate of distributed objects, members of a same Collection, e.g. the stars in a constellation, the parts of a car, the employees of a company, the entries from an encyclopedia, the concepts expressed in a speech, etc. It cannot be defined by means of an equivalence axiom, because it'd require the same Collection for all members, an axiom that cannot be expressed in OWL.
has super-classes
Objectc and (has partop some Objectc and (is member ofop some Collectionc))

Organismc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Organism

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A physical objects with biological characteristics, typically that organisms can self-reproduce.
has super-classes
Biological objectc
Physical agentc

Organizationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Organization

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
An internally structured, conventionally created SocialAgent, needing a specific Role and Agent that plays it, in order to act.
has super-classes
Social agentc

Parameterc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Parameter

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A Concept that classifies a Region; the difference between a Region and a Parameter is that regions represent sets of observable values, e.g. the height of a given building, while parameters represent constraints or selections on observable values, e.g. 'VeryHigh'. Therefore, parameters can also be used to constrain regions, e.g. VeryHigh on a subset of values of the Region Height applied to buildings, or to add an external selection criterion , such as measurement units, to regions, e.g. Meter on a subset of values from the Region Length applied to the Region Length applied to roads.
has super-classes
Conceptc
has partop only Parameterc
classifiesop only Regionc
has sub-classes
Unit of measurec
is in domain of
has parameter data valuedp, is constraint forop, is parameter forop, parametrizesop
is in range of
has constraintop, has parameterop, is parametrized byop
is disjoint with
Event typec, Rolec

parthoodc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Parthood

Date:
03T13:53:57Z/04/2021
Authors:
Aldo Gangemi
A special kind of Situation that allows to include time indexing for the hasPart relation in situations. For example, if a Situation s 'finally, my bike has a luggage rack' isSettingFor the entity 'my bike' and the TimeIntervals 'now', or more specifically '29March2021', we need to have a time-index the part relation. With Parthood, we use includesWhole and includesPart properties. This can be done similarly for other arguments of parthood, e.g. location, configuration, topology, etc. Concerning the possible property characteristics reused from mereology (transitivity, asymmetry, reflexivity), they need to be implemented by means of rules (or, in a limited way, property chains using the binary hasPart or hasProperPart properties). A key is also added to ensure identification constraints of time-indexed parthood.
has super-classes
time indexed relationc
includes partop some Entityc
includes wholeop some Entityc
has keys
includes partop , includes wholeop

Patternc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Pattern

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Any invariance detected from a dataset, or from observation; also, any invariance proposed based on top-down considerations. E.g. patterns detected and abstracted by an organism, by pattern recognition algorithms, by machine learning techniques, etc. An occurrence of a pattern is an 'observable', or detected Situation
has super-classes
Relationc

Personc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Person

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Persons in commonsense intuition, which does not apparently distinguish between either natural or social persons.
has super-classes
Agentc
has sub-classes
Natural personc, Social personc

Personificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Personification

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A social entity with agentive features, but whose status is the result of a cultural transformation from e.g. a PhysicalObject, an Event, an Abstract, another SocialObject, etc. For example: the holy grail, deus ex machina, gods, magic wands, etc.
has super-classes
Social agentc

Physical agentc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#PhysicalAgent

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A PhysicalObject that is capable of self-representing (conceptualizing) a Description in order to plan an Action. A PhysicalAgent is a substrate for (actsFor) a Social Agent
has super-classes
Agentc
Physical objectc
has sub-classes
Natural personc, Organismc

Physical artifactc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#PhysicalArtifact

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Any PhysicalObject that isDescribedBy a Plan . This axiomatization is weak, but allows to talk of artifacts in a very general sense, i.e. including recycled objects, objects with an intentional functional change, natural objects that are given a certain function, even though they are not modified or structurally designed, etc. PhysicalArtifact(s) are not considered disjoint from PhysicalBody(s), in order to allow a dual classification when needed. E.g., FunctionalSubstance(s) are included here as well. Immaterial (non-physical) artifacts (e.g. texts, ideas, cultural movements, corporations, communities, etc. can be modelled as social objects (see SocialObject), which are all 'artifactual' in the weak sense assumed here.
has super-classes
Physical objectc
is described byop some Planc
has sub-classes
Designed artifactc

Physical attributec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#PhysicalAttribute

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Physical value of a physical object, e.g. density, color, etc.
has super-classes
Regionc
is region forop only Physical objectc
is disjoint with
Amountc, Space regionc, Time intervalc

Physical bodyc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#PhysicalBody

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Physical bodies are PhysicalObject(s), for which we tend to neutralize any possible artifactual character. They can have several granularity levels: geological, chemical, physical, biological, etc.
has super-classes
Physical objectc
has sub-classes
Biological objectc, Chemical objectc, Substancec

Physical objectc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#PhysicalObject

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Any Object that has a proper space region. The prototypical physical object has also an associated mass, but the nature of its mass can greatly vary based on the epistemological status of the object (scientifically measured, subjectively possible, imaginary).
has super-classes
Objectc
has partop only Physical objectc
has sub-classes
Physical agentc, Physical artifactc, Physical bodyc, Physical placec
is disjoint with
Social objectc

Physical placec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#PhysicalPlace

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A physical object that is inherently located; for example, a water area.
has super-classes
Physical objectc

Placec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Place

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Socially or cognitively dependent locations: political geographic entities (Rome, Lesotho), and non-material locations determined by the presence of other entities ("the area close to Rome") or of pivot events or signs ("the area where the helicopter fell"), as well as identified as complements to other entities ("the area under the table"), etc. In this generic sense, a Place is a 'dependent' location. For 'non-dependent' locations, cf. the PhysicalPlace class. For an abstract (dimensional) location, cf. the SpaceRegion class.
has super-classes
Social objectc
is location ofop min 1

Planc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Plan

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A Description having an explicit Goal, to be achieved by executing the plan
has super-classes
Descriptionc
has componentop some Goalc
has sub-classes
Projectc, Workflowc

Plan executionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#PlanExecution

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Plan executions are situations that proactively satisfy a plan. Subplan executions are proper parts of the whole plan execution.
is equivalent to
satisfiesop some Planc
has super-classes
Situationc

Processc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Process

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
This is a placeholder for events that are considered in their evolution, or anyway not strictly dependent on agents, tasks, and plans. See Event class for some thoughts on classifying events. See also 'Transition'.
has super-classes
Eventc

Projectc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Project

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A Plan that defines Role(s), Task(s), and a specific structure for tasks to be executed in relation to goals to be achieved, in order to achieve the main goal of the project. In other words, a project is a plan with a subgoal structure and multiple roles and tasks.
has super-classes
Planc
defines taskop some Taskc
defines roleop some Rolec

Qualityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Quality

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Any aspect of an Entity (but not a part of it), which cannot exist without that Entity. For example, the way the surface of a specific PhysicalObject looks like, or the specific light of a place at a certain time, are examples of Quality, while the encoding of a Quality into e.g. a PhysicalAttribute should be modeled as a Region. From the design viewpoint, the Quality-Region distinction is useful only when individual aspects of an Entity are considered in a domain of discourse. For example, in an automotive context, it would be irrelevant to consider the aspects of car windows for a specific car, unless the factory wants to check a specific window against design parameters (anomaly detection). On the other hand, in an antiques context, the individual aspects for a specific piece of furniture are a major focus of attention, and may constitute the actual added value, because the design parameters for old furniture are often not fixed, and may not be viewed as 'anomalies'.
has super-classes
Entityc
is quality ofop some Entityc
has constituentop only Qualityc
has regionop some Regionc
has partop only Qualityc
is in domain of
is quality ofop
is in range of
has qualityop
is disjoint with
Abstractc, Eventc, Objectc

Regionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Region

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Any region in a dimensional space (a dimensional space is a maximal Region), which can be used as a value for a quality of an Entity . For example, TimeInterval, SpaceRegion, PhysicalAttribute, Amount, SocialAttribute are all subclasses of Region. Regions are not data values in the ordinary knowledge representation sense; in order to get patterns for modelling data, see the properties: representsDataValue and hasDataValue
has super-classes
Abstractc
overlapsop only Regionc
has constituentop only Regionc
has partop only Regionc
precedesop only Regionc
has sub-classes
Amountc, Physical attributec, Social attributec, Space regionc, Time intervalc, spatio temporal regionc
is in domain of
has region data valuedp, is parametrized byop, is region forop
is in range of
has regionop, parametrizesop

Relationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Relation

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Relations are descriptions that can be considered as the counterpart of formal relations (that are included in the FormalEntity class). For example, 'givingGrantToInstitution(x,y,z)' with three argument types: Provider(x),Grant(y),Recipient(z), can have a Relation counterpart: 'GivingGrantToInstitution', which defines three Concept instances: Provider,Grant,Recipient. Since social objects are not formal entities, Relation includes here any 'relation-like' entity in common sense, including social relations.
has super-classes
Descriptionc
has sub-classes
Patternc, Social relationc

Rightc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Right

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A legal position by which an Agent is entitled to obtain something from another Agent , under specified circumstances, through an enforcement explicited either in a Law, Contract , etc.
has super-classes
Descriptionc
defines roleop min 2
defines taskop min 1

Rolec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Role

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A Concept that classifies an Object
has super-classes
Conceptc
has partop only Rolec
classifiesop only Objectc
is in domain of
has taskop, is role defined inop, is role ofop
is in range of
defines roleop, has roleop, is task ofop
is disjoint with
Event typec, Parameterc

Setc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Set

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
has super-classes
Formal entityc

Situationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Situation

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A view, consistent with ('satisfying') a Description, on a set of entities. It can also be seen as a 'relational context' created by an observer on the basis of a 'frame' (i.e. a Description). For example, a PlanExecution is a context including some actions executed by agents according to certain parameters and expected tasks to be achieved from a Plan; a DiagnosedSituation is a context of observed entities that is interpreted on the basis of a Diagnosis, etc. Situation is also able to represent reified n-ary relations, where isSettingFor is the top-level relation for all binary projections of the n-ary relation. If used in a transformation pattern for n-ary relations, the designer should take care of adding (some or all) OWL2 keys, corresponding to binary projections of the n-ary, to a subclass of Situation. Otherwise the 'identification constraint' (Calvanese et al., IJCAI 2001) might be violated.
has super-classes
Entityc
satisfiesop some Descriptionc
has sub-classes
Plan executionc, Transitionc, Workflow executionc, time indexed relationc
is in domain of
includes actionop, includes agentop, includes eventop, includes objectop, includes timeop, is setting forop, satisfiesop
is in range of
has settingop, is action included inop, is agent included inop, is event included inop, is object included inop, is satisfied byop, is time included inop
is disjoint with
Conceptc, Descriptionc

Social agentc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#SocialAgent

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Any individual whose existence is granted simply by its social communicability and capability of action (through some PhysicalAgent).
has super-classes
Agentc
Social objectc
acts throughop some Physical agentc
has sub-classes
Collective agentc, Organizationc, Personificationc, Social personc
is in domain of
acts throughop, is introduced byop
is in range of
acts forop, introducesop
is disjoint with
Conceptc, Descriptionc, Information objectc

Social attributec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#SocialObjectAttribute

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Any Region in a dimensional space that is used to represent some characteristic of a SocialObject, e.g. judgment values, social scalars, statistical attributes over a collection of entities, etc.
has super-classes
Regionc
is region forop only Social objectc

Social objectc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#SocialObject

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Any Object that exists only within some communication Event, in which at least one PhysicalObject participates in. In other words, all objects that have been or are created in the process of social communication: for the sake of communication (InformationObject), for incorporating new individuals (SocialAgent, Place), for contextualizing or intepreting existing entities (Description, Concept), or for collecting existing entities (Collection). Being dependent on communication, all social objects need to be expressed by some information object (information objects are self-expressing).
has super-classes
Objectc
has partop only Social objectc
is expressed byop some Information objectc
has sub-classes
Collectionc, Conceptc, Descriptionc, Information objectc, Placec, Social agentc
is in domain of
is conceptualized byop, is concretely expressed byop, is expressed byop, is specialized byop, specializesop
is in range of
conceptualizesop, concretely expressesop, expressesop, is specialized byop, specializesop
is disjoint with
Physical objectc

Social personc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#SocialPerson

Current version:
Formerly: Person (changed to avoid confusion with commonsense intuition)
is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A SocialAgent that needs the existence of a specific NaturalPerson in order to act (but the lifetime of the NaturalPerson has only to overlap that of the SocialPerson).
has super-classes
Personc
Social agentc
acts throughop exactly 1

Social relationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#SocialRelation

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Any social relationship
has super-classes
Relationc

Space regionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#SpaceRegion

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Any Region in a dimensional space that is used to localize an Entity ; i.e., it is not used to represent some characteristic (e.g. it excludes time intervals, colors, size values, judgment values, etc.). Differently from a Place , a space region has a specific dimensional space.
has super-classes
Regionc
is disjoint with
Amountc, Physical attributec, Time intervalc

spatio temporal regionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#SpatioTemporalRegion

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
has super-classes
Regionc
has constituentop some Time intervalc
has constituentop some Space regionc

Substancec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Substance

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Any PhysicalBody that has not necessarily specified (designed) boundaries, e.g. a pile of trash, some sand, etc. In this sense, an artistic object made of trash or a dose of medicine in the form of a pill would be a FunctionalSubstance, and a DesignedArtifact, since its boundaries are specified by a Design; aleatoric objects that are outcomes of an artistic process might be still considered DesignedArtifact(s), and Substance(s).
has super-classes
Physical bodyc
has sub-classes
Functional substancec

Taskc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Task

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
An EventType that classifies an Action to be executed. For example, reaching a destination is a task that can be executed by performing certain actions, e.g. driving a car, buying a train ticket, etc. The actions to execute a task can also be organized according to a Plan that is not the same as the one that defines the task (if any). For example, reaching a destination could be defined by a plan to get on holidays, while the plan to execute the task can consist of putting some travels into a sequence.
has super-classes
Event typec
is task defined inop only Descriptionc
is executed inop only Actionc
is task ofop only Rolec
has partop only Taskc
is in domain of
is executed inop, is task defined inop, is task ofop
is in range of
defines taskop, executes taskop, has taskop

Theoryc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Theory

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A Theory is a Description that represents a set of assumptions for describing something, usually general. Scientific, philosophical, and commonsense theories can be included here. This class can also be used to act as 'naturalized reifications' of logical theories (of course, they will be necessarily incomplete in this case, because second-order entities are represented as first-order ones).
has super-classes
Descriptionc
has componentop some Relationc

time indexed relationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#TimeIndexedRelation

