sebastian
Often these enabling functions, the so-called crosscutting functions, need to be made available across many of the system functional components. For Reference Architecture 6: Functional Viewpoint example, system functions need to be connected so they can interact with each other to complete functionality at the system level.
IIRA Crosscutting Function
IIRA Functional Domain
IIRA System Characteristic
Description may include but is not limited to: an abstract, a table of contents, a graphical representation, or a free-text account of the resource.
An account of the resource.
Description
A second property with the same name as this property has been declared in the dcterms: namespace (http://purl.org/dc/terms/). See the Introduction to the document "DCMI Metadata Terms" (http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/) for an explanation.
A name given to the resource.
Title
A legal document giving official permission to do something with a Resource.
License Document
Examples of a Creator include a person, an organization, or a service.
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource.
Creator
A related resource that is a version, edition, or adaptation of the described resource.
Has Version
This term is intended to be used with non-literal values as defined in the DCMI Abstract Model (http://dublincore.org/documents/abstract-model/). As of December 2007, the DCMI Usage Board is seeking a way to express this intention with a formal range declaration.
Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource.
Date Issued
Date on which the resource was changed.
Date Modified
A Stakeholder Group is a party of people who have common interests and concerns.
A stakeholder is everyone with an interest in a system.
Stakeholder Group
Stakeholders are interpreted in the same manner as outlined by ISO 42010: '<system> individual, team, organization, or classes thereof, having an interest in a system'
IDS RAM Perspective
has numerical value
has unit
Represents Standards that are component of other Standards. This relation is not transitive
is Component Of
A relation between collections and entities, e.g. 'the Night Watch by Rembrandt is in the Rijksmuseum collection'; 'Davide is member of the Pen Club', 'Igor is one the subjects chosen for the experiment'.
is member of
è membro di
alternative label
definition
note
preferred label
Standard A has influences in Standard B. For example, IEC_61499 hasInfluenceIn IEC_61804-2(EDDL)
was Generated By
Family Name
mbox
name
Describes the Administration Shell concept to organize/classify standards into submodels
Admin Shell Sub Model
RAMI Hierarchy Level
RAMI IT Layer
RAMI Life Cycle Layer
It describes the different Life Cycle and Value Stream layers for the RAMI model according to the IEC 62890 Standard.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence exhibited by machines. In computer science, an ideal "intelligent" machine is a flexible rational agent that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of success at some goal. Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is applied when a machine mimics "cognitive" functions that humans associate with other human minds, such as "learning" and "problem solving". (source: wikipedia)
Artificial Intelligence
AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol): An open standard application layer protocol for message-oriented middleware. The defining features of AMQP are message orientation, queuing, routing (including point-to-point and publish-and-subscribe), reliability and security. (source: https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-protocols/)
AMQP
Access to the service shall be regulated by access policies. Users entitled in access policies to envoke a given service must be able to actually envoke it.
Access Policy
Access Rights for IoT-Cloud
A system built using the ARM shall support the reversing of the pseudonymization processes in order to guarantee mutual accountability
Accountability
Sending data or a signal to a kind of actuating device, which leads to a change in a defined environment.
Actuation
Publications referred: 'IIC:PUB:G1:V1.80:20170131' '6.1 THE CONTROL DOMAIN' 'Page 28'
Because of clients' need and time's requirements, there ought to be constant change in the system of associated devices for Internet of Things. Adaptability is continuously a need for survival and development of Internet of Things.
Adaptability
TODO merge with programmability or evolveability
Represents the classifications of the standards according to the submodels of the administration shell.
Administration Shell
Aeron - Efficient reliable UDP unicast, UDP multicast, and IPC message transport. (source: https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-protocols/)
Aeron
Agility as a key pillar that enables quick and astute business operational decisions for an OpenFog System. The predicted scale of the data generated by IoT means that it is highly unlikely that humans alone will be able to comprehend the data, derive knowledge and make wise decisions about how to best leverage their IoT assets for the benefit of their businesses. In the OpenFog architecture the agility pillar is about making sure that the valuable data generated in the IoT can be rapidly transformed into actionable insights that drive rapid decisions and further levels of automation to support business interest. Spurce: OpenFog Consortum Architecture Whitepaper
Publications referred: '<https://www.openfogconsortium.org/wp-content/uploads/OpenFog_Reference_Architecture_2_09_17-FINAL.pdf> OPFRA001.020817' '4.7 Agility Pillar' 'Page 31'
Alliance of Industrial Internet Architecture Classification
AII Data Classification
AII Network Classification
AII Security Classification
The AllSeen Alliance is a nonprofit consortium dedicated to enabling and driving the widespread adoption of products, systems and services that support the Internet of Everything with an open, universal development framework supported by a vibrant ecosystem and thriving technical community' (source: https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-protocols/)
AllSeen Alliance
Alliance Industrie du Futur
Alliance of Industrial Internet
工业互联网产业联盟
Alljoyn - An open source software framework that makes it easy for devices and apps to discover and communicate with each other. (source: https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-protocols/)
Alljoyn
Anonymity is the guarantee for a user to interact with a system without being tracked or connected to its real-world identity.
Anonymity
UNI.322
A Reference Architecture describes the structure of a system with its element types and their structures, as well as their interaction types, among each other and with their environment. Describing this, a Reference Architecture defines restrictions for an instantiation (concrete architecture). Through abstraction from individual details, a Reference Architecture is universally valid within a specific domain. Further architectures with the same functional requirements can be constructed based on the reference architecture. Along with reference architectures comes a recommendation, based on experiences from existing developments as well as from a wide acceptance and recognition by its users or per definition. [ISO/IEC42010] Note: It is important to distinguish the Reference Architecture from a Reference Architecture Description. While the first refers to a mental model or shared concept, the second is potentially only one of several different documents describing this model.
ISO 42010 definition of an Architecture Description
The concern of being able to manage the system onboarding, configuration, policy, software/firmware updates and other lifecycle management operations.
Asset Management
Publications referred: 'IIC:PUB:G1:V1.80:20170131' '6.1 THE CONTROL DOMAIN' 'Page 29'
Authentication before opening a valid connection; this can be done by just verifying the server identity or doing mutual authentication.
Authentication
Autoscaling, also spelled auto scaling or auto-scaling, and sometimes also called automatic scaling, is a method used in cloud computing, whereby the amount of computational resources in a server farm, typically measured in terms of the number of active servers, scales automatically based on the load on the farm. It is closely related to, and builds upon, the idea of load balancing.
Auto Scaling
TODO already covered by scalability?
Authonomous Communication frames all requirements in order to autonomously establish communication channels between participants of a network. In most cases, this will be a machine-to-machine communication channel. Main challenges are related to interoperability.
Autonomous Communication
A system built using the Reference Architecture shall be able to remotely control and configure devices.
Autonomous Configuration
Publications referred: '<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2016.10.003>' '1.2. Utilities of IoT' 'Page 295'
In reliability theory and reliability engineering, the term availability has the following meanings: * The degree to which a system, subsystem or equipment is in a specified operable and committable state at the start of a mission, when the mission is called for at an unknown, i.e. a random, time. Simply put, availability is the proportion of time a system is in a functioning condition. This is often described as a mission capable rate. Mathematically, this is expressed as 100% minus unavailability. * The ratio of (a) the total time a functional unit is capable of being used during a given interval to (b) the length of the interval. For example, a unit that is capable of being used 100 hours per week (168 hours) would have an availability of 100/168. However, typical availability values are specified in decimal (such as 0.9998). In high availability applications, a metric known as nines, corresponding to the number of nines following the decimal point, is used. With this convention, "five nines" equals 0.99999 (or 99.999%) availability. (source: wikipedia)
Availability
Publications referred: '<https://www.openfogconsortium.org/wp-content/uploads/OpenFog_Reference_Architecture_2_09_17-FINAL.pdf> OPFRA001.020817' '4.6 Reliability, Availability, and Serviceability (RAS)Pillar' 'Page 29'
Awareness is the ability to directly know and perceive, to feel, or to be cognizant of events. More broadly, it is the state of being conscious of something. Another definition describes it as a state wherein a subject is aware of some information when that information is directly available to bring to bear in the direction of a wide range of behavioral processes. The concept is often synonymous to consciousness and is also understood as being consciousness itself.
Awareness
In computing, bandwidth is the maximum rate of data transfer across a given path. Bandwidth may be characterized as network bandwidth, data bandwidth, or digital bandwidth.
Bandwidth
The Cloud and High Performance Computing (HPC): Effective Big Data processing and data management might imply the effective usage of Cloud and High Performance Computing infrastructures. This area is separately elaborated further in collaboration with the Cloud and High Performance Computing (ETP4HPC) communities.
BDVA Cloud and High Performance Computing
Effective communication and connectivity mechanisms are necessary in providing support for Big Data. This area is separately further elaborated, along with various communication communities, such as the 5G community.
BDVA Communication and Connectivity
The BDV Reference Model distinguishes between two different elements. On the one hand, it describes the elements that are at the core of the BDVA; on the other, it outlines the features that are developed in strong collaboration with related European activities. The BDV Reference Model is structured into horizontal and vertical concerns. Horizontal concerns cover specific aspects along the data processing Vertical concerns address cross-cutting issues, which may affect all the horizontal concerns. In addition, vertical concerns may also involve non-technical aspects.
BDVA Concern
Big Data often need support to maintain security and trust beyond privacy and anonymisation. The aspect of trust frequently has links to trust mechanisms such as blockchain technologies, smart contracts and various forms of encryption.
BDVA Cybersecurity and Trust
Data analytics to improve data understanding, deep learning and the meaningfulness of data.
BDVA Data Analytics
Principles and techniques for data management
BDVA Data Management
Optimised and scalable architectures for analytics of both data-at-rest and data-in-motion, with low latency delivering real-time analytics.
BDVA Data Processing Architectures
Privacy and anonymisation mechanisms to facilitate data protection. This is shown related to data management and processing as there is a strong link here, but it can also be associated with the area of cybersecurity.
BDVA Data Protection
Data sharing and trading are seen as important ecosystem enablers in the data economy, although closed and personal data present particular challenges for the free flow of data. The following two conceptual solutions – Industrial Data Platforms (IDPs) and Personal Data Platforms (PDPs) – introduce new approaches to addressing this particular need to regulate closed proprietary and personal data.
BDVA Data Sharing Platforms
Engineering and DevOps for building Big Data Value systems: This topic will be elaborated in greater detail along with the NESSI Software and Service community.
Data Visualisation and User Interaction
BDVA Engineering and DevOps
BDVA Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda
This Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda (SRIA) defines the overall goals, main technical and non-technical priorities, and a research and innovation roadmap for the European Public Private Partnership (PPP) on Big Data Value. The SRIA has been developed by the Big Data Value Association (BDVA), an industry-led organisation representing large businesses, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and research organisations in Europe.
