D3FEND™ - A knowledge graph of cybersecurity countermeasures
type: Ontology
version IRI: d3fend.owl
release-date: 2024-04-26T00:00:00+00:00
description: D3FEND is a framework which encodes a countermeasure knowledge base as a knowledge graph. The graph contains the types and relations that define key concepts in the cybersecurity countermeasure domain and the relations necessary to link those concepts to each other. Each of these concepts and relations are linked to references in the cybersecurity literature.
license: MIT
comment: Use of the D3FEND Knowledge Graph, and the associated references from this ontology are subject to the Terms of Use. D3FEND is funded by the National Security Agency (NSA) Cybersecurity Directorate and managed by the National Security Engineering Center (NSEC) which is operated by The MITRE Corporation. D3FEND™ and the D3FEND logo are trademarks of The MITRE Corporation. This software was produced for the U.S. Government under Basic Contract No. W56KGU-18-D0004, and is subject to the Rights in Noncommercial Computer Software and Noncommercial Computer Software Documentation Clause 252.227-7014 (FEB 2012) Copyright 2022 The MITRE Corporation.
version info: 0.15.0

attack-id
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: x attack-id y: The offensive technique x has the att&ck unique id of y.
sub property of: attack-kb-annotation
range: string
domain: Offensive Technique

attack-kb-annotation
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: x attack-kb-annotation y: The offensive technique x has the kb annotation of y.
sub property of: d3fend-annotation
domain: Offensive Technique

cwe-id
type: AnnotationProperty
sub property of: cwe-kb-annotation

cwe-kb-annotation
type: AnnotationProperty
sub property of: d3fend-annotation

d3fend-annotation
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: x d3fend-annotation y: The d3fend object x has the annotation y.
sub property of: versionInfo

d3fend-catalog-annotation-property
type: AnnotationProperty
alternative label: d3fend-vendor-registry-annotation-property
sub property of: d3fend-annotation

d3fend-display-annotation
type: AnnotationProperty
sub property of: d3fend-annotation

d3fend-kb-annotation-property
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: x d3fend-kb-annotation-property y: The entity x had the d3fend kb annotation y.
sub property of: d3fend-annotation

d3fend-kb-reference-annotation
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: x d3fend-kb-data-property y: The reference x has the data property y.
sub property of: d3fend-kb-annotation-property
range: string
domain: Reference

definition
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: x definition y: The d3fend object x has the definition y.
sub property of: d3fend-annotation

description
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: A statement that represents something in words.
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-annotation-property

display-baseurl
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: A base string to use as prefix to create a full URL for an entity. The baseurl must end in a forward slash: /
sub property of: d3fend-display-annotation

display-order
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: x display-order y: An object x should be displayed in ordinal position y when placed or listed in a d3fend display with other objects of its kind.
sub property of: d3fend-display-annotation

display-priority
type: AnnotationProperty
sub property of: d3fend-display-annotation

kb-abstract
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: x kb-abstract y: The reference x has the abstract y.
sub property of: d3fend-kb-reference-annotation
range: string
domain: Reference

kb-article
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: The technique x has the kb-article y, where y is written in Markdown.
sub property of: d3fend-kb-reference-annotation
range: string
domain: Technique

kb-author
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: x kb-author y: The reference x has some author y.
sub property of: d3fend-kb-reference-annotation
range: string
domain: Reference

kb-mitre-analysis
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: x kb-mitre-analysis y: The reference x has the mitre d3fend analysis y.
sub property of: d3fend-kb-annotation-property
range: string
domain: Reference

kb-organization
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: x kb-organization y: The reference x was created or owned by the organization y.
sub property of: d3fend-kb-annotation-property

label
type: AnnotationProperty
sub property of: label

pref-label
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: x pref-label y: The preferred display value for x is y in d3fend tools.
sub property of: d3fend-annotation

release-date
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: x release-date y: The object x has the release-date y.
sub property of: d3fend-annotation
sub property of: versionInfo

synonym
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: an equivalent term.
sub property of: d3fend-annotation

isDefinedBy
type: AnnotationProperty

abuses
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: uses
definition: x abuses y: The entity x applies an artifact y to a wrong thing or person; x applies y badly or incorrectly.
alternative label: misapplies
alternative label: misuses

accessed-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
sub property of: may-be-accessed-by
inverse of: accesses

accesses
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
sub property of: may-access
range: Network Resource
definition: x accesses y: An subject x takes the action of reading from, writing into, or executing the stored information in the object y. Reads, writes, and executes are specific cases of accesses.

addressed-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
inverse of: addresses
domain: Resource
range: Identifier
definition: x addressed-by y: Relates a resource x (e.g., network host, peripheral device, disk sector, a memory cell or other logical or physical entity) to a discrete address y in an address space that points to it.

addresses
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
domain: Identifier
range: Resource
definition: x addresses y: Relates a pointer x to a digital artifact y located in the address space to which x points. The address space is part of some digital store, whether it be in memory, an image, or a persistent storage device.
alternative label: points-to

adds
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
sub property of: may-add
definition: x adds y: The subject x adds a data object y, such as a file, to some other digital artifact, such as a directory. Examples include an agent or technique adding a record to a database. or a domain entry to a DNS server.