Date:
24T14:24:23Z/02/2021
Authors:
Aldo Gangemi
A Situation that includes a time indexing in its setting, so allowing to order any binary relation (property) with time.
is equivalent to
Situationc and (is setting forop some Time intervalc)
has super-classes
Situationc
has sub-classes
Classificationc, parthoodc

Time intervalc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#TimeInterval

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Any Region in a dimensional space that aims at representing time.
has super-classes
Regionc
is in domain of
has interval datedp, is time included inop, is time interval ofop, is time of observation ofop
is in range of
has time intervalop, includes timeop, is observable atop
is disjoint with
Amountc, Physical attributec, Space regionc

Transitionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Transition

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A transition is a Situation that creates a context for three TimeInterval(s), two additional different Situation(s), one Event, one Process, and at least one Object: the Event is observed as the cause for the transition, one Situation is the state before the transition, the second Situation is the state after the transition, the Process is the invariance under some different transitions (including the one represented here), in which at least one Object is situated. Finally, the time intervals position the situations and the transitional event in time. This class of situations partly encodes the ontology underlying typical engineering algebras for processes, e.g. Petri Nets. A full representation of the transition ontology is outside the expressivity of OWL, because we would need qualified cardinality restrictions, coreference, property equivalence, and property composition.
has super-classes
Situationc
is setting forop min 2 Situationc
includes eventop some Eventc
includes objectop some Objectc
includes timeop min 3 Time intervalc
is setting forop some Processc
is setting forop some Situationc and (precedesop some Eventc and (precedesop some Situationc))

Type collectionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#TypeCollection

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A Collection whose members are the maximal set of individuals that share the same (named) type, e.g. "the gem stones", "the Italians". This class is very useful to apply a variety of the so-called "ClassesAsValues" design pattern, when it is used to talk about the extensional aspect of a class. An alternative variety of the pattern applies to the intensional aspect of a class, and the class Concept should be used instead.
has super-classes
Collectionc

Unit of measurec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#UnitOfMeasure

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Units of measure are conceptualized here as parameters on regions, which can be valued as datatype values.
has super-classes
Parameterc
parametrizesop some Regionc

Workflowc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Workflow

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A Plan that defines Role(s), Task(s), and a specific structure for tasks to be executed, usually supporting the work of an Organization
has super-classes
Planc
defines roleop some Rolec
defines taskop some Taskc

Workflow executionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#WorkflowExecution

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
is equivalent to
satisfiesop some Workflowc
has super-classes
Situationc

Object Properties

acts forop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#actsFor

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
The relation holding between any Agent, and a SocialAgent. In principle, a SocialAgent requires at least one PhysicalAgent in order to act, but this dependency can be 'delegated'; e.g. a university can be acted for by a department, which on its turm is acted for by physical agents.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Agentc
has range
Social agentc
is inverse of
acts throughop

acts throughop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#actsThrough

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
The relation holding between a PhysicalAgent and a SocialAgent. In principle, a SocialAgent requires at least one PhysicalAgent in order to act, but this dependency can be 'delegated', e.g. a university can be acted for by a department, which is acted for by physical agents. AKA isActedBy
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Social agentc
has range
Agentc
is inverse of
acts forop

associatedWithop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#associatedWith

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A catch-all object property, useful for alignment and querying purposes. It is declared as both transitive and symmetric, in order to reason an a maximal closure of associations between individuals.

has characteristics: symmetric, transitive

has sub-properties
acts forop, acts throughop, characterizesop, classifiesop, co-participates withop, conceptualizesop, concretely expressesop, coversop, describesop, expressesop, far fromop, followsop, has common boundaryop, has constituentop, has locationop, has memberop, has partop, has participantop, has qualityop, has regionop, has settingop, introducesop, is aboutop, is characterized byop, is classified byop, is concept used inop, is conceptualized byop, is concretely expressed byop, is constituent ofop, is covered byop, is described byop, is expressed byop, is in the same setting asop, is introduced byop, is location ofop, is member ofop, is part ofop, is participant inop, is quality ofop, is realized byop, is reference ofop, is reference of information realized byop, is region forop, is related to conceptop, is related to descriptionop, is satisfied byop, is setting forop, is specialized byop, is unified byop, near toop, overlapsop, precedesop, realizesop, realizes information aboutop, satisfiesop, specializesop, unifiesop, uses conceptop
has domain
Entityc
has range
Entityc
is inverse of
associatedWithop, associatedWithop

characterizesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#characterizes

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between concepts and collections, where a Concept is said to characterize a Collection; it corresponds to a link between the (reified) intensional and extensional interpretations of a _proper subset of_ a (reified) class. This is different from covers, because it refers to an interpretation the entire reified class. E.g. the collection of vintage saxophones is characterized by the Concept 'manufactured by hand', while it gets covered by the Concept 'Saxophone' with the Parameter 'Vintage'.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Conceptc
has range
Collectionc
is inverse of
is characterized byop

classifiesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#classifies

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between a Concept and an Entity, e.g. the Role 'student' classifies a Person 'John'.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has sub-properties
is constraint forop, is executed inop, is role ofop, parametrizesop
has domain
Conceptc
has range
Entityc
is inverse of
is classified byop

co-participates withop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#coparticipatesWith

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between two objects participating in a same Event; e.g., 'Vitas and Jimmy are playing tennis'.

has characteristics: symmetric

has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Objectc
has range
Objectc
is inverse of
co-participates withop, co-participates withop
has sub-property chains
is participant inop o has participantop

conceptualizesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#conceptualizes

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation stating that an Agent is internally representing a SocialObject: situations, descriptions, concepts, etc. E.g., 'John believes in the conspiracy theory'; 'Niels Bohr created the solar-system metaphor for the atomic theory'; 'Jacques assumes all swans are white'; 'the task force members share the attack plan'. Conceptualizations can be distinguished into different forms, primarily based on the type of SocialObject that is conceptualized. Descriptions and concepts can be 'assumed', situations can be 'believed' or 'known', plans can be 'adopted', etc. (see ontology: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/Conceptualization.owl.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Agentc
has range
Social objectc
is inverse of
is conceptualized byop

concretely expressesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#concretelyExpresses

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between an InformationRealization and a Description, e.g. 'the printout of the Italian Constitution concretelyExpresses the Italian Constitution'. It should be supplied also with a rule stating that the InformationRealization realizes an InformationObject that expresses the Description
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Information realizationc
has range
Social objectc
is inverse of
is concretely expressed byop

coversop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#covers

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between concepts and collections, where a Concept is said to cover a Collection; it corresponds to a link between the (reified) intensional and extensional interpretations of a (reified) class. E.g. the collection of vintage saxophones is covered by the Concept 'Saxophone' with the Parameter 'Vintage'.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Conceptc
has range
Collectionc
is inverse of
is covered byop

definesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#defines

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between a Description and a Concept, e.g. a Workflow for a governmental Organization defines the Role 'officer', or 'the Italian Traffic Law defines the role Vehicle'.
has super-properties
uses conceptop
has sub-properties
defines roleop, defines taskop
has domain
Descriptionc
has range
Conceptc
is inverse of
is defined inop

defines roleop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#definesRole

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between a description and a role, e.g. the recipe for a cake defines the role 'ingredient'.
has super-properties
definesop
has domain
Descriptionc
has range
Rolec
is inverse of
is role defined inop

defines taskop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#definesTask

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between a description and a task, e.g. the recipe for a cake defines the task 'boil'.
has super-properties
definesop
has domain
Descriptionc
has range
Taskc
is inverse of
is task defined inop

describesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#describes

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
The relation between a Description and an Entity : a Description gives a unity to a Collection of parts (the components), or constituents, by assigning a Role to each of them in the context of a whole Object (the system). A same Entity can be given different descriptions, for example, an old cradle can be given a unifying Description based on the original aesthetic design, the functionality it was built for, or a new aesthetic functionality in which it can be used as a flower pot.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Descriptionc
has range
Entityc
is inverse of
is described byop

directly followsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#directlyFollows