BDVA SIRA
Standardisation of Big Data technology areas to facilitate data integration, sharing and interoperability
BDVA Standards
IoT, CPS, Edge and Fog Computing: A main source of Big Data is sensor data from an IoT context and actuator interaction in Cyber Physical Systems. In order to meet real-time needs it will often be necessary to handle Big Data aspects at the edge of the system. This area is separately elaborated further in collaboration with the IoT (Alliance for Internet of Things Innovation (AIOTI)) and CPS communities
BDVA IoT CPS and Edge Computing
Big data is a term for data sets that are so large or complex that traditional data processing applications are inadequate to deal with them. Challenges include analysis, capture, data curation, search, sharing, storage, transfer, visualization, querying, updating and information privacy. The term "big data" often refers simply to the use of predictive analytics, user behavior analytics, or certain other advanced data analytics methods that extract value from data, and seldom to a particular size of data set. (source: wikipedia)
Big Data Applications
The term Blockchain refers to a set of technologies for distributed databases.
Blockchain
Bluetooth works in the 2.4 GHz ISM band and uses frequency hopping. With a data rate up to 3 Mbps and maximum range of 100m. Each application type which can use Bluetooth has its own profile. (source: https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-protocols/)
Bluetooth
Electronic business, or e-business, is the application of information and communication technologies in support of all the activities of business. Commerce constitutes the exchange of products and services between businesses, groups and individuals and can be seen as one of the essential activities of any business. (source: wikipedia)
Business Context
Suply Chain Management Business Cycle.
Business Cycle SCM
A business manager is responsible for the running of the business and to make large profits.
Business Manager
Publications referred: 'IIC:PUB:G1:V1.80:20170131' '1.5 AUDIENCE' 'Page 7'
Business process management
Business process management (BPM) is a field in operations management that focuses on improving corporate performance by managing and optimizing a company's business processes. It can therefore be described as a "process optimization process." It is argued that BPM enables organizations to be more efficient, more effective and more capable of change than a functionally focused, traditional hierarchical management approach. These processes can impact the cost and revenue generation of an organization. As a policy-making approach, BPM sees processes as important assets of an organization that must be understood, managed, and developed to announce value-added products and services to clients or customers. This approach closely resembles other total quality management or continual improvement process methodologies and BPM proponents also claim that this approach can be supported, or enabled, through technology. As such, many BPM articles and scholars frequently discuss BPM from one of two viewpoints: people and/or technology. (source: wikipedia)
BPM
A financial transaction is an agreement, communication, or movement carried out between a buyer and a seller to exchange an asset for payment. It involves a change in the status of the finances of two or more businesses or individuals. The buyer and seller are separate entities or objects, often involving the exchange of items of value, such as information, goods, services, and money. It is still a transaction if the goods are exchanged at one time, and the money at another. This is known as a two-part transaction: part one is giving the money, part two is receiving the goods. (source: wikipedia)
Business Transactions
Business Value
Publications referred: '(IIC:PUB:G1:V1.80:20170131' '4 BUSINESS VIEWPOINT' 'Page 20'
Data Artefacts from different Data Providers are delivered in order to provide additional insights (e.g. Collaborative Predictive Maintenance).
Cardinality of Participants
Certification refers to the confirmation of certain characteristics of an object, person, or organization. This confirmation is often, but not always, provided by some form of external review, education, assessment, or audit. Accreditation is a specific organization's process of certification. (source: wikipedia)
Certification
Cloud computing is a type of Internet-based computing that provides shared computer processing resources and data to computers and other devices on demand. It is a model for enabling ubiquitous, on-demand access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., computer networks, servers, storage, applications and services), which can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort. Cloud computing and storage solutions provide users and enterprises with various capabilities to store and process their data in third-party data centers that may be located far from the user–ranging in distance from across a city to across the world. Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence and economy of scale, similar to a utility (like the electricity grid) over an electricity network. (source: wikipedia)
Cloud Computing Capability
Complex Event Processing
Event processing is a method of tracking and analyzing (processing) streams of information (data) about things that happen (events), and deriving a conclusion from them. Complex event processing, or CEP, is event processing that combines data from multiple sources to infer events or patterns that suggest more complicated circumstances. The goal of complex event processing is to identify meaningful events (such as opportunities or threats) and respond to them as quickly as possible. (source: wikipedia)
CEP
In general, compliance means conforming to a rule, such as a specification, policy, standard or law. Regulatory compliance describes the goal that organisations aspire to achieve in their efforts to ensure that they are aware of and take steps to comply with relevant laws and regulations. Due to the increasing number of regulations and need for operational transparency, organizations are increasingly adopting the use of consolidated and harmonized sets of compliance controls. This approach is used to ensure that all necessary governance requirements can be met without the unnecessary duplication of effort and activity from resources. (source: wikipedia)
Compliance
A concern regards a specific challenge or topic as defined by ISO42010. Each concern should at least be regarded by one view of an architecture.
Confidentiality involves a set of rules or a promise usually executed through confidentiality agreements that limits access or places restrictions on certain types of information.
Confidentiality
Internet of Things associates various smart devices through the Internet, and it gives a facility to concentrated checking and control of associated equipment.
Connectivity
Connectivity Layer of the Internet Connectivity Framework
Connectivity Layer
System Architect TODO
Data-memory-constrained devices must be able to participate in communication. This means that a system built using the ARM shall support communication stacks with small data footprint.
Small devices with limited CPU, memory, and power resources, so-called "constrained devices" (often used as sensors/actuators, smart objects, or smart devices) can form a network, becoming "constrained nodes" in that network. Such a network may itself exhibit constraints, e.g., with unreliable or lossy channels, limited and unpredictable bandwidth, and a highly dynamic topology. (source: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7228)
Constrained Devices
UNI.306
Developer
The look-up service of the system shall withold or grant information depending on context. Context includes application involved, requesting entity, and security permissions.
Context Awareness
UNI.407
Publications referred: '<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2016.10.003>' '1.2. Utilities of IoT' 'Page 296'
Cost Efficiency
DataRecovery
System Architect
A system built using the ARM shall support identity-locator split, i.e. making the device's identity independent from its locator.
Cross-domain Identity Management
The resources sharing by contrasting users keeps cloud service provider from having the capacity to customize their services to meet the diverse necessities of customers
Customization
DIN EN 50129
DIN EN 50155
DIN EN 61511
Data access typically refers to software and activities related to storing, retrieving, or acting on data housed in a database or other repository. [...] Data access crucially involves authorization to access different data repositories. (source: wikipedia)
Data Access
Automated access control based on formalized descriptions.
In the fields of physical security and information security, access control (AC) is the selective restriction of access to a place or other resource. The act of accessing may mean consuming, entering, or using. Permission to access a resource is called authorization. Locks and login credentials are two analogous mechanisms of access control. (source: wikipedia)
Data Access Control
Data Aggregation is the compiling the data before Data Processing
Data Aggregation
Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision-making. Data analysis has multiple facets and approaches, encompassing diverse techniques under a variety of names, in different business, science, and social science domains. Data mining is a particular data analysis technique that focuses on modeling and knowledge discovery for predictive rather than purely descriptive purposes. Business intelligence covers data analysis that relies heavily on aggregation, focusing on business information. (source: wikipedia)
Data Analytics
Data at rest in information technology means inactive data that is stored physically in any digital form (e.g. databases, data warehouses, spreadsheets, archives, tapes, off-site backups, mobile devices etc.). Data at rest is used as a complement to the terms data in use and data in transit which together define the three states of digital Data. (source: wikipedia)
Data at rest
Methods to unambiguously describe data resources.
Data Description
How to find desired resources, Data Assets, Data Artifacts in a defined environment.
Data Discovery
Business aspects of data exchange
Digital economy refers to an economy that is based on digital computing technologies. The digital economy is also sometimes called the Internet Economy, the New Economy, or Web Economy. Increasingly, the "digital economy" is intertwined with the traditional economy making a clear delineation harder. (source: wikipedia)
Data Economy
Data secrecy and encryption
Data integrity is the maintenance of, and the assurance of the accuracy and consistency of, data over its entire life-cycle, and is a critical aspect to the design, implementation and usage of any system which stores, processes, or retrieves data.
Data Integrity
Isolation is one of the ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) properties adopted by the database systems
Data Isolation
Data lifecycle management includes every phase of a "record" from its beginning to its end. And while it is generally applied to information that rises to the classic definition of a record (and thus related to records management), it applies to all informational assets. During its existence, information can become a record by being identified as documenting a business transaction or as satisfying a business need. (source: wikipedia)
Data lifecycle management
One of the features of cloud computing is geodistribution of data among several servers. But this can be an issue for the enterprise, as the location of the data is unknown to the user.
Data Location
Data Market Austria
DMA
Data as an economic good; it's offered, demanded, and priced.
Data Markets
Data Ownership declare the possesion on an information resource that is independent of its location, e.g. personal data belongs to the related person no matter where it is stored.
Data Ownership
Data processing and analytic components from the App Store create flexible data processing pipelines.
Data Processing
Data protection is the relationship between collection and dissemination of data, technology, the public expectation of privacy, and the legal and political issues surrounding them. Privacy concerns exist wherever personally identifiable information or other sensitive information is collected, stored, used, and finally destroyed or deleted – in digital form or otherwise. Improper or non-existent disclosure control can be the root cause for privacy issues. (source: wikipedia)
Data Protection
Datenschutz
Information privacy
Data Publishing is the concern regarding all aspects of getting data (publicly) available.
Data Publishing
Data quality refers to the level of quality of data. There are many definitions of data quality but data are generally considered high quality if "they are fit for their intended uses in operations, decision making and planning." (Tom Redman<Redman, T.C. (2008). Data driven: Profiting from your most important business asset (p. 56). Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business Press.>). Alternatively, data is deemed of high quality if it correctly represents the real-world construct to which it refers. Furthermore, apart from these definitions, as data volume increases, the question of internal consistency within data becomes significant, regardless of fitness for use for any particular external purpose. People's views on data quality can often be in disagreement, even when discussing the same set of data used for the same purpose. (source: wikipedia)
Data Quality
This class frames all organizations with the main intend to create, specify and implement a data sharing concept with according interfaces, components, data descriptions, and retrieval algorithms.
Data Sharing Initiative
Data Sovereignty
The IoT data are collected from various data sources in different structures and formats. IoT enables the collected data to be stored both in physical devices and cloud storage.
Data Storage
The Data Transfer Project (DTP) extends data portability beyond a user’s ability to download a copy of their data from their service provider (“provider”), to providing the user the ability 1 to initiate a direct transfer of their data into and out of any participating provider. The Data Transfer Project is an open source initiative to encourage participation of as many providers as possible. The DTP will enhance the data portability ecosystem by reducing the infrastructure burden on both providers and users, which should in turn increase the number of services offering portability. The protocols and methodology of the DTP enable direct, service-to-service data transfer with streamlined engineering work.
Data Transfer Project
The Data Transfer Project Whitepaper provides a brief overview on the intends of the Data Transfer Project and the targeted approach.