analyzes
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
sub property of: detects
definition: x analyzes y: The subject x break down object y into components or essential features, assessing y by quantitative methods, qualitative methods, or both. Usually the analysis is done in terms of some model or framework.

assessed-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-object-property
inverse of: assesses

assesses
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-object-property
domain: Defensive Technique Claim
range: Defensive Technique Assessment

associated-with
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-be-associated-with
definition: x associated-with y: The subject x and object y are associated in some way. This is the most general definite relationship in d3fend (i.e., most general relationship that is not prefixed by 'may-'.)

attached-to
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
definition: x attached-to y: A subject x is joined in close association to an object y.

attack-may-be-countered-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-be-tactically-associated-with

authenticates
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
sub property of: hardens
definition: x authenticates y: The subject x establishes the authenticity of some y. This relation indicates an authentication event has occurred.

author
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: creator

authorizes
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
sub property of: hardens
definition: x authorizes y: A subject x grants authorization or clearance for an agent y to use an object. This relation indicates an authorization event has occurred.

blocks
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: counters
sub property of: filters
definition: x blocks y: The entity x blocks off the use of digital artifact y by reference to a block or allow list (or both.)

broader
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: semantic-relation

broader-transitive
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: semantic-relation

cited-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-object-property
inverse of: cites

cites
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-object-property
inverse of: d3fend-catalog-object-property
range: Information Content Entity

claimed-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-object-property
inverse of: claims

claims
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-object-property

configures
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
sub property of: hardens

connects
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
definition: x connects y: The subject x joins system y by means of communication equipment (to some other system, typically the adversary-targeted host).

contained-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
sub property of: may-be-contained-by
inverse of: contains
type: TransitiveProperty

contains
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
sub property of: may-contain
type: TransitiveProperty
definition: x contains y: A core relation that holds between a whole x and its part y. Equivalent to relational concept 'has part' and thus transitive.

copies
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: creates
definition: x copies y: An technique or agent x reproduces or makes and exact copy of some digital artifact y.

copy-of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
definition: x copy-of y: The subject x is a duplicate of the object y

counters
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-object-property
sub property of: may-counter

created-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
sub property of: may-be-created-by
inverse of: creates

creates
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
sub property of: may-create
definition: x creates y: The subject x bring into existence an object y. Some technique or agent x creates a persistent digital artifact y (as opposed to production of a consumable or transient object.); i.e., bring forth or generate

creator
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: contributor

d3fend-catalog-object-property
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-object-property
alternative label: d3fend-vendor-registry-object-property

d3fend-general-object-property
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-object-property

d3fend-kb-object-property
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-object-property
definition: x d3fend-kb-object-property y: The object y is a d3fend knowledge base object property. These properties allow the linkage of knowledge and information supporting and illustrating the d3fend model.

d3fend-process-object-property
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-object-property

d3fend-tactical-verb-property
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-object-property
domain: Defensive Technique
range: Artifact

deceives
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: counters

deceives-with
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-tactical-verb-property

deletes
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: evicts
sub property of: modifies
definition: x deletes y: A technique or agent x wipes out the digitally or magnetically recorded information of digital object y.

dependent
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
definition: x dependent y: A dependent y is an entity that requires the fulfillment of the requirements specified in dependency x.

depends-on
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
inverse of: has-dependent
isDefinedBy: x depends-on y: The entity x is contingent on y being available; x relies on y.

detects
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: counters
sub property of: d3fend-tactical-verb-property

disables
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: evicts
sub property of: may-disable
sub property of: modifies
definition: x disables y: The technique or agent x makes an entity y unable to perform its actions or capabilities.

drives
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
definition: x drives y: The device driver x causes a system component y to function by controlling it.

employed-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
inverse of: employs
definition: x employed-by y: An entity x is put into service by a technique or agent y. Inverse of y employs x.

employs
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with

enabled-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
inverse of: enables
definition: x enabled-by y: A top level technique y enables a tactic x, that is, the property indicates that a technique y is used to put a particular tactic x into action. In other words, y renders x capable or able for some task. Inverse of enables.

enables
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
definition: x enables y: A top level technique x enables a tactic y, that is, the property indicates that a technique x is used to put a particular tactic y into action. In other words, x renders y capable or able for some task.

encrypts
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
sub property of: hardens
definition: x encrypts y: The entity x converts the ordinary representation of a digital artifact y into a secret code.

end
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-process-object-property

enumerates
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: reads
definition: definition "x enumerates y: The subject x takes the action of reading from a digital source y to acquire data and create a list of its contents.

evaluated-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
inverse of: evaluates

evaluates
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
sub property of: may-evaluate

evaluator
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: contributor

evicts
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: counters
sub property of: d3fend-tactical-verb-property
sub property of: may-evict

exactly
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: semantic-relation

executed-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
inverse of: executes

executes
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: accesses
sub property of: may-execute
sub property of: runs
definition: x executes y: The subject x takes the action of carrying out (executing) y, which is a single software module, function, or instruction.