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
The intransitive follows relation. For example, Wednesday directly precedes Thursday. Directness of precedence depends on the designer conceptualization.
has super-properties
followsop
has sub-properties
has preconditionop, is postcondition ofop, is subordinated toop
has domain
Entityc
has range
Entityc
is inverse of
directly precedesop

directly precedesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#directlyPrecedes

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
The intransitive precedes relation. For example, Monday directly precedes Tuesday. Directness of precedence depends on the designer conceptualization.
has super-properties
precedesop
has sub-properties
has postconditionop, is precondition ofop, is superordinated toop
has domain
Entityc
has range
Entityc
is inverse of
directly followsop

executes taskop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#executesTask

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between an action and a task, e.g. 'putting some water in a pot and putting the pot on a fire until the water starts bubbling' executes the task 'boiling'.
has super-properties
is classified byop
has domain
Actionc
has range
Taskc
is inverse of
is executed inop

expandsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#expands

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A partial order relation that holds between descriptions. It represents the proper part relation between a description and another description featuring the same properties as the former, with at least one additional one. Descriptions can be expanded either by adding other descriptions as parts, or by refining concepts that are used by them. An 'intention' to expand must be present (unless purely formal theories are considered, but even in this case a criterion of relevance is usually active).
has super-properties
is related to descriptionop
has domain
Descriptionc
has range
Descriptionc
is inverse of
is expanded inop

expressesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#expresses

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between an InformationObject and a 'meaning', generalized here as a 'SocialObject'. For example: 'A Beehive is a structure in which bees are kept, typically in the form of a dome or box.' (Oxford dictionary)'; 'the term Beehive expresses the concept Beehive in my apiculture ontology'. The intuition for 'meaning' is intended to be very broad. A separate, large comment is included for those who want to investigate more on what kind of meaning can be represented in what form.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has sub-properties
expresses conceptop
has domain
Information objectc
has range
Social objectc
is inverse of
is expressed byop

expresses conceptop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#expressesConcept

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between an InformationObject and a Concept , e.g. the term "dog" expresses the Concept "dog". For expressing a relational meaning, see the more general object property: expresses
has super-properties
expressesop
has domain
Information objectc
has range
Conceptc
is inverse of
is concept expressed byop

far fromop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#farFrom

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Generic distance relation between any Entity(s). E.g. Rome is far from Beijing, astronomy is far from necromancy.

has characteristics: symmetric

has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Entityc
has range
Entityc
is inverse of
far fromop, far fromop

followsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#follows

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between entities, expressing a 'sequence' schema. E.g. 'year 2000 follows 1999', 'preparing coffee' follows 'deciding what coffee to use', 'II World War follows I World War', etc. It can be used between tasks, processes or time intervals, and subproperties would fit best in order to distinguish the different uses.

has characteristics: transitive

has super-properties
associatedWithop
has sub-properties
directly followsop
has domain
Entityc
has range
Entityc
is inverse of
precedesop

has common boundaryop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasCommonBoundary

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation to encode either formal or informal characterizations of 'boundaries' common to two different entities: an Event that ends when another begins, two abstract regions that have a common topological boundary, two objects that are said to be 'in contact' from a commonsense perspective, etc.

has characteristics: symmetric

has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Entityc
has range
Entityc
is inverse of
has common boundaryop, has common boundaryop

has componentop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasComponent

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
The hasProperPart relation without transitivity, holding between an Object (the system) and another (the component), and assuming a Design that structures the Object.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has super-properties
has proper partop
has domain
Entityc
has range
Entityc
is inverse of
is component ofop

has constituentop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasConstituent

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
'Constituency' depends on some layering of the world described by the ontology. For example, scientific granularities (e.g. body-organ-tissue-cell) or ontological 'strata' (e.g. social-mental-biological-physical) are typical layerings. Intuitively, a constituent is a part belonging to a lower layer. Since layering is actually a partition of the world described by the ontology, constituents are not properly classified as parts, although this kinship can be intuitive for common sense. A desirable advantage of this distinction is that we are able to talk e.g. of physical constituents of non-physical objects (e.g. systems), while this is not possible in terms of parts. Example of are the persons constituting a social system, the molecules constituting a person, the atoms constituting a river, etc. In all these examples, we notice a typical discontinuity between the constituted and the constituent object: e.g. a social system is conceptualized at a different layer from the persons that constitute it, a person is conceptualized at a different layer from the molecules that constitute them, and a river is conceptualized at a different layer from the atoms that constitute it.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Entityc
has range
Entityc
is inverse of
is constituent ofop

has constraintop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasConstraint

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between parameters and entities. It allows to assert generic constraints (encoded as parameters), e.g. MinimumAgeForDriving isConstraintFor John (where John is a legal subject under the TrafficLaw). The intended semantics (not expressible in OWL) is that a Parameter isParameterFor a Concept that classifies an Entity; moreover, it entails that a Parameter parametrizes a Region that isRegionFor that Entity.
has super-properties
is classified byop
has domain
Entityc
has range
Parameterc
is inverse of
is constraint forop

has locationop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasLocation

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A generic, relative spatial location, holding between any entities. E.g. 'the cat is on the mat', 'Omar is in Samarcanda', 'the wound is close to the femural artery'. For 'absolute' locations, see SpaceRegion
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Entityc
has range
Entityc
is inverse of
is location ofop

has memberop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasMember

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between collections and entities, e.g. 'my collection of saxophones includes an old Adolphe Sax original alto' (i.e. my collection has member an Adolphe Sax alto).
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Collectionc
has range
Entityc
is inverse of
is member ofop

has parameterop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasParameter

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A Concept can have a Parameter that constrains the attributes that a classified Entity can have in a certain Situation, e.g. a 4WheelDriver Role definedIn the ItalianTrafficLaw has a MinimumAge parameter on the Amount 16.
has super-properties
is related to conceptop
has domain
Conceptc
has range
Parameterc
is inverse of
is parameter forop

has partop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasPart

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A schematic relation between any entities, e.g. 'the human body has a brain as part', '20th century contains year 1923', 'World War II includes the Pearl Harbour event'. Parthood should assume the basic properties of mereology: transitivity, antisymmetry, and reflexivity (propert Parthood of course misses reflexivity). However, antisymmetry is not supported in OWL2 explicitly, therefore DUL has to adopt one of two patterns: 1) dropping asymmetry axioms, while granting reflexivity: this means that symmetry is not enforced, but permitted for the case of reflexivity. Of course, in this way we cannot prevent symmetric usages of hasPart; 2) dropping the reflexivity axiom, and enforce asymmetry: in this case, we would prevent all symmetric usages, but we loose the possibility of enforcing reflexivity, which is commonsensical in parthood. In DUL, we adopt pattern #1 for partOf, and pattern #2 for properPartOf, which seems a good approximation: due to the lack of inheritance of property characteristics, each asymmetric hasPropertPart assertion would also be a reflexive hasPart assertion (reflexive reduction design pattern). Subproperties and restrictions can be used to specialize hasPart for objects, events, etc.