Data Transfer Project Whitepaper
Data usage control can be seen as an extension of data access control. It is about the specification and enforcement of restrictions regulating what is allowed to happen with data, and what is not. Data usage control thus is concerned with requirements that pertain to data processing (obligations) rather than data access (provisions). It is primarily relevant in the context of intellectual property protection, privacy protection, compliance with regulations, and digital rights management.
Data Usage Control
The data in IoT are always mass, distributed, and time-related and position related. At the same time, the data sources of the IoT are heterogeneous. There is a vast amount of real-time data collected by the IoT devices.
Data Collection
In edge computing, user private data is outsourced to the edge server and its ownership and control are separated, which causes users to lose their physical control over the outsourced data.
Data Confidentiality
Data Transfer Project Overview and Fundamentals
These are business Decision makers
Decision maker
Publications referred: '(IIC:PUB:G1:V1.80:20170131' '3.5.1 BUSINESS VIEWPOINT' 'Page 15' 'Priyanka'
Device Security
Device Authentication
DMA Architecture
This document presents the DMA Data Technology Specification and Development Roadmap regarding the ongoing work in WP6 of the DMA project. The document relates to deliverable D2.2 “D2.2 Community-driven Data-Services Ecosystem Requirements (1st version)” which formulates the requirements of the DMA community. It will be explained in what way the requirements formulated in D2.2 are going to be addressed. The document gives an overview about the components which are going to be developed in WP6 and how these components are planned to be employed to provide DMA core services. The expected outputs of these services are described and a procedure of describing a 3rd party service for DMA platform is addressed.
DMA Service Technology Specification and Development Roadmap
Represents the Domains in which the Standards can be used
Domain
The architecture description of the Data Transfer Project has not yet been published in a sufficient manner.
Data Transfer Project Architecture
DTP Deployment
DTP Ecosystem
DTP Security & Privacy
DTP System
A systems ability to adjust its behaviour on dynamic changes in its environment.
Dynamic Adjustability
A systems ability to retrive according information on required assets and components on-the-fly.
Dynamic Discovery
The concern of being able to understanding the states, conditions and behaviors of the systems under control and other systems by interpreting and correlating data gathered from sensors and other systems.
Edge Analytics
Edge Computing is pushing the frontier of computing applications, data, and services away from centralized nodes to the logical extremes of a network. It enables analytics and knowledge generation to occur at the source of the data. This approach requires leveraging resources that may not be continuously connected to a network such as laptops, smartphones, tablets and sensors. Edge Computing covers a wide range of technologies including wireless sensor networks, mobile data acquisition, mobile signature analysis, cooperative distributed peer-to-peer ad hoc networking and processing also classifiable as Local Cloud/Fog computing and Grid/Mesh Computing, dew computing, mobile edge computing, cloudlet, distributed data storage and retrieval, autonomic self-healing networks, remote cloud services, augmented reality, and more. (source: wikipedia)
Edge computing
Edgecross Architecture
Edgecross Consortium
Edgecross Edgecomputing Layer
Edgecross FA
Edgecross IT Systems Layer
Edgecross Layer
Edgecross Whitepaper
Edgecross Consortium to Address Edge Integration in IIoT-enabled Architectures
Methods to unambiguously describe client and server endpoints.
Endpoint Description
Mechanisms to interact with a service and to access it through the network.
Endpoint Invocation
Energy Control
Efficient energy use, sometimes simply called energy efficiency, is the goal to reduce the amount of energy required to provide products and services.
Energy Efficiency
BDV SRIA European Big Data Value Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda version 4.0 October 2017
Event-Driven Messaging
A system shall accomodate fast developmental changes in applications and network.
Evolvability
The system's ability to flexibly connect/adjust data flows in order to reach a defined target.
Execution Variability
"Extensibility could be a huge challenge at the edge of the network, unlike a mobile system, the things in the IoT could be very dynamic. When the owner purchases a new thing, can it be easily added to the current service without any problem? Or when one thing is replaced due to wearing out, can the previous service adopt a new node easily? These problems should be solved with a flexible and extensible design of service management layer in the edgeOS."
Extensibility
The FIWARE platform contains market-ready open source software, combining components that enable the connection to IoT with Context Information Management and Big Data services in the Cloud.
FIWARE Architecture
How can a fair and non-discriminating access to (compute and storage) resources be established?
Fairness
Fault tolerance is the property that enables a system to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of some (one or more faults within) of its components. If its operating quality decreases at all, the decrease is proportional to the severity of the failure, as compared to a naively designed system in which even a small failure can cause total breakdown.
Fault Tolerance
The Generic Enablers (GEs) from the Advanced Web-based User Interface (WebUI) chapter cover a set of GEs that provide an advanced user experience using HTML-5 and a Web-based UI approach. The objective of the Advanced Web-based UI GE is to significantly improve the user experience for the Future Internet by adding new user input and interaction capabilities, such as interactive 3D graphics, immersive interaction with the real and virtual world via Augmented Reality, virtualizing the display and driving them over the network, and many more.
FIWARE Advanced Web-based User Interface
The Generic Enablers (GE) for the Apps Chapter together build an ecosystem of applications, services and data that is sustainable and fosters innovation as well as cross-fertilization. In particular the Apps Generic Enablers supports managing applications, services and data in a business framework across the whole service life cycle from creation through composition of applications and data to monetization and revenue sharing. A couple of basic GEs are important to realize the vision of such an applications, services and data business framework, which enables new business models in an agile and flexible way. Among them: a store, a marketplace, a revenue sharing engine, an application composer through mashup and a data visualization and analysis component. The Business Framework is heavily relying on USDL as common uniform description format for services which does not only focus on technical aspects of service, but also on business aspects as well as functional and non-functional service attributes. The Application Mashup GE aims at allowing end users without programming skills to quickly compose beautiful web applications and dashboards/cockpits mashing up widgets, operators and data sources from a shared catalogue. The Data Visualisation GE aims at creating agile, beautiful visualizations and meaningful reports useful to present the large variety of datasets. Data stakeholders will bring in the play as well as providing customisable data analytics.
FIWARE Applications Services and Data Delivery
Following is a description of the Reference Architecture linked to the different chapters of FIWARE. A description of FIWARE Generic Enablers (GEs) being supported in each chapter is provided, including the high-level description of the APIs that each FIWARE Generic Enabler (GE) exposes to application developers or it uses to connect to another FIWARE GEs.
Fiware Chapter
The Cloud Chapter offers Generic Enablers (GEs) that comprise the foundation for designing a modern cloud hosting infrastructure that can be used to develop, deploy and manage Future Internet applications and services. Provided hosting capabilities are of several kinds and at several levels of resource abstraction -- aiming at the needs of different applications hosted on the cloud. The IaaS Data Center Resource Management (DCRM) GE is offering provisioning and life cycle management of virtualized resources (compute, storage, network) associated with virtual machines. The Object Storage GE offers provisioning and life cycle management of object-based storage containers and elements. The Job Scheduler GE offers the application to submit and manage computational jobs in a unified and scalable manner. The Edgelet Management GE offers the capability to host lightweight application components, called edgelets. Moreover, the IaaS Service Management (SM) GE provides the means to host complex applications. Lastly, the PaaS Management GE uses the above capabilities to offer provisioning and management of complete PaaS environments, leveraging also the Software Deployment and Configuration (SDC) GE which offers a flexible framework for installation and customization of software products (via Chef recipes) within individual virtual machines.
FIWARE Cloud Hosting
The Data/Context Management FIWARE chapter aims at providing outperforming and platform-like GEs that will ease development and provision of innovative Applications that require gathering, publication, processing and exploitation of information and data streams in real-time and at massive scale. Combined with GEs coming from the Apps Chapters, Application Providers will be able to build innovative business models based on exploitation of massive data provided by end users. FIWARE Data/Context Management GEs allow to gather information from context and other sources (Context Broker), mediate metadata among GEs and applications (Metadata pre-processor) query stored information through an homogeneous layer (Query Broker), , annotate existing information (Semantic Annotation), store and manage semantic information (Semantic Application Support), generate new knowledge from big data stores using a Map & Reduce paradigm (Big Data analysis) and react to different types of scenarios (Complex Event Processing). It also provides GEs for media management, as easy creation of advanced video applications (Stream Oriented GE) and specifically, video analysis in the compressed domain (CDVA).
FIWARE Data/Context Management
The deployment of the architecture of the IoT Service Enablement chapter is typically distributed across a large number of Devices, several Gateways and the Backend. A device is a hardware entity, component or system that either measures properties of a thing/group of things or influences the properties of a thing/group of things or both measures/influences. Sensors and actuators are devices. IoT Resources are computational elements (software) that provide the technical means to perform sensing and/or actuation on the device. The resource is usually hosted on the device. IoT GEs have been spread in two different domains: Gateway and Backend. While IoT Gateway GEs provide inter-networking and protocol conversion functionalities between devices and the IoT Backend GEs, the IoT Backend GEs provide management functionalities for the devices and IoT domain-specific support for the applications.
FIWARE IoT Services Enablement
The Future Internet services will always be exposed to different types of threats that can lead to severe misuse and damage. Creating secured and trusted services without sacrificing much of the desired functionality, usability, performance and cost efficiency is a great challenge, especially in a dynamic environment where new threats and attack methods emerge on a daily basis. The overall ambition of the Security Architecture of FIWARE is to demonstrate that the Vision of an Internet that is "secure by design" is becoming reality. Based on achievements to date and/or to come in the short-term (both from a technological but also a standardization perspective) we will show that "secure by design" is possible. Security, Privacy and Trust in FIWARE is mainly focusing on delivering tools and techniques to have the above-mentioned security needs properly met. Furthermore a decision making support and the automation of countermeasures allow alleviating the workload of users and administrators while raising their security awareness. The high-level Reference Architecture is formed by four main blocks of GEs: Cybersecurity, Identity and Access Management (and Enforcement), Privacy, Trust and Trustworthiness.
FIWARE Security
A system built using the ARM shall support physical entity location tracking (geo spatial and/or logical location)
Geo tracking
Discovery and lookup services of the system shall allow locating physical entities based on geographical parameters.
Geospatial data and information
UNI.401
UNI.402
UNI.403
UNI.404
The system energy consumption is expanding at a high rate because of increment in information rates, an increment in quantity of Internet-empowered services and fast development of Internet associated edgedevices. The future IoT will cause a critical increase in the network energy consumption.
Greening of IoT
International Data Spaces Association
IDSA ensures that the special economic interests of business are specifically integrated into the research work of Industrial Date Space.
IDSA
IDS RAM Business Layer
IDS RAM Certification Perspective
IDS Data Market
IDS RAM Functional Layer
IDS RAM Governance Perspective
IDS RAM Information Layer
IDS Interoperability
IDS RAM Layer
IDS RAM Process Layer
Industrial Data Space Reference Architecture Model
IDS RAM
The IDS Security Architecture provides means to identify participants, protect communication and data exchange transactions between them, and control the use of data after it has been sent.