expected-latency
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: latency
range: Restriction
  on property: latency
  some values from: Latency

extends
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: modifies
definition: x extends y: The entity x extend the scope or range or area of entity y, especially in the sense of widen the range of applications.

features
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: claims
domain: Capability Feature Claim
range: Capability Feature

filters
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
sub property of: isolates
definition: x filters y: An technique or agent x removes some specified set of of entities from the content of a digital artifact y, by passing an artifact's content through a filter. A filter is a device that removes something from whatever passes through it.

forges
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: creates
definition: x forges y: An technique or agent x counterfeits a digital artifact y, such as a fake credential, with the intent to deceive.

fork
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-process-object-property

hardens
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: counters
sub property of: d3fend-tactical-verb-property

has-account
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: owns
definition: x has-account y: The subject x has ownership or possession of some account y.

has-agent
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has-participant

has-contribution
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-kb-object-property

has-contributor
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-kb-object-property

has-dependent
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with

has-evidence
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-object-property

has-feature
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-object-property

has-implementation
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-object-property

has-location
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
definition: x has-location y: The entity x is situated in a particular spot or position y.
alternative label: located_in

has-mediator
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has-participant

has-member
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-object-property
inverse of: member-of

has-participant
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with

has-procedure
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-general-object-property

has-recipient
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
definition: x has_recipient y: An agent y is the intended recipient and decoder of the information contained in communication x.

has-sender
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
definition: x has_sender y: An agent y is the sender and encoder of the information contained in communication x.

has-weakness
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-have-weakness
inverse of: weakness-of

hides
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
range: Digital Artifact
definition: x hides y: A technique or operation x conceals the digital artifact y.

identified-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
inverse of: identifies

identifies
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with

impairs
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with

implemented-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-object-property
inverse of: implements
range: Capability Implementation

implements
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-object-property
domain: Capability Implementation

initiates
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with

injects
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: executes
definition: x injects y: The subject x takes the action of exploiting a security flaw by introducing (injecting) y, which is code or data that will change the course of execution or state of a computing process to an alternate course or state. Typically code injection is associated with adversaries intending the alternate course to facilitate a malevolent purpose; however, code injection can be unintentional or the intentions behind it may be good or benign.

installs
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
definition: x installs y: An entity x sets up a digital artifact y for subsequent use. For example, an installation program can install application software.

instructed-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
definition: definition "x instructed-by y: A subject x takes machine instructions from object y."

instructs
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
definition: definition "x instructs y: A subject x delivers machine instructions to object y."

interprets
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: executes
sub property of: may-interpret
definition: x interprets y: The subject x interprets the executable script y. The sense of interprets is here 'Parse the source code and perform its behavior directly.'

inventoried-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
inverse of: inventories

inventories
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with

invoked-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
sub property of: may-be-invoked-by
inverse of: invokes

invokes
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: executes
sub property of: may-invoke
definition: x invokes y: The subject x invokes a system service y by use of an instruction object y that interrupts the program being executed and passes control to the operating system to perform that operation.
alternative label: calls

isolates
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
sub property of: d3fend-tactical-verb-property
definition: x isolates y: The technique or agent x sets digital artifact y apart from other digital artifacts, sequestering y.

kb-reference
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-kb-object-property
inverse of: kb-reference-of
alternative label: has-technique-reference

kb-reference-of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-kb-object-property
domain: Reference
range: Technique
definition: x kb-is-example-of y: The reference x is an example of technique y.
alternative label: kb-is-example-of

latency
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-object-property
range: Restriction
  on property: latency
  some values from: Latency

license
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-object-property
range: Restriction
  on property: license
  some values from: License

limits
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: restricts
definition: x limits y: An entity x specifies a designated limit beyond which some entity y cannot function or must be terminated.
alternative label: cutoff

loaded-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
inverse of: loads

loads
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
definition: x loads y: The technique or process x transfers a software from a storage y to a computer's memory for subsequent execution.

manages
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
definition: x manages y: The technique or agent x watches and directs the use of a digital artifact y.
alternative label: oversees
alternative label: supervises

mapped-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
inverse of: maps

maps
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-map

may-access
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-be-associated-with
inverse of: may-be-accessed-by
definition: x may-access y: They entity x may access the thing y; that is, 'x accesses y' may be true.

may-add
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-be-associated-with
definition: x may-add y: They entity x may add the thing y; that is, 'x adds y' may be true.

may-be-accessed-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-be-associated-with

may-be-associated-with
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-object-property
definition: x may-be-associated-with y: The subject x and object y may be associated in some way.