has characteristics: reflexive, transitive

has super-properties
associatedWithop
has sub-properties
has proper partop
has domain
Entityc
has range
Entityc
is inverse of
is part ofop
has sub-property chains
o includes partop

has participantop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasParticipant

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between an object and a process, e.g. 'John took part in the discussion', 'a large mass of snow fell during the avalanche', or 'a cook, some sugar, flour, etc. are all present in the cooking of a cake'.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has sub-properties
involves agentop
has domain
Eventc
has range
Objectc
is inverse of
is participant inop

has postconditionop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasPostcondition

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Direct succession applied to situations. E.g., 'A postcondition of our Plan is to have things settled'.
has super-properties
directly precedesop
has domain
Eventc or Situationc
has range
Eventc or Situationc
is inverse of
is postcondition ofop

has preconditionop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasPrecondition

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Direct precedence applied to situations. E.g., 'A precondition to declare war against a foreign country is claiming to find nuclear weapons in it'.
has super-properties
directly followsop
has domain
Eventc or Situationc
has range
Eventc or Situationc
is inverse of
is precondition ofop

has proper partop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasProperPart

Asymmetric (so including irreflexive) parthood.

has characteristics: transitive

has super-properties
has partop
has sub-properties
has componentop
is inverse of
is propert part ofop

has qualityop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasQuality

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between entities and qualities, e.g. 'Dmitri's skin is yellowish'.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Entityc
has range
Qualityc
is inverse of
is quality ofop

has regionop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasRegion

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between entities and regions, e.g. 'the number of wheels of that truck is 12', 'the time of the experiment is August 9th, 2004', 'the whale has been localized at 34 degrees E, 20 degrees S'.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has sub-properties
has time intervalop, is observable atop
has domain
Entityc
has range
Regionc
is inverse of
is region forop

has roleop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasRole

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between an object and a role, e.g. the person 'John' has role 'student'.
has super-properties
is classified byop
has domain
Objectc
has range
Rolec
is inverse of
is role ofop

has settingop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasSetting

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between entities and situations, e.g. 'this morning I've prepared my coffee with a new fantastic Arabica', i.e.: (an amount of) a new fantastic Arabica hasSetting the preparation of my coffee this morning.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has sub-properties
is event included inop, is object included inop, is time included inop
has domain
Entityc
has range
Situationc
is inverse of
is setting forop

has taskop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasTask

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between roles and tasks, e.g. 'students have the duty of giving exams' (i.e. the Role 'student' hasTask the Task 'giving exams').
has super-properties
is related to conceptop
has domain
Rolec
has range
Taskc
is inverse of
is task ofop

has time intervalop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasTimeInterval

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
The generic relation between events and time intervals.
has super-properties
has regionop
has domain
Eventc
has range
Time intervalc
is inverse of
is time interval ofop

includes actionop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#includesAction

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between situations and actions, e.g. 'this morning I've prepared my coffee and had my fingers burnt' (i.e.: the preparation of my coffee this morning included a burning of my fingers).
has super-properties
includes eventop
has domain
Situationc
has range
Actionc
is inverse of
is action included inop

includes agentop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#includesAgent

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between situations and persons, e.g. 'this morning I've prepared my coffee and had my fingers burnt' (i.e.: the preparation of my coffee this morning included me).
has super-properties
includes objectop
has domain
Situationc
has range
Agentc
is inverse of
is agent included inop

includes eventop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#includesEvent

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between situations and events, e.g. 'this morning I've prepared my coffee and had my fingers burnt' (i.e.: the preparation of my coffee this morning included a burning of my fingers).
has super-properties
is setting forop
has sub-properties
includes actionop
has domain
Situationc
has range
Eventc
is inverse of
is event included inop

includes objectop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#includesObject

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between situations and objects, e.g. 'this morning I've prepared my coffee and had my fingers burnt' (i.e.: the preparation of my coffee this morning included me).
has super-properties
is setting forop
has sub-properties
includes agentop
has domain
Situationc
has range
Objectc
is inverse of
is object included inop

includes partop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#includesPart

Date:
03T14:11:09Z/04/2021
Authors:
Aldo Gangemi
has super-properties
is setting forop

includes timeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#includesTime

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between situations and time intervals, e.g. 'this morning I've prepared my coffee and had my fingers burnt' (i.e.: preparing my coffee was held this morning). A data value attached to the time interval typically complements this modelling pattern.
has super-properties
is setting forop
has domain
Situationc
has range
Time intervalc
is inverse of
is time included inop

includes wholeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#includesWhole

Date:
03T14:11:01Z/04/2021
Authors:
Aldo Gangemi
has super-properties
is setting forop

introducesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#introduces

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between a Description and a SocialAgent, e.g. a Constitutional Charter introduces the SocialAgent 'PresidentOfRepublic'.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Descriptionc
has range
Social agentc
is inverse of
is introduced byop

involves agentop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#involvesAgent

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Agent participation.
has super-properties
has participantop
has domain
Eventc
has range
Agentc
is inverse of
is agent involved inop

is aboutop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isAbout

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between an information object and an Entity (including information objects). It can be used to talk about entities that are references of proper nouns: the proper noun 'Leonardo da Vinci' isAbout the Person Leonardo da Vinci; as well as to talk about sets of entities that can be described by a common noun: the common noun 'person' isAbout the set of all persons in a domain of discourse, which can be represented in DOLCE-Ultralite as an individual of the class: dul:Collection. A specific sentence may use common nouns with either a singular or plural reference, or it can even refer to all possible references (e.g. in a lexicographic definition): all those uses are kinds of aboutness. The isAbout relation is sometimes considered as reflexive, however this is semiotically inaccurate, because information can be about itself ('de dicto' usage, as in 'John is four character long'), but it is typically about something else ('de re' usage, as in 'John loves Mary'). If a reflexivity exists in general, it rather concerns its realisation, which is always associated with an event, e.g. an utterance, which makes the information denoting itself, besides its aboutness. This is implemented in DUL with the dul:realizesSelfInformation property, which is used with local reflexivity in the dul:InformationRealization class.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Information objectc
has range
Entityc
is inverse of
is reference ofop

is action included inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isActionIncludedIn

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
has super-properties
is event included inop
has domain
Actionc
has range
Situationc
is inverse of
includes actionop

is agent included inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isAgentIncludedIn

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
has super-properties
is object included inop
has domain
Agentc
has range
Situationc
is inverse of
includes agentop

is agent involved inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isAgentInvolvedIn

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Agent participation.
has super-properties
is participant inop
has domain
Agentc
has range
Eventc
is inverse of
involves agentop

is characterized byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isCharacterizedBy

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Collectionc
has range
Conceptc
is inverse of
characterizesop

is classified byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isClassifiedBy

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between a Concept and an Entity, e.g. 'John is considered a typical rude man'; your last concert constitutes the achievement of a lifetime; '20-year-old means she's mature enough'.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has sub-properties
executes taskop, has constraintop, has roleop, is parametrized byop
has domain
Entityc
has range
Conceptc
is inverse of
classifiesop

is component ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isComponentOf

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
The asymmetric isProperPartOf relation without transitivity, holding between an Object (the system) and another (the component), and assuming a Design that structures the Object.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has super-properties
is propert part ofop
has domain
Entityc
has range
Entityc
is inverse of
has componentop

is concept expressed byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isConceptExpressedBy