IDS RAM Security Perspective
IDS RAM System Layer
IDS REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE MODEL INDUSTRIAL DATA SPACE VERSION 2.0
Founded in 2014 to further development, adoption and wide-spread use of interconnected machines, intelligent analytics and people at work. (source: https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-protocols/)
IIC
Industrial Internet Consortium
Industrial Internet Connectivity Framework
IICF
IICF Framework Layer
IICF Framework Layer an instance of the IICF Connectivity Layer
IICF Link Layer
IICF Network Layer
IICF Transport Layer
IIC Vocabulary
The Industrial Internet of Things Volume G1: Reference Architecture IIC:PUB:G1:V1.80:20170131
The IIRA addresses the need for a common architecture framework to develop interoperable IIoT systems for diverse applications across a broad spectrum of industrial verticals in the public and private sectors to achieve the true promise of IIoT.
Industrial Internet Reference Architecture
Publications referred: 1. The Industrial Internet of Things Volume G1: Reference Architecture (IIC:PUB:G1:V1.80:20170131)
IIRA Application Domain
Publications referred: 'IIC:PUB:G1:V1.80:20170131' '6.4 THE APPLICATION DOMAIN' 'Page 34'
IIRA Business Domain
Publications referred: 'IIC:PUB:G1:V1.80:20170131' '6.5 THE BUSINESS DOMAIN' 'Page 34'
The business viewpoint frames economic aspects and business relations regarded by the IIC Reference Architecture.
IIRA Business Viewpoint
Publications referred: '(IIC:PUB:G1:V1.80:20170131' '3.5.1 BUSINESS VIEWPOINT' 'Page 15'
IIRA Connectivity
IIRA Control Domain
Publications referred: 'IIC:PUB:G1:V1.80:20170131' '6.1 THE CONTROL DOMAIN' 'Page 27'
Publications referred: 'IIC:PUB:G1:V1.80:20170131' '6.6 CROSSCUTTING FUNCTIONS AND SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS' 'Page 34'
IIRA Distributed Data Management
The IIRA Functional Viewpoint contains the IIRA Domains in order to describe technical relations and communications between the several dimensions of IoT devices.
IIRA Functional Viewpoint
Publications referred: '(IIC:PUB:G1:V1.80:20170131' '3.5.3 FUNCTIONAL VIEWPOINT' 'Page 16'
IIRA Implementation Viewpoint
Publications referred: '(IIC:PUB:G1:V1.80:20170131' '3.5.4 IMPLEMENTATION VIEWPOINT' 'Page 16'
IIRA Information Domain
Publications referred: 'IIC:PUB:G1:V1.80:20170131' '6.3 THE INFORMATION DOMAIN' 'Page 32'
There is a renewed movement to distribute computational capability toward the network peripheries, away from concentrated computation centers, to benefit from a reduction in movement of data and communication latency, and enhancement in local intelligent control and, more importantly, resilience. source: Industrial Internet Reference Archietcture
IIRA Intelligent and Resilient Control
IIRA Operation Domain
Publications referred: 'IIC:PUB:G1:V1.80:20170131' '6.2 THE OPERATIONS DOMAIN' 'Page 30'
Computational capabilities ranging from very limited (e.g. in a smart sensor) to reasonably rich (e.g. a cluster of servers) are placed in, attached to or collocated with physical systems (e.g. in smart sensors, devices or machines). These capabilities are connected through a variety of connectivity technologies including wireless.
IIRA Physical Systems
IIRA Privacy
IIRA Reliability
Publications referred: '<https://www.iiconsortium.org/pdf/IIC_PUB_G4_V1.00_PB-3.pdf IIC:PUB:G4:V1.0:PB:20160926>' '3.4 RELIABILITY' 'Page 18'
IIRA Resilience
IIRA Safety
IIRA Scalability
IIRA Security
IIC Security Framework
Publications referred: '<https://www.iiconsortium.org/pdf/IIC_PUB_G4_V1.00_PB-3.pdf IIC:PUB:G4:V1.0:PB:20160926>'
IIRA Usage Viewpoint
Publications referred: '(IIC:PUB:G1:V1.80:20170131' '3.5.2 USAGE VIEWPOINT' 'Page 16'
The Alliance is a global non-profit organization serving the various communities seeking to establish the Internet Protocol as the network for the connection of Smart Objects by providing coordinated marketing efforts available to the general public. (source: https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-protocols/)
IPSO
Communication with non-IPv6 networks must be possible (IPv4, others).
IPv4 Support
IPv6, is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworking and provides end-to-end datagram transmission across multiple IP networks. (source: https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-protocols/)
IPv6
A system built using the ARM shall use/support common-addressing-schemes such as IPv6.
IPv6 Support
Describes the ISA95 levels to classify the industry Standards according to those levels. Eg., Device, SCADA, etc. It has strong relation to the RAMI Hierarchy levels
ISA 95 Level
ISO/IEC 29115
ISO 50001
ISO 9000
ISO/IEC 9594
ISO/IEC 9594-8
An IT manager is responsible for the functioning of the IT services of an organisation.
IT Manager
The Reference Architecture (IVRA) of the Industrial Value Chain Initive (IVI) proposes a system architecture for the manufactoring domain targeting interoperability and communicational aspects.
Industrial Value Chain Reference Architecture
IVRA
The concern how to identify a participant (client, endpoint etc.) in the internet.
Identification
Publications referred: '<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2016.10.003>' 'Survey on domain specific IoT architectures' 'Page 299'
In computer security, identity and access management (IAM) is the security and business discipline that "enables the right individuals to access the right resources at the right times and for the right reasons".It addresses the need to ensure appropriate access to resources across increasingly heterogeneous technology environments and to meet increasingly rigorous compliance requirements. (source: wikipedia)
Identity Management
IICF Connectivity Layer
AII Industrial Internet Architecture
Industrial Internet Architecture Version 1
Industrial Internet of Things Volume G4: Security Framework
Industrial Internet of Things Volume G4: Security Framework IIC:PUB:G4:V1.0:PB:20160926
Industrial Value Chain Reference Architecture (IVRA) Industrial Value Chain Initiative
Industrial Value Chain Reference Architecture (IVRA)
Industrial Value Chain Reference Architecture (IVRA)- Next
Industrial Value Chain Reference Architecture (IVRA) Industrial Value Chain Initiative Next
Information Security
The IoT utilizes different sort of object distinguishing proof advancements, e.g., RFID, 2D-standardized tags and so forth. Since each kind of day by day use articles will convey these recognizable proof labels and insert the particular object data, it is important to take legal protection measures and prevent unauthorized access.
Information Privacy
In telecommunications, the term system integrity has the following meanings: 1. * That condition of a system wherein its mandated operational and technical parameters are within the prescribed limits. 2. * The quality of an AIS when it performs its intended function in an unimpaired manner, free from deliberate or inadvertent unauthorized manipulation of the system. 3. * The state that exists when there is complete assurance that under all conditions an IT system is based on the logical correctness and reliability of the operating system, the logical completeness of the hardware and software that implement the protection mechanisms, and data integrity. (source: wikipedia)
Integrity protection and verification of the software stack installed; local integrity protection would be something like trusted boot; remote integrity verification means support for remote attestation.
Integrity Protection and Verification
Attestation
The GEs in the I2ND chapter provide three sets of functionalities. The first is an advanced integration middleware to be used by all FIWARE GEs with high performance communication needs Open networking elements enable cloud network application developers to build value-added services in private, enterprise and public settings. The third set of functionalities enables the management of robots by means of platform components and interfaces towards other FIWARE GEs, allowing users to develop smarter and faster robotic applications.
FIWARE Interface to Networks and Devices
A systems ability to connect with other systems.
Interoperability refers to the ability of two or more devices from the same vendor, or different vendors, to exchange information and use that information for correct co-operation [IEC61850-2010].
Interoperability
Internet of Things
The internet of things (IoT) is the internetworking of physical devices, vehicles (also referred to as "connected devices" and "smart devices"), buildings and other items—embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity that enable these objects to collect and exchange data. (source: wikipedia)
IoT
IoT Architecture
After much discussion about the core concepts of the IoT for several years, in 2009 a group of researchers from more than 20 large industrial companies and research institutions joined forces to lay the foundation for the much needed common ground or a common “architecture” for the Internet of Things: the IoTArchitecture project (IoT-A) was born. IoT-A has become the European Commission’s flagship project in the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program for Research and Development with respect to establishing an architecture for the Internet of Things.
IoT-A
IoTivity is an open source project hosted by the Linux Foundation, and sponsored by the OIC. (source: https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-protocols/)
IoTivity
IoT-A Availability and Resilience
IoT-A Deployment and Operation
IoT-A Evolution and Interoperability
IoT-A Functional Viewpoint
One of the main purposes of connected and smart objects in the IoT is the exchange of information between each other and also with external systems. Therefore the way how to define, structure, store, process, manage and exchange information is very important. The information view helps to generate an overview about static information structure and dynamic information flow. (source: Bassi et al.: Enabling Things to Talk)
IoT-A Information Viewpoint
IoT-A Performance and Scalability
IoT-A Perspective
IoT-A Reference Architecture
IoT-A Trust Security and Privacy
IPSO Application Framework (PDF): This design defines sets of REST interfaces that may be used by a smart object to represent its available resources, interact with other smart objects and backend services. This framework is designed to be complementary to existing Web profiles including SEP2 and oBIX. (source: https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-protocols/)
IPSO App Framework
Industrial Value Chain Initiative
The Industrial Value Chain Initiative (IVI) is a forum to design a new society by combining manufacturing and information technologies, and for all enterprises to take an initiative collaboratively.
IVI
The activity layer has a view point of activities actually conducted at various places in manufacturers. People and machines acting voluntarily, human activity, machine processes, and information as an object og such activities and processes are brought up for discussion. In every production site of every manufacturer, concrete manufacturing activities are conducted in a different way. (source: IVRA-Next)
IVI Activity Layer
IVI Activity View
IVI Asset View
In the business layer, from a perspective of enterprise management, the focus of discussions is placed on the fundamentel structure of manufacturing, organization forms for manufacturing, presence of essential perspectives and axes as well as a philosophy and concept of values underpinning the big picture. (source: IVRA-Next)
IVI Business Layer
A IVI Layer describes one of three layers of smart manufactoring as proposed by the Industrial Value Chain Initiative (IVI).
IVI Layer
IVI Management View
In the specification layer, the following will be considered: Specific operations based on human activities and machine processes and the things and information items that are their subjects, as well as the data and their attributes that are the subject of the processes executed by logic in software. (source: IVRA-Next)
IVI Specification Layer
JMS (Java Message Service) - A Java Message Oriented Middleware (MOM) API for sending messages between two or more clients. (source: https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-protocols/)
JMS
It is often challenging to alter resources, for example, the server or data centres to a particular geographic area. Load balancing service provider of the cloud, the availability of the network, or the performance of the data centre are few factors that determine where the data is stored. Accordingly, an organization data might be stored in a different location with various legal jurisdictions and diverse laws concerning the security issues, such as the protection and interruptions of the data
Jurisdictional Issues
Latency is a time interval between the stimulation and response, or, from a more general point of view, a time delay between the cause and the effect of some physical change in the system being observed.