may-be-contained-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-be-associated-with
inverse of: may-contain
type: TransitiveProperty

may-be-created-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-be-associated-with
inverse of: may-create

may-be-deceived-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: attack-may-be-countered-by
inverse of: may-deceive
pref-label: may be deceived by

may-be-detected-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: attack-may-be-countered-by
inverse of: may-detect
pref-label: may be detected by

may-be-evicted-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: attack-may-be-countered-by
inverse of: may-evict
pref-label: may be evicted by

may-be-hardened-against-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: attack-may-be-countered-by
inverse of: may-harden
pref-label: may be hardened against by

may-be-invoked-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-be-associated-with
inverse of: may-invoke

may-be-isolated-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: attack-may-be-countered-by
inverse of: may-isolate
pref-label: may be isolated by

may-be-modified-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-be-associated-with
inverse of: may-modify

may-be-tactically-associated-with
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-be-associated-with
domain: Defensive Technique
range: Offensive Technique
definition: x may-be-tactically-associated-with y: the defensive technique x may be a tactic that counters offensive technique y.

may-be-weakness-of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-be-associated-with
inverse of: may-have-weakness
domain: Weakness
range: Artifact

may-contain
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-be-associated-with
type: TransitiveProperty
definition: to potentially have as contents or constituent parts; comprise; include.

may-counter
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-be-associated-with

may-counter-attack
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-be-tactically-associated-with

may-create
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-be-associated-with
definition: x may-create y: They entity x may create the entity y; that is, 'x creates y' may be true.

may-deceive
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-counter-attack
pref-label: may deceive

may-detect
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-counter-attack
pref-label: may detect

may-disable
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-evict

may-evaluate
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-be-associated-with

may-evict
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-counter
sub property of: may-counter-attack
pref-label: may evict

may-execute
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-be-associated-with
definition: x may execute y: The subject x might take the action of carrying out (executing) y, which is a single software module, function, or instruction.

may-harden
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-counter-attack
pref-label: may harden

may-have-weakness
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-be-associated-with
domain: Artifact
range: Weakness

may-interpret
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-be-associated-with
definition: x may-interpret y: They entity x may interpret the thing y; that is, 'x interprets y' may be true.

may-invoke
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-be-associated-with
definition: x may-invoke y: They entity x may invoke the thing y; that is, 'x invokes y' may be true.

may-isolate
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-counter-attack
pref-label: may isolate

may-map
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-be-associated-with

may-modify
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-be-associated-with
definition: x may-modify y: They entity x may modify the thing y; that is, 'x modifies y' may be true.

may-produce
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-be-associated-with
definition: x may-produce y: They entity x may produce the thing y; that is, 'x produces y' may be true.

may-query
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-be-associated-with

may-run
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-be-associated-with
definition: x may-run y: They entity x may run the thing y; that is, 'x runs y' may be true.

may-transfer
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-be-associated-with
definition: x may-transfer y: They entity x might send the thing y; that is, 'x transfers y' may be true.

member-of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-object-property

modified-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
sub property of: may-be-modified-by
inverse of: modifies

modifies
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: accesses
sub property of: associated-with
sub property of: may-modify
definition: x modifies y: A technique or agent x causes a digital object y to change; become different; or undertake a transformation. Afterwards, the data or state held by a digital object is changed.
alternative label: alters

modifies-part
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-modify
property chain axiom: modifies
property chain axiom: contains
definition: x modifies-part y: The entity x modifies a part of y. [Note: This is a rolification property for the rule 'if one modifies a part of a whole, they modify the whole.' Reasoning for this and similar semantics to come are under evaluation and not part of current d3fend inferences.]

monitors
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
sub property of: detects
definition: x monitors y: The technique or agent x keep tabs on; keeps an eye on; or keep the digital artifact y under surveillance.

narrower
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: semantic-relation

narrower-transitive
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: semantic-relation

neutralizes
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
sub property of: hardens
definition: x neutralizes y: The technique x makes the execution of actions of y ineffective by preventing or counterbalancing the effect of y.

next
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-process-object-property

obfuscates
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: evicts
sub property of: modifies
definition: x obfuscates y: The technique x makes the digital artifact y unclear or obscure. Typically obfuscation is a way to hide a digital artifact from discovery, use, or both.

originates-from
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
definition: x originates-from y: The digital event or artifact x began its network transit from a physical location y.

owns
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
definition: x owns y: The subject x has ownership or possession of some object y.
alternative label: possesses

process-ancestor
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: process-property
type: TransitiveProperty
definition: x process-ancestor y: The process y is a process ancestor of process x, indicating one or more process creation events were conducted were started at process y and subsequently created process x.

process-image-path
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: process-property
definition: x process-image-path y: The filepath y is the process image path for the process x, indicating the path to the resource from which the process's image was loaded.
alternative label: processImagePath

process-parent
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: process-ancestor
definition: x process-parent y: The process y created the process x (directly) with a create process event.
alternative label: processParent

process-property
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
definition: x process-property y: Process x has the a process-property y. This is generalization for specific process object properties.

process-user
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: process-property
definition: x process-user y: The process x has been executed by the user y.
alternative label: processUser

produced-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
inverse of: produces

producer
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-object-property
inverse of: produces

produces
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-object-property
sub property of: may-produce
definition: x produces y: The subject entity x or process produces a data object y, which may be discrete digital object or a stream (e.g., a stream such as network traffic.)
alternative label: outputs

provider
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
definition: x provider y: A provider y is an entity that supplies a service, system, or data resources to a dependent entity x.