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between an InformationObject and a Concept , e.g. the term "dog" expresses the Concept "dog". For expressing a relational meaning, see the more general object property: expresses
has super-properties
is expressed byop
has domain
Conceptc
has range
Information objectc
is inverse of
expresses conceptop

is concept used inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isConceptUsedIn

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A more generic relation holding between a Description and a Concept. In order to be used, a Concept must be previously definedIn another Description
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has sub-properties
is defined inop
has domain
Conceptc
has range
Descriptionc
is inverse of
uses conceptop

is conceptualized byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isConceptualizedBy

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation stating that an Agent is internally representing a Description . E.g., 'John believes in the conspiracy theory'; 'Niels Bohr created a solar-system metaphor for his atomic theory'; 'Jacques assumes all swans are white'; 'the task force shares the attack plan'.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Social objectc
has range
Agentc
is inverse of
conceptualizesop

is concretely expressed byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isConcretelyExpressedBy

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between an InformationRealization and a Description, e.g. 'the printout of the Italian Constitution concretelyExpresses the Italian Constitution'. It should be supplied also with a rule stating that the InformationRealization realizes an InformationObject that expresses the Description
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Social objectc
has range
Information realizationc
is inverse of
concretely expressesop

is constituent ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isConstituentOf

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
'Constituency' depends on some layering of the world described by the ontology. For example, scientific granularities (e.g. body-organ-tissue-cell) or ontological 'strata' (e.g. social-mental-biological-physical) are typical layerings. Intuitively, a constituent is a part belonging to a lower layer. Since layering is actually a partition of the world described by the ontology, constituents are not properly classified as parts, although this kinship can be intuitive for common sense. A desirable advantage of this distinction is that we are able to talk e.g. of physical constituents of non-physical objects (e.g. systems), while this is not possible in terms of parts. Example of are the persons constituting a social system, the molecules constituting a person, the atoms constituting a river, etc. In all these examples, we notice a typical discontinuity between the constituted and the constituent object: e.g. a social system is conceptualized at a different layer from the persons that constitute it, a person is conceptualized at a different layer from the molecules that constitute them, and a river is conceptualized at a different layer from the atoms that constitute it.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Entityc
has range
Entityc
is inverse of
has constituentop

is constraint forop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isConstraintFor

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between parameters and entities. It allows to assert generic constraints (encoded as parameters), e.g. MinimumAgeForDriving isConstraintFor John (where John is a legal subject under the TrafficLaw). The intended semantics (not expressible in OWL) is that a Parameter isConstraintFor and Entity if the Parameter isParameterFor a Concept that classifies that Entity; moreover, it entails that a Parameter parametrizes a Region that isRegionFor that Entity. The use in OWL is therefore a shortcut to annotate what Parameter constrains what Entity
has super-properties
classifiesop
has domain
Parameterc
has range
Entityc
is inverse of
has constraintop

is covered byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isCoveredBy

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between concepts and collections, where a Concept is said to cover a Collection; it corresponds to a link between the (reified) intensional and extensional interpretations of a (reified) class. E.g. the collection of vintage saxophones is covered by the Concept 'Saxophone' with the Parameter 'Vintage'.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Collectionc
has range
Conceptc
is inverse of
coversop

is defined inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isDefinedIn

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between a Description and a Concept, e.g. a Workflow for a governmental Organization defines the Role 'officer', or 'the Italian Traffic Law defines the role Vehicle'.
has super-properties
is concept used inop
has sub-properties
is role defined inop, is task defined inop
has domain
Conceptc
has range
Descriptionc
is inverse of
definesop

is described byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isDescribedBy

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
The relation between an Entity and a Description: a Description gives a unity to a Collection of parts (the components), or constituents, by assigning a Role to each of them in the context of a whole Object (the system). A same Entity can be given different descriptions, for example, an old cradle can be given a unifying Description based on the original aesthetic design, the functionality it was built for, or a new aesthetic functionality in which it can be used as a flower pot.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Entityc
has range
Descriptionc
is inverse of
describesop

is event included inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isEventIncludedIn

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
has super-properties
has settingop
has sub-properties
is action included inop
has domain
Eventc
has range
Situationc
is inverse of
includes eventop

is executed inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isExecutedIn

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between an action and a task, e.g. 'putting some water in a pot and putting the pot on a fire until the water starts bubbling' executes the task 'boiling'.
has super-properties
classifiesop
has domain
Taskc
has range
Actionc
is inverse of
executes taskop

is expanded inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isExpandedIn

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A partial order relation that holds between descriptions. It represents the proper part relation between a description and another description featuring the same properties as the former, with at least one additional one. Descriptions can be expanded either by adding other descriptions as parts, or by refining concepts that are used by them. An 'intention' to expand must be present (unless purely formal theories are considered, but even in this case a criterion of relevance is usually active).
has super-properties
is related to descriptionop
has domain
Descriptionc
has range
Descriptionc
is inverse of
expandsop

is expressed byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isExpressedBy

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between a dul:SocialObject (the 'meaning') and a dul:InformationObject (the 'expression'). For example: 'A Beehive is a structure in which bees are kept, typically in the form of a dome or box.' (Oxford dictionary)'; 'the term Beehive expresses the concept Beehive in my apiculture ontology'. The intuition for 'meaning' is intended to be very broad. A separate, large comment is included in the encoding of 'expresses', for those who want to investigate more on what kind of meaning can be represented in what form.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has sub-properties
is concept expressed byop
has domain
Social objectc
has range
Information objectc
is inverse of
expressesop

is in the same setting asop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#sameSettingAs

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between two entities participating in a same Situation; e.g., 'Our company provides an antivenom service' (the situation is the service, the two entities are the company and the antivenom).

has characteristics: symmetric

has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Entityc
has range
Entityc
is inverse of
is in the same setting asop, is in the same setting asop
has sub-property chains
has settingop o is setting forop

is introduced byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isIntroducedBy

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between a Description and a SocialAgent, e.g. a Constitutional Charter introduces the SocialAgent 'PresidentOfRepublic'.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Social agentc
has range
Descriptionc
is inverse of
introducesop

is location ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isLocationOf

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A generic, relative localization, holding between any entities. E.g. 'Rome is the seat of the Pope', 'the liver is the location of the tumor'. For 'absolute' locations, see SpaceRegion
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Entityc
has range
Entityc
is inverse of
has locationop

is member ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isMemberOf

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between collections and entities, e.g. 'the Night Watch by Rembrandt is in the Rijksmuseum collection'; 'Davide is member of the Pen Club', 'Igor is one the subjects chosen for the experiment'.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Entityc
has range
Collectionc
is inverse of
has memberop

is object included inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isObjectIncludedIn

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
has super-properties
has settingop
has sub-properties
is agent included inop
has domain
Objectc
has range
Situationc
is inverse of
includes objectop

is observable atop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isObservableAt

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation to represent a (past, present or future) TimeInterval at which an Entity is observable. In order to encode a specific time, a data value should be related to the TimeInterval. An alternative way of representing time is the datatype property: hasIntervalDate
has super-properties
has regionop
has domain
Entityc
has range
Time intervalc
is inverse of
is time of observation ofop

is parameter forop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isParameterFor