LatencyReduction
Describes the layers of the standardization frameworks. In some cases, the layers are connected to dimensions of the frameworks.
Layer
6LoWPAN is an acronym of IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks. It is an adaption layer for IPv6 over IEEE802.15.4 links. This protocol operates only in the 2.4 GHz frequency range with 250 kbps transfer rate. (source: https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-protocols/)
6LoWPAN
Describes the means by which local data is protected.
Local Data Confidentiality
The process of recording incidents and events regarding a specific service, data resource or device in order to make status changes transparent.
Logging
The provider should not go broke, be financially in a close-fitting corner or close down the business. Organizations should be sure and know how to move your data to another cloud provider. And should know how to have a backup at another public cloud of data for redundancy
Long Term Business Sustainability
Machine learning is the subfield of computer science that "gives computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed" (Arthur Samuel, 1959). Evolved from the study of pattern recognition and computational learning theory in artificial intelligence, machine learning explores the study and construction of algorithms that can learn from and make predictions on data – such algorithms overcome following strictly static program instructions by making data-driven predictions or decisions, through building a model from sample inputs. (source: wikipedia)
Machine Learning
The ability of a system to be maintained.
Maintenance Cost
Publications referred: '<https://www.openfogconsortium.org/wp-content/uploads/OpenFog_Reference_Architecture_2_09_17-FINAL.pdf> OPFRA001.020817' '3 Use Cases for Fog' 'Page 13'
Publications referred: 'IIC:PUB:G1:V1.80:20170131' '4 BUSINESS VIEWPOINT' 'Page 20'
Message precedence is an indicator attached to a message indicating its level of urgency. (source: wikipedia)
Message precedence
How to handle the massive mobility of vehicles? In the case of an application scenario that involves connected vehicles, mobility is a major issue and includes data consumer as well as data producer. In this particular case, one of the influencing factors is the potential speed of a vehicle. High-speed mobility may lead to situations in which a request for data or a service may not be answered before the vehicle disconnects and re-connects to another network entry point. This leads to unfulfilled requests and potential duplication of efforts.
Mobil Devices
Muhammad Usman
Data Artefacts are received by 1 to m Data Consumer.
Multilateralism
Multicast
Devices must be able to switch between different networks without losing connections (Network handover/handoff support).
Multiple Identities
UNI.320
Next Generation Service Interface
The FIWARE NGSI (Next Generation Service Interface) API defines - a data model for context information, based on a simple information model using the notion of context entities - a context data interface for exchanging information by means of query, subscription, and update operations - a context availability interface for exchanging information on how to obtain context information (whether to separate the two interfaces is currently under discussion).
NGSI
NGSI Context Information Management API
Network performance refers to measures of service quality of a network as seen by the customer. There are many different ways to measure the performance of a network, as each network is different in nature and design. (source: wikidata)
Network performance
Data flow is an integral part of any cloud service over the network of computers or clusters of systems using internet. Any intruder can analyze the data packet to detect any weakness in the system and can gain access to applications and data using some kind of remote access mechanism and injection like SQL and some bad command, Denial of Service (DoS), Distributed DoS (DDoS), man in the middle attacks, social networking attacks and some unauthorized attacks are the major entrance level attacks in cloud computing environment.
network security
The system shall support network virtualisation, i.e. the usage of virtual overlay networks.
Network Virtualization
UNI.328
NGSI-LD API Operation
NGSI-LD Architecture
NGSI-LD Data Representation
The FIWARE data models have been harmonized to enable data portability for different applications including, but not limited, to Smart Cities. They are intended to be used together with FIWARE NGSI version 2. If you want to contribute and create additional data models, please have a look at our repository of data models and the data model development guidelines. (source: https://www.fiware.org/developers/data-models/)
NGSI-LD Information Model
In digital security, non-repudiation means: (a) A service that provides proof of the integrity and origin of data. (b) An authentication that can be said to be genuine with high confidence. The most common method of verifying the digital origin of data is through digital certificates, a form of public key infrastructure that includes digital signatures.
Non-repudiation
The Open Digital Rights Language (ODRL) is a policy expression language that provides a flexible and interoperable information model, vocabulary, and encoding mechanisms for representing statements about the usage of content and services. The ODRL Information Model describes the underlying concepts, entities, and relationships that form the foundational basis for the semantics of the ODRL policies. Policies are used to represent permitted and prohibited actions over a certain asset, as well as the obligations required to be meet by stakeholders. In addition, policies may be limited by constraints (e.g., temporal or spatial constraints) and duties (e.g. payments) may be imposed on permissions.
ODRL
Open Digital Rights Language
The agility pillar addresses business operational decisions for an OpenFog RA deployment. It is not possible for humans alone to analyze the data generated at the scale predicted by IoT as the basis for rapid, sound business and operational decisions. The agility pillar focuses on transforming this volume of data into actionable insights. Agility also deals with the highly dynamic nature of fog deployments and the need to respond quickly to change. source: OpenFog Reference Architecture
OpenFog Agility Pillar
The autonomy pillar enables fog nodes to continue to deliver the designed functionality in the face of the external service failures. In this architecture, autonomy is supported throughout the hierarchy. Decision making will be made at all levels of a deployment’s hierarchy including near the device or higher order layers. Centralized decision-making in the cloud is no longer the only option. Autonomy at the network edge means intelligence from local devices and peer data can be used to fulfill the business’ mission at the point where it makes the most business sense.
OpenFog AutonomyPillar
Publications referred: '<https://www.openfogconsortium.org/wp-content/uploads/OpenFog_Reference_Architecture_2_09_17-FINAL.pdf> OPFRA001.020817' '4.4 Autonomy Pillar' 'Page 27'
OpenFog Data Analytics and Control Perspective
How fog software and fog systems are deployed to address a given scenario is also very important. There are many deployment types ranging from embedded to large clustered systems that are fully interconnected. The deployment type(s) chosen are scenario specific, but key aspects of the architecture remain visible regardless of deployment type. However, some may grow or shrink in importance. source: OpenFog Reference Architecture
OpenFog Deployment Viewpoint
The functional viewpoint of the architecture shows how we apply the OpenFog architectural elements and views to address the various concerns of the stakeholders to satisfy a given scenario. Each scenario chosen will focus on a different aspects and market opportunities for fog computing. We fully expect that the architectural description, views, and perspective may change over time. This change and refinement should be driven from testbeds and application of the OpenFog RA to multiple different markets we see as important to fog computing. source: OpenFog Reference Architecture
OpenFog Functional Viewpoint
OpenFog RA computing resources can be seen as a logical hierarchy based on the functional requirements of an end-to-end IoT system. Depending on the scale and nature of the scenario being addressed, the hierarchy may be a network of smart and connected partitioned systems arranged in physical or logical layers, or it may collapse into a single physical system (scalability pillar). source: OpenFog Reference Architecture
OpenFog Hierarchy Pillar
Publications referred: '<https://www.openfogconsortium.org/wp-content/uploads/OpenFog_Reference_Architecture_2_09_17-FINAL.pdf> OPFRA001.020817' '4.8 Hierarchy Pillar' 'Page 31'
Fog applications and services should have the flexibility to span and interoperate with various levels in a fog hierarchy. This is a foundational aspect of fog computing that enables a multi-vendor ecosystem. In addition, the data that is collected or generated by one fog node should be shareable with other nodes in the hierarchy. The figure below shows a cross-fog application spanning east to west nodes (it would also be able to span north to south). source: OpenFog Reference Architecture
OpenFog IT Business and Cross-fog Applications Perspective
Many fog computing deployments involve machine vision, and associated human-like functions. As such, they have the ability to see, respond, remember, move, and make autonomous decisions in order to participate in other fog services. This range of actions requires a higher level of manageability than a traditional static model. In addition, fog nodes may be deployed in a wide range of locations: remote, fixed and non-fixed, and environmentally harsh conditions. source: OpenFog Reference Architecture
OpenFog Manageability Perspective
The node view is the lowest level view we currently utilize in the architectural description. The stakeholders involved in formulating the viewpoint (and subsequently this view) are the system on a chip designers, silicon manufacturers, firmware architects, and system architects. source: OpenFog Reference Architecture
OpenFog Node View
Openness is essential for the success of a ubiquitous fog computing ecosystem for IoT platforms and applications. Proprietary or single vendor solutions can result in limited supplier diversity, which can have a negative impact on system cost, quality and innovation. The openness pillar importance is highlighted in our desire for fully interoperable systems, supported by a vibrant supplier ecosystem. source: OpenFog Reference Architecture
OpenFog Opennes Pillar
Publications referred: '<https://www.openfogconsortium.org/wp-content/uploads/OpenFog_Reference_Architecture_2_09_17-FINAL.pdf> OPFRA001.020817' '4.3 Openness Pillar' 'Page 26'
Performance and Scale Perspective
The programmability pillar enables highly adaptive deployments including support for programming at the software and hardware layers. This means that re-tasking a fog node or cluster of fog nodes for accommodating operational dynamics, can be completely automated. The re-tasking can be done with the help of the fog nodes inherent programmability interfaces which we describe using general purpose compute or accelerator interfaces. source: OpenFog Reference Architecture
OpenFog Programmability Pillar
Publications referred: '<https://www.openfogconsortium.org/wp-content/uploads/OpenFog_Reference_Architecture_2_09_17-FINAL.pdf> OPFRA001.020817' '4.5 Programmability Pillar' 'Page 29'
The scalability pillar addresses the dynamic technical and business needs behind fog deployments. Elastic scalability cuts across all fog computing applications and verticals. The hierarchical properties of fog and its location at logical edges of networks add additional scaling opportunities. source: OpenFog Reference Architecture
OpenFog Scalability Pillar
Publications referred: '<https://www.openfogconsortium.org/wp-content/uploads/OpenFog_Reference_Architecture_2_09_17-FINAL.pdf> OPFRA001.020817' '4.2 Scalability Pillar' 'Page 24'
OpenFog Security Perspective
Security implementations have many different descriptions and attributes such as privacy, anonymity, integrity, trust, attestation, verification, and measurement. These are key attributes for the OpenFog RA. Achieving the foundational elements for security requires an approach to discover, attest, and verify all smart and connected “things” before trust can be established source: OpenFog Reference Architecture
Security in the OpenFog RA is not a one-size-fits-all architecture. Rather, it describes all of the mechanisms that can be applied to make a fog node secure from silicon to software application. Business case, target market, and vertical use case, as well as the location of the node itself, will all create a set of requirements for that node. However, there are certain foundational parts of the architecture, which must be in place in order to build a secure execution environment. source: OpenFog Reference Architecture
OpenFog Security Pillar
Publications referred: ' <https://www.openfogconsortium.org/wp-content/uploads/OpenFog_Reference_Architecture_2_09_17-FINAL.pdf> OPFRA001.020817' '4.1 Security Pillar' 'Page 23'
OpenFog Software Architecture View
The software view of the OpenFog RA is composed of software running on a platform that is comprised of one or more node views coupled with other components to create a system addressing a given scenario. The stakeholders of the software view include the system integrators, software architects, solution designers, and application developers of a fog computing environment. The software running on fog platforms is used to satisfy a given deployment scenario. A robust fog deployment requires that the relationship between a fog node, fog platform, and fog software are seamless. source: OpenFog Reference Architecture
The system view of the OpenFog RA is composed of one or more node views coupled with other components to create a platform. The stakeholders which typically create these systems to facilitate a fog deployment comprise the concerns of this viewpoint. Subsequently this view is intended to address the concerns of the system architects, hardware OEMs, and platform manufacturers. They also need to understand the Node view such that the systems they create can be deployed to address a given scenario. source: OpenFog Reference Architecture
OpenFog System Architecture View
Reliability, availability, and serviceability (RAS) is resident throughout successful system architectures and, as such, takes on great importance in the OpenFog RA. Hardware, software, and operations are the three main areas of the RAS pillar. source: OpenFog Reference Architecture
OpenFog RAS Pillar
OMA (Open Mobile Alliance) is the Leading Industry Forum for Developing Market Driven, Interoperable Mobile Service Enablers (source: https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-protocols/)
Open Mobile Alliance
The motivation of LightweightM2M is to develop a fast deployable client-server specification to provide machine to machine service. LightweightM2M is principly a device management protocol, but it should be designed to be able to extend to meet the requirements of applications. LightweightM2M is not restricted to device management, it should be able transfer service / application data. (source: https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-protocols/)
Lightweight M2M v1.0
The Data Distribution Service for real-time systems (DDS) is an Object Management Group (OMG) machine-to-machine (sometimes called middleware) standard that aims to enable scalable, real-time, dependable, high-performance and interoperable data exchanges using a publish–subscribe pattern. DDS addresses the needs of applications like financial trading, air-traffic control, smart grid management, and other big data applications. The standard is used in applications such as smartphone operating systems, transportation systems and vehicles, software-defined radio, and by healthcare providers. DDS was promoted for use in the Internet of things.