provides
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-object-property

publisher
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-object-property
inverse of: publishes

publishes
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-object-property

queries
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
sub property of: may-query

reads
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: accesses
definition: x reads y: The subject x takes the action of reading from a digital source y to acquire data and placing it into volatile memory for processing.

recorded-in
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with

records
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
definition: x records y: The digital artifact x makes a record of events y; set down in permanent form.

regenerates
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
sub property of: hardens
definition: x regenerates y: The entity x discards the current digital artifact y and creates a new version that serves the same function.

related
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: semantic-relation
definition: x related y: x has a symmetric associative relation to y.

restores
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with

restricted-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
inverse of: restricts

restricts
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
definition: x restricts y: An entity x bounds the use of entity y.

resume
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-process-object-property
definition: The agent or technique x continues a previous action on entity y. Usually occurs after suspension on y.

resumes
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
definition: The agent or technique x continues a previous action on entity y. Usually occurs after suspension on y.

runs
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
sub property of: may-run
definition: x runs y: To carry out a process or program y, as on a computer or a machine x; where y may be a large software assembly or a specific module or instruction. Examples: "run a new program on the Mac"; "the computer runs the application software".

seller
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-object-property
inverse of: sells

sells
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-object-property

semantic-relation
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with

spoofs
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
sub property of: deceives-with
definition: x spoofs y: The technique x creates a fake instance of a digital artifact y; that is, y is a decoy, fake, or counterfeit.

start
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: d3fend-process-object-property

strengthens
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
sub property of: hardens
definition: x strengthens y: The technique x make digital artifact y resistant (to harm or misuse.)

submitter
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: contributor

summarizes
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
definition: x summarizes y: The sensor x summarizes a set y of events concerning digital artifacts over time

suspends
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: evicts
definition: x suspends y: The agent or technique x pauses entity y.

terminates
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
sub property of: evicts
definition: x terminates y: The technique x brings to an end or halt to some activity y.
synonym: aborts

unmounts
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
definition: x unmounts y: An operation x removes the access via computer system's file system the availability of files and directories on a storage artifact y. Unmounts reverse or undo prior mount operations.

updates
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hardens
sub property of: modifies
definition: x updates y: The technique x updates the software for component y.

use-limits
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: limits
definition: x use-limits y: An entity x specifies a designated number of uses beyond which some entity y cannot function or must be terminated.

used-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
inverse of: uses
definition: x used-by y: is inverse of y uses x.

uses
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
definition: x uses y: An entity x puts into service a resource or implement y; makes y work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose.

validates
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with
sub property of: hardens
definition: x validates y: The technique x proves the digital artifact y is valid; that is, x shows or confirms the validity of y.

validator
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: contributor

verifies
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: analyzes
sub property of: associated-with
definition: x verifies y: A technique x confirms the truth of a digital artifact y.

weakness-of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: may-be-weakness-of

writes
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: accesses
definition: x writes y: The subject x takes the action of writing to a digital artifact y to store data and placing it into persistent memory for later reference.

archived-at
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-data-property
range: anyURI

attack-kb-data-property
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
alternative label: attack-kb-property

date available
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: date
range: dateTime
definition: Date that the resource became or will become available.

capec-id
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: d3fend-kb-data-property
definition: Unique identifier for a CAPEC technique, i.e. a common attack pattern identified by the pattern CAPEC-[number].

comments
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-data-property
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Capability Feature Claim
range: string
definition: x comments y: x claim has provider comments y.

confidence
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-data-property

control-name
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: d3fend-external-control-data-property
definition: The control (or control enhancement) name.

date created
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: date
range: dateTime
definition: Date of creation of the resource.

d3fend-artifact-data-property
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: d3fend-data-property
domain: Digital Artifact
definition: x d3fend-artifact-data-property y: The artifact x has the data property y.

d3fend-catalog-data-property
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: d3fend-data-property
alternative label: d3fend-vendor-registry-data-property

d3fend-comment
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: d3fend-kb-data-property
definition: x d3fend-comment y: The entity x has an D3FEND team written a public note about entity y.

d3fend-data-property
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty

d3fend-display-property
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: d3fend-data-property
definition: x d3fend-display-property y: An object x should be displayed using the display property y, when it applies.

d3fend-external-control-data-property
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-data-property
sub property of: d3fend-data-property

d3fend-id
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: d3fend-kb-data-property
definition: Unique identifier for a D3FEND technique. D3-[Acronym].

d3fend-kb-data-property
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: d3fend-data-property
definition: x d3fend-kb-data-property y: The d3fend knowledge base object x has a data property y; e.g., a string capturing a particular aspect or section of a knowledge base article.

date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: d3fend-data-property
range: dateTime
definition: A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource.

has-link
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: d3fend-kb-data-property
range: anyURI
definition: x has-link y: The d3fend analysis x has the link y.