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A Concept can have a Parameter that constrains the attributes that a classified Entity can have in a certain Situation, e.g. a 4WheelDriver Role definedIn the ItalianTrafficLaw has a MinimumAge parameter on the Amount 16.
has super-properties
is related to conceptop
has domain
Parameterc
has range
Conceptc
is inverse of
has parameterop

is parametrized byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isParametrizedBy

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
The relation between a Parameter, e.g. 'MajorAge', and a Region, e.g. '>17 year'.
has super-properties
is classified byop
has domain
Regionc
has range
Parameterc
is inverse of
parametrizesop

is part ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isPartOf

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between any entities, e.g. 'brain is a part of the human body'. See dul:hasPart for additional documentation.

has characteristics: reflexive, transitive

has super-properties
associatedWithop
has sub-properties
is propert part ofop
has domain
Entityc
has range
Entityc
is inverse of
has partop

is participant inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isParticipantIn

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between an object and a process, e.g. 'John took part in the discussion', 'a large mass of snow fell during the avalanche', or 'a cook, some sugar, flour, etc. are all present in the cooking of a cake'.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has sub-properties
is agent involved inop
has domain
Objectc
has range
Eventc
is inverse of
has participantop

is postcondition ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isPostconditionOf

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Direct succession applied to situations. E.g., 'Taking some rest is a postcondition of my search for a hotel'.
has super-properties
directly followsop
has domain
Eventc or Situationc
has range
Eventc or Situationc
is inverse of
has postconditionop

is precondition ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isPreconditionOf

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Direct precedence applied to situations. E.g., 'claiming to find nuclear weapons in a foreign country is a precondition to declare war against it'.
has super-properties
directly precedesop
has domain
Eventc or Situationc
has range
Eventc or Situationc
is inverse of
has preconditionop

is propert part ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isPropertPartOf

See dul:hasProperPart for additional documentation.

has characteristics: transitive

has super-properties
is part ofop
has sub-properties
is component ofop
is inverse of
has proper partop

is quality ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isQualityOf

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between entities and qualities, e.g. 'Dmitri's skin is yellowish'.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Qualityc
has range
Entityc
is inverse of
has qualityop

is realized byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isRealizedBy

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between an information realization and an information object, e.g. the paper copy of the Italian Constitution realizes the text of the Constitution.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Information objectc
has range
Information realizationc
is inverse of
realizesop

is reference ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isReferenceOf

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between information objects and any Entity (including information objects). It can be used to talk about e.g. entities are references of proper nouns: the proper noun 'Leonardo da Vinci' isAbout the Person Leonardo da Vinci; as well as to talk about sets of entities that can be described by a common noun: the common noun 'person' isAbout the set of all persons in a domain of discourse, which can be represented in DOLCE-Ultralite as an individual of the class: Collection . The isReferenceOf relation is irreflexive, differently from its inverse isAbout.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Entityc
has range
Information objectc
is inverse of
is aboutop

is reference of information realized byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isReferenceOfInformationRealizedBy

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
The relation between entities and information realizations, e.g. between Italy and a paper copy of the text of the Italian Constitution.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Entityc
has range
Information realizationc
is inverse of
realizes information aboutop

is region forop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isRegionFor

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between entities and regions, e.g. 'the color of my car is red'.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has sub-properties
is time interval ofop, is time of observation ofop
has domain
Regionc
has range
Entityc
is inverse of
has regionop

is related to conceptop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isRelatedToConcept

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Any relation between concepts, e.g. superordinated, conceptual parthood, having a parameter, having a task, superordination, etc.

has characteristics: symmetric

has super-properties
associatedWithop
has sub-properties
has parameterop, has taskop, is parameter forop, is subordinated toop, is superordinated toop, is task ofop
has domain
Conceptc
has range
Conceptc
is inverse of
is related to conceptop, is related to conceptop

is related to descriptionop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isRelatedToDescription

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Any relation between descriptions.

has characteristics: symmetric

has super-properties
associatedWithop
has sub-properties
expandsop, is expanded inop
has domain
Descriptionc
has range
Descriptionc
is inverse of
is related to descriptionop, is related to descriptionop

is role defined inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isRoleDefinedIn

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between a description and a role, e.g. the role 'Ingredient' is defined in the recipe for a cake.
has super-properties
is defined inop
has domain
Rolec
has range
Descriptionc
is inverse of
defines roleop

is role ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isRoleOf

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between an object and a role, e.g. 'student' is the role of 'John'.
has super-properties
classifiesop
has domain
Rolec
has range
Objectc
is inverse of
has roleop

is satisfied byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isSatisfiedBy

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between a Situation and a Description, e.g. the execution of a Plan satisfies that plan.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Descriptionc
has range
Situationc
is inverse of
satisfiesop

is setting forop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isSettingFor

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between situations and entities, e.g. 'this morning I've prepared my coffee with a new fantastic Arabica', i.e.: the preparation of my coffee this morning is the setting for (an amount of) a new fantastic Arabica.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has sub-properties
includes eventop, includes objectop, includes partop, includes timeop, includes wholeop
has domain
Situationc
has range
Entityc
is inverse of
has settingop

is specialized byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isSpecializedBy

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A partial order relation that holds between social objects. It represents the subsumption relation between e.g. a Concept and another Concept that is broader in extensional interpretation, but narrowe in intensional interpretation. E.g. PhDStudent Role specializes Student Role

has characteristics: transitive

has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Social objectc
has range
Social objectc
is inverse of
specializesop

is subordinated toop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isSubordinatedTo

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Direct succession applied to concepts. E.g. the role 'Officer' is subordinated to 'Director'.
has super-properties
directly followsop
is related to conceptop
has domain
Conceptc
has range
Conceptc
is inverse of
is superordinated toop

is superordinated toop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isSuperordinatedTo

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Direct precedence applied to concepts. E.g. the role 'Executive' is superordinated to 'DepartmentManager'.
has super-properties
directly precedesop
is related to conceptop
has domain
Conceptc
has range
Conceptc
is inverse of
is subordinated toop

is task defined inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isTaskDefinedIn

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between a description and a task, e.g. the task 'boil' is defined in a recipe for a cake.
has super-properties
is defined inop
has domain
Taskc
has range
Descriptionc
is inverse of
defines taskop

is task ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isTaskOf

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between roles and tasks, e.g. 'students have the duty of giving exams' (i.e. the Role 'student' hasTask the Task 'giving exams').
has super-properties
is related to conceptop
has domain
Taskc
has range
Rolec
is inverse of
has taskop

is time included inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isTimeIncludedIn

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
has super-properties
has settingop
has domain
Time intervalc
has range
Situationc
is inverse of
includes timeop

is time interval ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isTimeIntervalOf

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
The generic relation between time intervals and events.
has super-properties
is region forop
has domain
Time intervalc
has range
Eventc
is inverse of
has time intervalop

is time of observation ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isTimeOfObservationOf

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation to represent a (past, present or future) TimeInterval at which an Entity is observable. In order to encode a specific time, a data value should be related to the TimeInterval. An alternative way of representing time is the datatype property: hasIntervalDate
has super-properties
is region forop
has domain
Time intervalc
has range
Entityc
is inverse of
is observable atop

is unified byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isUnifiedBy

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A Collection has a unification criterion, provided by a Description; for example, a community of practice can be unified by a shared theory or interest, e.g. the community that makes research on mirror neurons shares some core knowledge about mirror neurons, which can be represented as a Description MirrorNeuronTheory that unifies the community. There can be several unifying descriptions.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Collectionc
has range
Descriptionc
is inverse of
unifiesop

near toop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#nearTo

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Generic distance relation between any Entity(s). E.g. Rome is near to Florence, astronomy is near to physics.