OMG DDS
Data Distribution Service for real-time systems
The IoT comprises of a huge number of perception objects that spread over a few geographic zone; it is important to keep the intruder's access to the items that may make physical harm them or may change their operation
Objects Safety and Security
Ocean Protocol Business Viewpoint
Ocean Protocol Marketplace Viewpoint
Ocean is a decentralized protocol and network of artificial intelligence (AI) data/services. It incentivizes for a vast supply of relevant AI data/services. This network helps to power AI data/service marketplaces, as well as public commons data. The heart of Ocean’s network is a new construction: a Curated Proofs Market. CPMs bridge predicted relevance with actual relevance of each AI service, by having curation markets for cryptographic proofs (e.g. proof of data availability). (source: https://oceanprotocol.com/tech-whitepaper.pdf)
Ocean Protocol
Ocean Protocol is supported by a Singapore based non-profit foundation, whose mandate is to ensure open access to the protocol and platform, provide data governance, encourage the network ecosystem growth and take measures to ensure that the platform becomes ever more decentralized with time.
Ocean Protocol Foundation
Ocean Protocol System Viewpoint
Ocean Protocol: A Decentralized Data Exchange Protocol,powered by blockchain technology and a cryptotoken. Business Strategy. Oct 2017
Ocean Protocol: A Decentralized Data Exchange Protocol to Unlock Data for Artificial Intelligence. Reference Marketplace Framework. Feb 2019
Ocean Protocol: A Decentralized Substrate for AI Data & Services . Technical Whitepaper. Apr 2019
OCF Core Framework
OCF Data Models
OCF Framework
OCF L2 Connectivity
OCF Networking
OCF Security
The OpenAPI Specification (originally known as the Swagger Specification) is a specification for machine-readable interface files for describing, producing, consuming, and visualizing RESTful web services. A variety of tools can generate code, documentation and test cases given an interface file. Development of the OpenAPI Specification (OAS) is overseen by the Open API Initiative, an open source collaborative project of the Linux Foundation. (source: wikipedia)
OpenAPI
The Open Connectivity Foundation (OCF) is an industry group whose stated mission is to develop specification standards, promote a set of interoperability guidelines, and provide a certification program for devices involved in the Internet of Things (IoT). It has become one of the biggest industrial connectivity standards organizations for IoT, including in its membership Samsung Electronics, Intel, Microsoft, Qualcomm and Electrolux. Currently, there are more than 300 member companies. source: wikipedia
OpenFog Architecture Overview
The OpenFog Architecture is a system-level architecture that extends elements of compute, networking and storage across the cloud through to the edge of the network. This approach is particularly suited to IoT systems and accelerates the decision-making velocity. This architecture serves a specific subset of business problems that can’t be successfully implemented using “cloud only” based architectures or relying solely on intelligent edge devices. OpenFog should be thought of as complementary to, and an extension of the traditional cloud based model where implementations of the architecture can reside in multiple layers of a network’s topology. The goal of the OpenFog architecture is to facilitate deployments which highlight interoperability, performance, security, scalability, programmability, reliability, availability, serviceability, and agility. Proprietary or single vendor solutions can result in limited supplier diversity, which can have a negative impact on market adoption, system cost, quality and innovation.
The OpenFog Consortium work is done by committees and workgroups focused on specific tasks aligned to our mission. This work includes technical work; influencing standards development through liaisons with other organizations; testbed; promoting innovation and industry interest in fog computing; and industry education.
OpenFog Consortium
The OpenFog Reference Architecture (OpenFog RA) is intended to help business leaders, software developers, silicon architects, and system designers create and maintain the hardware, software and system elements necessary for fog computing.
OpenFog Reference Architecture
OpenFog Reference Architecture for Fog Computing
ORION Context Broker
Performance is completion of a task with application of knowledge, skills and abilities
Performance
Periodic Communication
Physical Connectivity is the concern including all aspects of low-level connectivity and transporting a physical (electrical) signal from A to B. This might be achieved through wired connections (e.g. ethernet) but also wireless (e.g. WIFI).
Physical Connectivity
Physical Web - The Physical Web enables you to see a list of URLs being broadcast by objects in the environment around you with a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacon. (source: https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-protocols/)
Physical Web
A plant manager is responsible for the functioning of a plant/facility.
Plant Manager
Facility Manager
Platform Industry 4.0
Plattform Industrie 4.0
Information privacy, or data privacy (or data protection), is the relationship between collection and dissemination of data, technology, the public expectation of privacy, and the legal and political issues surrounding them. Privacy concerns exist wherever personally identifiable information or other sensitive information is collected, stored, used, and finally destroyed or deleted – in digital form or otherwise. Improper or non-existent disclosure control can be the root cause for privacy issues. Data privacy issues can arise in response to information from a wide range of sources, such as: * Healthcare records * Criminal justice investigations and proceedings * Financial institutions and transactions * Biological traits, such as genetic material * Residence and geographic records * Ethnicity * Privacy breach * Location-based service and geolocation * Web surfing behavior or user preferences using persistent cookies. (source: wikipedia)
Privacy
"Isolation would be another issue at the edge of the network. In mobile OS, if an application fails or crashes, the whole system will usually crash and reboot. Or in a distributed system the shared resource could be managed with different synchronization mechanisms such as a lock or token ring. "
Isolation
PLM is the process of managing the entire lifecycle of a product from inception, through engineering design and manufacture, to service and disposal of manufactured products. Related areas are PLMManagement, Modeling Practice, Product Model Data exchange, Manufacturing Model Data, Product Catalog Data.
Product Development Life-Cycle Phase
Product Development Life Cycle
Product Liability
Product Manager
Collections of machines, equipment, and auxiliary systems organized to create goods and services from various resources.
Production System Life Cycle
In the edge computing, computation is offloaded from the cloud, and the edge nodes are most likely heterogeneous platforms. In this case, the runtime of these nodes differ from each other, and the programmer faces huge difficulties to write an application that may be deployed in the edge computing paradigm.
Publications referred: ' <https://www.openfogconsortium.org/wp-content/uploads/OpenFog_Reference_Architecture_2_09_17-FINAL.pdf> OPFRA001.020817' '4.5 Programmability Pillar' 'Page 29'
Data provenance includes the data's origins, what happens to it and where it moves/moved over time.
Provenance Tracking
While complete anonymity is not feasibe in an IoT scenario, pseudonimity should be supported.
Pseudonimity
Specifies a Publication. E.g., International Standards,Technical Specifications,Publicly Available Specifications,Amendments Technical Corrigenda,Interpretation Sheets,Technical Reports,Guides
Publication
Quality of service (QoS) is the overall performance of a telephony or computer network, particularly the performance seen by the users of the network. To quantitatively measure quality of service, several related aspects of the network service are often considered, such as error rates, bit rate, throughput, transmission delay, availability, jitter, etc. In the field of computer networking and other packet-switched telecommunication networks, quality of service refers to traffic prioritization and resource reservation control mechanisms rather than the achieved service quality. (source: wikipedia)
Quality of Service
RAMI Asset Layer
RAMI Business Layer
RAMI Communication Layer
RAMI Functional Layer
Administration Shell Header
find better class assignment
RAMI Information Layer
RAMI Integration Layer
RAML (RESTful API Modeling Language) - Makes it easy to manage the whole API lifecycle from design to sharing. It's concise - you only write what you need to define - and reusable. (source: https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-protocols/)
RAML
REST (Representational state transfer) - RESTful HTTP (source: https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-protocols/)
REST
Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Communication Layers
This is one RFC of a pair that defines and discusses the requirements for Internet host software. This RFC covers the communications protocol layers: link layer, IP layer, and transport layer; its companion RFC-1123 covers the application and support protocols.
RFC 1122
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application-level protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. It is a generic, stateless, protocol which can be used for many tasks beyond its use for hypertext, such as name servers and distributed object management systems, through extension of its request methods, error codes and headers. A feature of HTTP is the typing and negotiation of data representation, allowing systems to be built independently of the data being transferred.
HTTP/1.1
RFC 2616
This memo describes how to use TLS to secure HTTP connections over the Internet. Current practice is to layer HTTP over SSL (the predecessor to TLS), distinguishing secured traffic from insecure traffic by the use of a different server port. This document documents that practice using TLS. A companion document describes a method for using HTTP/TLS over the same port as normal HTTP [RFC2817].
HTTPS
RFC 2818
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
LDAP
This document specifies Version 1.2 of the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol. The TLS protocol provides communications security over the Internet. The protocol allows client/server applications to communicate in a way that is designed to prevent eavesdropping, tampering, or message forgery.