identifier
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-data-property
range: string

date issued
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: date
range: dateTime
definition: Date of formal issuance of the resource.

kb-reference-title
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: d3fend-kb-data-property
domain: Reference
range: string
definition: x kb-reference-title y: The d3fend knowledge base reference x has the reference title string y.

date modified
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: date
range: dateTime
definition: Date on which the resource was changed.

name
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-data-property

operating-system
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-data-property
domain: Capability Implementation
range: string
definition: x operating-system y: The product x is supported on operating system y.

process-command-line-arguments
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: process-data-property
definition: x process-command-line-arguments y: The process x has the process command line arguments data y.

process-data-property
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: d3fend-artifact-data-property
definition: x process-data-property y: The process x has the data property y.

process-environmental-variables
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: process-data-property
definition: x process-environment-variables y: The process x has the process environmental variables data y.
alternative label: process-environmental-variable

process-identifier
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: process-data-property
definition: x process-identifier y: The process x has the process identifier y.

process-security-context
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: process-data-property
domain: Process
definition: x process-security-context y: The process x has the process security context data y.

date published
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: date
range: dateTime
definition: Date of publication of the resource.

rating
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-data-property
type: FunctionalProperty

stage
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-data-property
type: FunctionalProperty

text
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-data-property
definition: The text of the document (i.e., terms of license.)

title
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-data-property
range: string
definition: A name given to the resource.

date valid
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: date
range: dateTime
definition: Date (often a range) of validity of a resource.

version
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: d3fend-catalog-data-property
sub property of: d3fend-external-control-data-property
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Capability Implementation
  union of: Control Catalog
range: Datatype
  union of: integer
  union of: string
definition: x version y: The product or service x has the version y.

windows-registry-data-property
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: d3fend-artifact-data-property
definition: x windows-registry-data-property y: The windows registry entry x has the property y.

windows-registry-key
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: windows-registry-data-property
definition: x value y: The key-value pair x has the key y.
alternative label: key

windows-registry-value
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: windows-registry-data-property
definition: x value y: The key-value pair x has the data value y.
alternative label: value

ANN-based Clustering
type: Class
subclass of: Cluster Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-ABC
definition: Combines the principles of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and clustering methods.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Artificial neural network. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network)

ARIMA Model
type: Class
subclass of: Time Series Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-AM
definition: An autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model is a generalization of an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Autoregressive integrated moving average. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoregressive_integrated_moving_average)
synonym: Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model

ARMA Model
type: Class
subclass of: Time Series Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Time Series Analysis
d3fend-id: D3-ARMA
definition: Autoregressive-moving-average (ARMA) models provide a parsimonious description of a (weakly) stationary stochastic process in terms of two polynomials, one for the autoregression (AR) and the second for the moving average (MA).
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Autoregressive-moving-average model. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoregressive%E2%80%93moving-average_model)
synonym: Autoregressive moving average model

ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: semantic-relation
  some values from: Defensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: d3fend-comment
  some values from: string

ATTACK Enterprise Tactic
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Thing

ATTACK Enterprise Technique
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Thing

ATTACK Enterprise Thing
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Thing

ATTACK Merged Thing
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Thing

ATTACK Thing
type: Class
subclass of: External Threat Model Thing
definition: ATTACK things are concepts defined in the ATT&CK Framework.

Academic Article
type: Class
subclass of: Article

Academic Paper Reference
type: Class
subclass of: Technique Reference
pref-label: Academic Paper

Access
type: Class
subclass of: Action
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Resource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-mediator
  some values from: Access Mediator

Access Control Configuration
type: Class
subclass of: Configuration Resource
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Information about what access permissions are granted to particular users for particular objects

Access Control Group
type: Class
subclass of: Access Control Configuration
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: restricted-by
  some values from: Access Control List
type: NamedIndividual
restricted-by: Access Control List
definition: A collection of objects that can have access controls placed on them.

Access Control List
type: Class
subclass of: Access Control Configuration
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: restricts
  some values from: User Group
type: NamedIndividual
restricts: User Group
definition: A list of permissions attached to an object.

Access Mediator
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Core
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: implements
  some values from: Access Control Configuration
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: mediates-access-to
  some values from: Resource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: used-by
  some values from: Agent
type: NamedIndividual
mediates-access-to: Resource
used-by: Agent

Access Modeling
type: Class
subclass of: Operational Activity Mapping
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: maps
  some values from: Access Control Configuration
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: maps
  some values from: User Account
type: NamedIndividual
maps: Access Control Configuration
maps: User Account
d3fend-id: D3-AM
definition: Access modeling identifies and records the access permissions granted to administrators, users, groups, and systems.