has characteristics: symmetric

has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Entityc
has range
Entityc
is inverse of
near toop, near toop

overlapsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#overlaps

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A schematic relation between any entities, e.g. 'the chest region overlaps with the abdomen region', 'my spoken words overlap with hers', 'the time of my leave overlaps with the time of your arrival', 'fibromyalgia overlaps with other conditions'. Subproperties and restrictions can be used to specialize overlaps for objects, events, time intervals, etc.

has characteristics: symmetric

has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Entityc
has range
Entityc
is inverse of
overlapsop, overlapsop

parametrizesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#parametrizes

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
The relation between a Parameter, e.g. 'MajorAgeLimit', and a Region, e.g. '18_year'. For a more data-oriented relation, see hasDataValue
has super-properties
classifiesop
has domain
Parameterc
has range
Regionc
is inverse of
is parametrized byop

precedesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#precedes

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between entities, expressing a 'sequence' schema. E.g. 'year 1999 precedes 2000', 'deciding what coffee to use' precedes 'preparing coffee', 'World War II follows World War I', 'in the Milan to Rome autoroute, Bologna precedes Florence', etc. It can then be used between tasks, processes, time intervals, spatially locate objects, situations, etc. Subproperties can be defined in order to distinguish the different uses.

has characteristics: transitive

has super-properties
associatedWithop
has sub-properties
directly precedesop
has domain
Entityc
has range
Entityc
is inverse of
followsop

realizesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#realizes

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between an information realization and an information object, e.g. the paper copy of the Italian Constitution realizes the text of the Constitution.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Information realizationc
has range
Information objectc
is inverse of
is realized byop

realizes information aboutop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#realizesInformationAbout

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
The relation between entities and information realizations, e.g. between Italy and a paper copy of the text of the Italian Constitution.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has sub-properties
realizes self informationop
has domain
Information realizationc
has range
Entityc
is inverse of
is reference of information realized byop
has sub-property chains
realizesop o is aboutop

realizes self informationop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#realizesSelfInformation

Date:
05T22:31:22Z/04/2021
Authors:
Aldo Gangemi
This relation is a workaround to enable local reflexivity axioms (Self) working with non-simple properties; in this case, dul:realizesInformation About.
has super-properties
realizes information aboutop

satisfiesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#satisfies

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A relation between a Situation and a Description, e.g. the execution of a Plan satisfies that plan.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Situationc
has range
Descriptionc
is inverse of
is satisfied byop

specializesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#specializes

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A partial order relation that holds between social objects. It mainly represents the subsumption relation between e.g. a Concept or Description and another Concept (resp. Description) that is broader in extensional interpretation, but narrower in intensional interpretation. For example, the role PhDStudent specializes the role Student. Another possible use is between a Collection that isCoveredBy a Concept A, and another Collection that isCoveredBy a Concept B that on its turm specializes A. For example, the 70,000 series Selmer Mark VI saxophone Collection specializes the Selmer Mark VI saxophone Collection.

has characteristics: transitive

has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Social objectc
has range
Social objectc
is inverse of
is specialized byop

unifiesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#unifies

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A Collection has a unification criterion, provided by a Description; for example, a community of practice can be unified by a shared theory or interest, e.g. the community that makes research on mirror neurons shares some core knowledge about mirror neurons, which can be represented as a Description MirrorNeuronTheory that unifies the community. There can be several unifying descriptions.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has domain
Descriptionc
has range
Collectionc
is inverse of
is unified byop

uses conceptop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#usesConcept

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A generic relation holding between a Description and a Concept. In order to be used, a Concept must be previously definedIn another Description. This last condition cannot be encoded for object properties in OWL.
has super-properties
associatedWithop
has sub-properties
definesop
has domain
Descriptionc
has range
Conceptc
is inverse of
is concept used inop

Data Properties

has data valuedp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasDataValue

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A datatype property that encodes values from a datatype for an Entity. There are several ways to encode values in DOLCE (Ultralite): 1) Directly assert an xsd:_ value to an Entity by using hasDataValue 2) Assert a Region for an Entity by using hasRegion, and then assert an xsd:_ value to that Region, by using hasRegionDataValue 3) Assert a Quality for an Entity by using hasQuality, then assert a Region for that Quality, and assert an xsd:_ value to that Region, by using hasRegionDataValue 4) When the value is required, but not directly observed, assert a Parameter for an xsd:_ value by using hasParameterDataValue, and then associate the Parameter to an Entity by using isConstraintFor 5) When the value is required, but not directly observed, you can also assert a Parameter for a Region by using parametrizes, and then assert an xsd:_ value to that Region, by using hasRegionDataValue The five approaches obey different requirements. For example, a simple value can be easily asserted by using pattern (1), but if one needs to assert an interval between two values, a Region should be introduced to materialize that interval, as pattern (2) suggests. Furthermore, if one needs to distinguish the individual Quality of a value, e.g. the particular nature of the density of a substance, pattern (3) can be used. Patterns (4) and (5) should be used instead when a constraint or a selection is modeled, independently from the actual observation of values in the real world.
has sub-properties
has event datedp, has parameter data valuedp, has region data valuedp
has domain
Entityc

has event datedp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasEventDate

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A datatype property that encodes values from xsd:dateTime for an Event; a same Event can have more than one xsd:dateTime value: begin date, end date, date at which the interval holds, etc.
has super-properties
has data valuedp
has domain
Eventc
has range
date time

has interval datedp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasIntervalDate

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A datatype property that encodes values from xsd:dateTime for a TimeInterval; a same TimeInterval can have more than one xsd:dateTime value: begin date, end date, date at which the interval holds, etc.
has super-properties
has region data valuedp
has domain
Time intervalc
has range
date time

has parameter data valuedp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasParameterDataValue

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
Parametrizes values from a datatype. For example, a Parameter MinimumAgeForDriving hasParameterDataValue 18 on datatype xsd:int, in the Italian traffic code. In this example, MinimumAgeForDriving isDefinedIn the Norm ItalianTrafficCodeAgeDriving. More complex parametrization requires workarounds. E.g. AgeRangeForDrugUsage could parametrize data value: 14 to 50 on the datatype: xsd:int. Since complex datatypes are not allowed in OWL1.0, a solution to this can only work by creating two 'sub-parameters': MinimumAgeForDrugUsage (that hasParameterDataValue 14) and MaximumAgeForDrugUsage (that hasParameterDataValue 50), which are components of (cf. hasComponent) the main Parameter AgeRangeForDrugUsage. Ordering on subparameters can be created by using or specializing the object property 'precedes'.
has super-properties
has data valuedp
has domain
Parameterc

has region data valuedp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasRegionDataValue

is defined by
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
A datatype property that encodes values for a Region, e.g. a float for the Region Height.
has super-properties
has data valuedp
has sub-properties
has interval datedp
has domain
Regionc

Annotation Properties

commentap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment

creatorap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator

dateap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/date

labelap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label

version infoap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#versionInfo

Namespace Declarations back to ToC

default namespace
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#
dc
http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
dul
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/
owl
http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
rdf
http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs
http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
xsd
http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

This HTML document was obtained by processing the OWL ontology source code through LODE, Live OWL Documentation Environment, developed by Silvio Peroni.