RFC 5246
This specification describes how to use bearer tokens in HTTP requests to access OAuth 2.0 protected resources. Any party in possession of a bearer token (a "bearer") can use it to get access to the associated resources (without demonstrating possession of a cryptographic key). To prevent misuse, bearer tokens need to be protected from disclosure in storage and in transport.
RFC 6750
OAuth2.0
The Constrained Application Protocol
The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a specialized web transfer protocol for use with constrained nodes and constrained (e.g., low-power, lossy) networks. The nodes often have 8-bit microcontrollers with small amounts of ROM and RAM, while constrained networks such as IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs) often have high packet error rates and a typical throughput of 10s of kbit/s. The protocol is designed for machine-to-machine (M2M) applications such as smart energy and building automation.
RFC 7252
CoAP
JSON Web Token (JWT) is a compact, URL-safe means of representing claims to be transferred between two parties. The claims in a JWT are encoded as a JSON object that is used as the payload of a JSON Web Signature (JWS) structure or as the plaintext of a JSON Web Encryption (JWE) structure, enabling the claims to be digitally signed or integrity protected with a Message Authentication Code (MAC) and/or encrypted.
JSON Web Token
RFC 7519
This specification describes an optimized expression of the semantics of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), referred to as HTTP version 2 (HTTP/2). HTTP/2 enables a more efficient use of network resources and a reduced perception of latency by introducing header field compression and allowing multiple concurrent exchanges on the same connection. It also introduces unsolicited push of representations from servers to clients. This specification is an alternative to, but does not obsolete, the HTTP/1.1 message syntax. HTTP's existing semantics remain unchanged.
HTTP/2
RFC 7540
SCIM Use Cases
This document provides definitions and an overview of the System for Cross-domain Identity Management (SCIM). It lays out the system's concepts, models and flows, and includes user scenarios, use cases, and requirements.
RFC 7642
SCIM Core Schema
This document provides a platform neutral schema and extension model for representing users and groups and other resource types in JSON format. This schema is intended for exchange and use with cloud service providers.
RFC 7643
SCIM API
The System for Cross-Domain Identity Management (SCIM) specification is an HTTP based protocol that makes managing identities in multi domain scenarios easier to support through a standardized service. Examples include but are not limited to enterprise to cloud service providers, and inter-cloud based scenarios. The specification suite seeks to build upon experience with existing schemas and deployments, placing specific emphasis on simplicity of development and integration, while applying existing authentication, authorization, and privacy models. SCIM's intent is to reduce the cost and complexity of user management operations by providing a common user schema, an extension model, and a service protocol defined by this document.
RFC 7644
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
In computer networking, the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core members of the Internet protocol suite. The protocol was designed by David P. Reed in 1980 and formally defined in RFC 768. With UDP, computer applications can send messages, in this case referred to as datagrams, to other hosts on an Internet Protocol (IP) network. Prior communications are not required in order to set up communication channels or data paths.
RFC 768
TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL
This document describes the DoD Standard Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). There have been nine earlier editions of the ARPA TCP specification on which this standard is based, and the present text draws heavily from them. There have been many contributors to this work both in terms of concepts and in terms of text. This edition clarifies several details and removes the end-of-letter buffer-size adjustments, and redescribes the letter mechanism as a push function.
RFC 793
CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) is an application layer protocol that is intended for use in resource-constrained internet devices, such as WSN nodes. CoAP is designed to easily translate to HTTP for simplified integration with the web, while also meeting specialized requirements such as multicast support, very low overhead, and simplicity. The CoRE group has proposed the following features for CoAP: RESTful protocol design minimizing the complexity of mapping with HTTP, Low header overhead and parsing complexity, URI and content-type support, Support for the discovery of resources provided by known CoAP services. Simple subscription for a resource, and resulting push notifications, Simple caching based on max-age. (source: https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-protocols/)
ROLL / RPL (IPv6 routing for low power/lossy networks) (source: https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-protocols/)
ROLL
RPMA (Random phase multiple access) A technology communication system employing direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) with multiple access. (source: https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-protocols/)
RPMA
The user shall be able to control the radio activity of the system.
Radio activity control
A standard for asynchronous stream processing with non-blocking back pressure on the JVM. (source: https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-protocols/)
Reactive Streams
In computer science, real-time computing (RTC), or reactive computing describes hardware and software systems subject to a "real-time constraint", for example from event to system response. Real-time programs must guarantee response within specified time constraints, often referred to as "deadlines". Systems of this type whose correctness depends on their temporal aspects as well as their functional aspects. Real-time responses are often understood to be in the order of milliseconds, and sometimes microseconds.
Real Time Analytics
Organizations are ultimately legally responsible for their process compliance and data security, Even though the data is in a public cloud.
Regulatory Compliance
In computer networking, a reliable protocol provides reliability properties with respect to the delivery of data to the intended recipient(s), as opposed to an unreliable protocol, which does not provide notifications to the sender as to the delivery of transmitted data. (source: wikipedia)
Reliability
Resilience is the ability to provide and maintain an acceptable level of service in the face of faults and challenges to normal operation.” Threats and challenges for services can range from simple misconfiguration over large scale natural disasters to targeted attacks. As such, network resilience touches a very wide range of topics. In order to increase the resilience of a given communication network, the probable challenges and risks have to be identified and appropriate resilience metrics have to be defined for the service to be protected. (source: wikipedia)
Resilience
Return On Investment
Organizations will be generally exposed to a broad range of different risks, by adopting the cloud computing. Managing these risks is very important concern, as the successful implementation of cloud computing relies upon the appropriate managing, reducing, as well as mitigating these risks linked to cloud computing
Risk Management
The necessity to categorize participants of a network (users or components) by roles according to the contributions they provide and the demands they have. Examples are identity provider, analytics service, data provider etc. Not to be confused with 'role-based access control', which distinguishes users according to their organizational group, e.g. adimistrators, managers, data analysts etc.
Role Categorization
IETF System for Cross-domain Identity Management (SCIM) 2.0
The System for Cross-domain Identity Management (SCIM) specification is designed to make managing user identities in cloud-based applications and services easier. The specification suite seeks to build upon experience with existing schemas and deployments, placing specific emphasis on simplicity of development and integration, while applying existing authentication, authorization, and privacy models. Its intent is to reduce the cost and complexity of user management operations by providing a common user schema and extension model, as well as binding documents to provide patterns for exchanging this schema using standard protocols. In essence: make it fast, cheap, and easy to move users in to, out of, and around the cloud.
SCIM
Functional safety (as defined by the IDS) is the ability of a system to prevent physical damage.
Safety is the state of being "safe" (from French sauf), the condition of being protected from harm or other non-desirable outcomes. Safety can also refer to the control of recognized hazards in order to achieve an acceptable level of risk. (source: wikipedia)
Safety
Scalability is the capability of a system, network, or process to handle a growing amount of work, or its potential to be enlarged in order to accommodate that growth. For example, it can refer to the capability of a system to increase its total output under an increased load when resources (typically hardware) are added. An analogous meaning is implied when the word is used in an economic context, where scalability of a company implies that the underlying business model offers the potential for economic growth within the company. Scalability, as a property of systems, is generally difficult to define and in any particular case it is necessary to define the specific requirements for scalability on those dimensions that are deemed important. It is a highly significant issue in electronics systems, databases, routers, and networking. (source: wikipedia)
Scalability
This concern frames everything necessary to establish and conduct a secure communication channel, which cannot be read, intercepted or altered by a third party. Especially relevant are encrypting techniques.
Secure Communication
Information security, sometimes shortened to InfoSec, is the practice of defending information from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, inspection, recording or destruction. It is a general term that can be used regardless of the form the data may take (e.g. electronic, physical). (source: wikipedia)
Security
Users should be able to monitor and control the security and privacy settings of all the devices that they own.
Security Configuration
Due to the diversity of cloud computing service suppliers, it is a challenge for organizations to pick am appropriate service supplier. In selection of a cloud provider, organizations ought to look at different elements, like the reputation and size of the company of service supplier, in terms of number of employees, share of the market, as well as their other resources
Selection of Service Provider
Beyond the ability of two or more computer systems to exchange information, semantic interoperability is the ability to automatically interpret the information exchanged meaningfully and accurately in order to produce useful results as defined by the end users of both systems. To achieve semantic interoperability, both sides must refer to a common information exchange reference model. source: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperability>
Semantic Interoperability
Publications referred: '<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2016.10.003>' '3.2. Direction toward Io<*>' 'Page 315'
The concern of being able to measure values from a defined environment.
Sensing
Service access control is the selective restriction of access to a specific (web) service or process. The act of accessing may mean consuming, entering, or using. Permission to access a service is called service authorization. Locks and login credentials are two analogous mechanisms of access control. (source: wikipedia)
Service Access Control
2 to n Data Apps/Services/Data Provider are connected (without a central coordinator)
Service choreography is a form of service composition in which the interaction protocol between several partner services is defined from a global perspective.The intuition underlying the notion of service choreography can be summarised as follows: “Dancers dance following a global scenario without a single point of control" That is, at run-time each participant in a service choreography executes its part of it (i.e. its role) according to the behavior of the other participants.A choreography's role specifies the expected messaging behavior of the participants that will play it in terms of the sequencing and timing of the messages that they can consume and produce. (source: wikipedia)
Service Choreography
2 to n Data Apps/Devices/Services are connected
In computing, service composability is a design principle, applied within the service-orientation design paradigm, that encourages the design of services that can be reused in multiple solutions that are themselves made up of composed services. The ability to recompose the service is ideally independent of the size and complexity of the service composition. This principle is directly responsible for the agility promised by SOA as it promotes composing new solutions by reusing existing services. (source: wikipedia)
Service Composition
Software deployment is all of the activities that make a software system available for use. The general deployment process consists of several interrelated activities with possible transitions between them. These activities can occur at the producer side or at the consumer side or both. Because every software system is unique, the precise processes or procedures within each activity can hardly be defined. Therefore, "deployment" should be interpreted as a general process that has to be customized according to specific requirements or characteristics. (source: wikipedia)
Service Deployment
A Service Description plays an important role in enabling access to a service. Most service description languages are designed for machine consumption, allowing for the automatic creation of code skeletons, easier search, and classification of services. However, people may also find descriptions useful to learn about the use of parameters or the precise semantics of some operation. (https://www.w3.org/standards/webofservices/description)
Service Description
How to find desired (Web) services, Data Apps, functionalities.
Service Discovery
Publications referred: '<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2016.10.003>' '2.8.2. Societal data service' 'Page 309'
Service isolation via a process group (as done with Docker) or by least privilege with clear separation and support for additional security modules (as done by trustme).