Access Process
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Process
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Process

Access Token
type: Class
subclass of: Credential
type: NamedIndividual
definition: In computer systems, an access token contains the security credentials for a login session and identifies the user, the user's groups, the user's privileges, and, in some cases, a particular application. Typically one may be asked to enter the access token (e.g. 40 random characters) rather than the usual password (it therefore should be kept secret just like a password).
alternative label: Ticket
alternative label: Token

Account Locking
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Eviction
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: disables
  some values from: User Account
type: NamedIndividual
disables: User Account
kb-reference: Reference - Account monitoring - Forescout Technologies
kb-reference: Reference - Framework for notifying a directory service of authentication events processed outside the directory service - Oracle International Corp
date created: 2020-08-05T00:00:00
d3fend-id: D3-AL
definition: The process of temporarily disabling user accounts on a system or domain.
kb-article: ## How it works Management servers with enterprise policies for account management provide the ability to enable and disable account for given rules. The rules may include specific periods of time (eg. weekend, plant shutdown, leave periods), specific user types or groups, or individual users. ## Considerations * Local accounts caches vs centralized account management * Single Sign-on * Role based vs Attribute based systems ## Examples of account configuration stores * Directory Services * Active Directory * RADIUS * LDAP * Oracle User Account Management * JumpCloud

Action
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Core
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-agent
  some values from: Agent

Active Certificate Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Certificate Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference-SecuringWebTransactions
date created: 2020-08-05T00:00:00
d3fend-id: D3-ACA
definition: Actively collecting PKI certificates by connecting to the server and downloading its server certificates for analysis.
kb-article: ## How it works Analysis of server certificates using active methods to detect if certificates have been misconfigured or spoofed by using elements of the certificate, certificate authorities and signatures. ### Certificate validity analysis This can be accomplished by verifying the digital signature on certificate. ### Certificate path analysis The client's browser can perform path verification to ensure that the server's certificate contains a valid trust anchor. ### Certificate configuration analysis Some browsers can be configured to implement the key-usage extensions contained certificates. This can help to prevent a certificate from being misused. ### Certificate revocation status analysis Using either Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs) or Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) to determine the revocation status. OCSP Stapling, binding the status with the certificate, helps to mitigate potential delay in status verifications. ## Considerations * Management of the PKI across the enterprise typically requires automation to maintain scalability and flexibility * If the certificate authority, issuing the certificate, is compromised then all of the certificates issued by the CA are suspect * There may be delays associated with updates to certificates * Revoked certificates give the appearance of valid certificates until they are published to a trusted revocation service (OCSP or CRL) * The revocation service (OCSP or CRL) may be down during our connection and a browser will need to make a decision will need to be made about trusting the connection

Active Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Machine Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-AL
definition: Active learning aims to improve learning efficiency by allowing the learning algorithm to select which data to learn from.
kb-article: ## How it works Traditional supervised learning often requires a large number of labeled instances, which can be costly or time-consuming to obtain. Active learning addresses this labeling bottleneck by asking an oracle (e.g., a human annotator) to label selected unlabeled instances. The goal is to achieve high accuracy with minimal labeling effort. ## Considerations Active learning is particularly useful in scenarios where data is abundant but labeled instances are scarce or expensive. Examples include speech recognition, information extraction, and document classification. ## References - Wikipedia article on Active Learning (machine learning) [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_learning_(machine_learning)) - Settles, B. (2009). Active Learning Literature Survey. [Link](https://burrsettles.com/pub/settles.activelearning.pdf)

Active Logical Link Mapping
type: Class
subclass of: Logical Link Mapping
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-query
  some values from: Network Agent
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Identification of traceroute nodes and associated devices
kb-reference: Reference-SNMPNetworkAutoDiscovery
may-query: Network Agent
d3fend-id: D3-ALLM
definition: Active logical link mapping sends and receives network traffic as a means to map the whole data link layer, where the links represent logical data flows rather than physical connection
kb-article: ## How it works Active logical link mapping establishes awareness of logical links in the network by sending data over the network to gather information about logical connections in the network. Typically this will be achieved through network telemetry coordinated for network management and monitoring and will use a link layer discovery protocol such as LLDP and the information gathered and aggregated a higher levels using an application protocol such as SNMP. The information may be polled by network management softare or configured once and then pushed from network sensors (or agents.) Another means of establishing network connectivity is by means of sendingn traffic through the use of a tool such as traceroute, to determine the logical paths through the network architecture. ## Considerations * Best practice is to encrypte network monitoring data and require authentication for queries or admin/management functions. * Push notifications reduce bandwidth necessary to capture and maintain information if reliable transport is used. * Special consideration should be made before using of active scanning in OT networks and OT-safe options chosen where available.

Active Physical Link Mapping
type: Class
subclass of: Physical Link Mapping
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-query
  some values from: Network Agent
disjoint with: Passive Physical Link Mapping
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Identification of traceroute nodes and associated devices
may-query: Network Agent
d3fend-id: D3-APLM
definition: Active physical link mapping sends and receives network traffic as a means to map the physical layer.
synonym: Active Physical Layer Mapping

Activity
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Thing
definition: An activity is a specific behavior representing a set of actions that may be accomplished by an agent.

Activity Dependency
type: Class
subclass of: Dependency
definition: An activity dependency is a dependency that indicates an activity has an activity or agent which relies on it in order to be functional.