Service Isolation
A service-level agreement (SLA) is defined as an official commitment that prevails between a service provider and the customer. Particular aspects of the service – quality, availability, responsibilities – are agreed between the service provider and the service user. The most common component of SLA is that the services should be provided to the customer as agreed upon in the contract. As an example, Internet service providers and telcos will commonly include service level agreements within the terms of their contracts with customers to define the level(s) of service being sold in plain language terms. In this case the SLA will typically have a technical definition in terms of mean time between failures (MTBF), mean time to repair or mean time to recovery (MTTR); identifying which party is responsible for reporting faults or paying fees; responsibility for various data rates; throughput; jitter; or similar measurable details. (source: wikipedia)
Service level agreement
Information lifecycle management (ILM) refers to strategies for administering storage systems on computing devices. ILM is the practice of applying certain policies to effective information management. This practice had its basis in the management of information in paper or other physical forms (microfilm, negatives, photographs, audio or video recordings and other assets). ILM includes every phase of a "record" from its beginning to its end. And while it is generally applied to information that rises to the classic definition of a record (and thus related to records management), it applies to all informational assets. (source: wikipedia)
Service life-cycle management
A Service/Data App are connected with Data Provider, other Services/Data Apps in order to fulfill a certain task, orchestrates by a central entity.
Service Orchestration
Publications referred: '<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2016.10.003>' '2.2.2. Middleware enablement' 'Page 300'
The ability of a system to invoke or deploy the desired service/Data App.
Service Selection
Organizations should make sure that the cloud provider imitates the data and provides services in case the major site is down. Find out the time to restore services and the data loss if any, in case the chief site goes down.
Service Recovery
Software update is the process that prevents compromise an IoT based system. Organizations are yet to be geared up with mechanisms to Remotely Patch Connected Devices.
Software Updates
A system shall have a semantic understanding of distance and location.
Spatial modeling
A stakeholder is an individual, team, organization or classes thereof,having an interest in a concern and by extension an interest in the viewpoint and system.
Stakeholder
Publications referred: 'IIC:PUB:G1:V1.80:20170131' '4.1 STAKEHOLDERS' 'Page 20'
Copyright © 2016 IEC Geneva, Switzerland.
A document, established by consensus and approved by a recognized body, that provides, for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their results, aimed at the achievement of the optimum degree of order in a given context.
Standard
Describes categorization areas that the different Standardizations Initiatives use to category Standards.
Standard Classification
Define the standards organizations that develop and publish industry standards
StandardOrganization
Typically Standards are divided into parts. E.g., ISA 95 has part Part 1: Models and Terminology, Part 2: Object Model Attributes, etc.
Describes existings Standardizations Initiatives, e.g, RAMI, NIST.
Standarization Framework
Reference Architecture
Stream processing is a computer programming paradigm, equivalent to dataflow programming, event stream processing, and reactive programming, that allows some applications to more easily exploit a limited form of parallel processing. (source: wikipedia)
Stream processing
If two or more systems are capable of communicating with each other, they exhibit syntactic interoperability when using specified data formats and communication protocols. XML or SQL standards are among the tools of syntactic interoperability. This is also true for lower-level data formats, such as ensuring alphabetical characters are stored in a same variation of ASCII or a Unicode format (for English or international text) in all the communicating systems. source: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperability>
Syntactic Interoperability
UNI.327
Publications referred: '<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2016.10.003>' '2.8.2. Societal data service' 'Page 308'
System Engineer
Software evolution is the term used in software engineering (specifically software maintenance) to refer to the process of developing software initially, then repeatedly updating it for various reasons. (source: wikipedia)
System evolution
System Recovery
Specifies that a given Publication is a Technical Report
Technical Reports contain collected data of a kind different from that normally published as an International Standard, for example data obtained from a survey carried out among national committees, data of work in other international organizations or data on "the state of the art" in relation to standards of national committees on a particular subject.Technical Reports are entirely informative in nature and shall not contain matter implying that they are normative
Technical Report
Specifies that a given Publication is a Technical Specification
Technical Specifications are often published when the subject under question is still under development or when insufficient consensus for approval of an International Standard is available.Technical Specifications approach International Standards in terms of detail and completeness, but have not yet passed through all approval stages either because consensus has not been reached or because standardization is seen to be premature.
Technical Specification
A Technology is an implementation of one or many standards in order to achieve a goal.
Technology
The Industrial Internet of Things Volume G5: Connectivity Framework
The Industrial Internet of Things Volume G5: Connectivity Framework IIC:PUB:G5:V1.0:PB:20170228
'Things' in terms of physical objects in the IoT need to be described in order to identify them and to provide further information.
Thing description
A Thing in terms of Internet of Things (IoT) needs to be moveable.
Thing mobility
Physical objects need to be represented.
Thing representation
Time Synchronization
Synchronization refers to one of two distinct but related concepts: synchronization of processes, and synchronization of data. Process synchronization refers to the idea that multiple processes are to join up or handshake at a certain point, in order to reach an agreement or commit to a certain sequence of action. Data synchronization refers to the idea of keeping multiple copies of a dataset in coherence with one another, or to maintain data integrity. Process synchronization primitives are commonly used to implement data synchronization. (sourc: wikipedia)
The advent of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) also raises challenges with respect to security and privacy of sensitive and personal data that is created by sensors and processed by services hosted in different administrative domains. The Industrial Data Space initiative addresses these challenges and proposes a secure edge gateway platform named "Trusted Connector". In this report, we introduce the main security building blocks of the Trusted Connector and point out how they help protecting business-critical data and preserving the user's privacy.
IDS Trusted Connector
Trustworthiness is the degree of confidence one has that the system performs as expected in respect to all the key system characteristics in the face of environmental disruptions, human errors, system faults and attacks. source: IISF
Trustworthiness
one-to-one connectivity
Unicast
Productive systems must inherently cover issues caused by unreliable networks.
Unreliable Network
Interaction design, often abbreviated as IxD, is defined as "the practice of designing interactive digital products, environments, systems, and services." While the digital side of this statement is true, Interaction design is also valid when creating physical (non-digital) products, covering the ideology of how a user may interact with it. (source: wikipedia)
User Interaction
Users can have the possibility to prefer one service over another for any reason.
User Preferences
There is a lot of competition among vendors to dominate the cloud market. According to Columbus’ report, a study conducted by IDG Cloud Computing Study realized that Cloud investment rose by 19% in larger scale enterprises consisting of more than a thousand employees who spend a mean of $3.3 million annually.
Vendor Lockin
ISO 42010 definition of a Viewpoint
Entities are provided through a virtual form.
Virtual Entity
UNI.030
UNI.066
X-Road Architecture Technical Specification Version: 1.0 18.09.2015 15 pages Doc. ID: ARC-G
Abbreviated name of the thing.
has Abbreviated Name
indicates that some Standard Classification entity has a similar scope as another. This property most probably is symmetric but not transitive.
alignes With
A Standard Organization that belongs to the country
belongs To
Points the Standard with the name of the Industrial Domain
has Domain Name
Formation date of the Organization
has Formation Date
A relation specifying that a vewpoint regards a Concern.
frames
Languages in which the document of the Standard is available, e.g., English, French, Spanish
Points to Languages in which the standard document is available, e.g., English, French, etc. Defined as subProperty of dcterms:language
has Available Language
hasAvailableLanguage
An Standard is isCategorizedBy a given Categorization Area which is connected to a specific Standarization Initiative
has Classification
The organization that developed this Standard
has Developer
Indicates the current Edition/Version number of the document.
has Edition
The size of document file in some unit, e.g., 104 Kilobyte.
has File Size
1. Reference for om2:Measure <http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/page/om-2/Measure> 2. om2:Measure om2:hasNumericalValue xsd:float; 3. om2:Measure om2:hasUnit om2:Unit; 4. om2:hasUnit om2:InformationCapacityUnit; is another possibility for range that could not be verified. 5. rdfs:seeAlso <http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/page/om-2/kilobyte> 6. Documentation on Measure <https://github.com/HajoRijgersberg/OM>
Denotes the countries in which the Headquarter of the organization who publishes the Standart
has Headquater In
Serves as a catalogue of International Classification For Standards
has ICS
Describes the name of the implementation or serialization format of the Publication, e.g., XML, Document, binary, batch
has Implementation Format
Specifies the objectives for the different ISA 95 levels.
has Objective
Point to the URL of a recognized Ontology representation of the Standard
has Ontology
Indicates the number of pages in the document.
has Pages
Indicates the list of Standards that are previous versions of a Standard. For example,IEC 60038:2009 has IEC 60038:1983+AMD1:1994+AMD2:1997,IEC 60038:1983/AMD2:1997,IEC 60038:1983/AMD1:1994,IEC 60038:1983,IEC 60038:1975/AMD1:1977,IEC 60038:1975,IEC 60038:1967,IEC 60038:1954,IEC 60038:1938,IEC 60038:1927 as previous versions.
has Previous Version
Publication date of the Publication
has Publication Date
The organization that published this Standard
has Publisher
Stability date of a publication. Publications are valid for a certain period, i.e., the Stability Period. This property defines the end of the stability period.
has Stability Date
The data specified is not actually a Date but an Year
Publication status of the Standard, e.g., Valid, Revised, Published, under preparation, Released
has Status
The relation declaring that a standard is relevant or targets a certain concern.
has Target Concern
Specifies the tasks for the different ISA 95 levels.
has Task
Specifies the Technical Committee or a Sub-Committee that is responsible for creation and maintenance of a standard
has Technical Committee
iSHARE is a uniform set of agreements or a scheme for identification, authentication and authorization. All companies that join the iSHARE Scheme comply with the set of agreements. They all use the same methods to both provide and gain access to data. (source: iShare: 'It is not a platform…')
iShare
It is a guide intended for those who want to acquaint themselves more thoroughly with the X-tee (e.g. theose who are working for an organisation which will soon join the X-tee). It introduces the X-tee’s complex terminological system slowly and in a comprehensible way, so that the reader can painlessly achieve the preliminary familiarity with the X-tee necessary to engage with more explicitly technical and complex manuals. (source: https://www.ria.ee/en/state-information-system/x-tee/introduction-x-tee.html)
Introduction of X-tee
Links the Standarization Frameworks with the Classification of Standards
is Described in
Represent the relation that connects two standards when standard A is the implementation of standard B, e.g., B2MML isImplementationOf ISA-95.
is Implementation Of
Name of the Organization
Org Name
Represent any type of relation that connects two standards.
related To
has Associated Standard
Name of the standard part.
std Part Name
Standard A uses the structure of Standard B. For example, OPC UA uses Structure Of IEC_61804 (EDDL)
use Structure Of
Defines that Standard A uses Standard B. For example, IEC_62714(AML) uses MathML.
uses
x-road Deplyoment View
x-road Protocols and Interfaces
x-road Section
x-road System Components
x-road Technology Matrix
x-Tee
A relation between two different concerns where dealing with the subject Concern supports in achieving the object concern
This work is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Industrial IoT Architecture Ontology
Standards Ontology
An ontology to describe standards related to Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing
An ontology to describe the landscape of IIoT, Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing
The Internet of things (IoT) is the network of devices such as vehicles, and home appliances that contain electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity which allows these things to connect, interact and exchange data.
TODO: model IDS concepts correctly
Trusted Connector