Actor-Critic
type: Class
subclass of: Policy Gradient
subclass of: Temporal Difference Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-AC
definition: Actor-Critic is a Temporal Difference(TD) version of Policy gradient. It has two networks: Actor and Critic. The actor decided which action should be taken and critic inform the actor how good was the action and how it should adjust. The learning of the actor is based on policy gradient approach. In comparison, critics evaluate the action produced by the actor by computing the value function.
kb-article: ## References The Actor-Critic Reinforcement Learning Algorithm. Medium. [Link](https://medium.com/intro-to-artificial-intelligence/the-actor-critic-reinforcement-learning-algorithm-c8095a655c14).

Adaptive Resonance Theory Clustering
type: Class
subclass of: ANN-based Clustering
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-ARTC
definition: Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) Clustering is a neural network algorithm used for clustering data and is open to new learning(i.e. adaptive) without discarding the previous or the old information(i.e. resonance).
kb-article: ## References GeeksforGeeks. (n.d.). Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART). [Link](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/adaptive-resonance-theory-art/)

Address Space
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
definition: An address space defines a range of discrete addresses, each of which may correspond to a network host, peripheral device, disk sector, a memory cell or other logical or physical entity. For software programs to save and retrieve stored data, each unit of data must have an address where it can be located. The number of address spaces available depends on the underlying address structure, which is usually limited by the computer architecture being used.

Admin Feature Assessment
type: Class
subclass of: Feature Assessment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: assesses
  some values from: Admin Feature Claim

Admin Feature Claim
type: Class
subclass of: Capability Feature Claim
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: cites
  some values from: Information Content Entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: claims
  some values from: Administrative Feature
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: features
  all values from: Administrative Feature

Administrative Feature
type: Class
subclass of: Capability Feature
alternative label: Administrative Capability

Administrative Network Activity Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Intranet Administrative Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Intranet Administrative Network Traffic
kb-reference: Reference - Method and system for detecting suspicious administrative activity - Vectra Networks Inc
kb-reference: Reference-RemoteRegistry MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-WindowsRemoteManagement WinRM MITRE
date created: 2020-08-05T00:00:00
d3fend-id: D3-ANAA
definition: Detection of unauthorized use of administrative network protocols by analyzing network activity against a baseline.
kb-article: ## How it works Network protocols such as RDP, IPMI, SSH, SNMP, VNC, MOSH, NX, TeamViewer, SPICE, PCoIP, and others are used by system administrators to remotely manage servers. Defenders monitor administrative network activity to determine if the use of remote protocols is malicious. Attackers can abuse administrative protocols and leverage them for initial access to various endpoints. For example, an attacker with valid credentials will remotely SSH or RDP into a server and attempt to blend in with existing traffic from system administrators. By monitoring the traffic activity, it is possible to detect when the protocols are behaving differently from a known baseline of system administration activity. ## Considerations * Administrative traffic can be encrypted, making network protocol analysis a challenge * False alarms can be mitigated by integration with inventory management systems

Administrative Network Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Administrative network traffic is network traffic related to the remote administration or control of hosts or devices through a standard remote administrative protocol. Remote shells, terminals, RDP, and VNC are examples of these protocols, which are typically only used by administrators.

Agent
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Catalog Thing
subclass of: D3FEND Core
type: NamedIndividual

Agglomerative Clustering
type: Class
subclass of: Hierarchical Clustering
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-AC
definition: Agglomerative Clustering is a type of hierarchical clustering method where data points are grouped together based on similarity. Initially, each data point is treated as an individual cluster, and then in successive iterations, the closest clusters are merged until only one large cluster remains or until a specified stopping criterion is met.
kb-article: ## How it works Agglomerative clustering starts with each data point as its own cluster. The algorithm then iterates, identifying the two clusters that are closest to each other based on a defined distance metric (e.g., Euclidean, Manhattan). These two clusters are then merged into a single cluster. This process continues iteratively, merging the closest pairs of clusters in each step until all data points are merged into a single cluster or until other stopping criteria are achieved. A dendrogram, which is a tree-like diagram, can be used to represent the sequence of merges, providing a visual representation of the hierarchical structure of data. ## Considerations - **Choice of Distance Metric**: The outcome can vary significantly depending on the chosen distance metric (e.g., Euclidean, Manhattan). - **Scalability**: Agglomerative clustering can be computationally intensive for large datasets. - **Sensitivity**: The method can be sensitive to outliers, which might affect the quality of the clusters formed. ## Key Test Considerations - **Unsupervised Learning**: - **Number of Clusters**: Determine an optimal number of clusters using the dendrogram and techniques like the elbow method. - **Cluster Analysis**: - **Silhouette Score**: Evaluates how similar an object is to its own cluster compared to other clusters. A higher silhouette score indicates that the object is well matched to its own cluster and poorly matched to neighboring clusters. - **Dunn Index**: Measures the ratio between the smallest distance between observations not in the same cluster to the largest intra-cluster distance. - **Hierarchical Clustering**: - **Cophenetic Correlation Coefficient**: Measures the correlation between the distances of points in feature space and their distances on the dendrogram. Helps assess the fidelity of the dendrogram in preserving pairwise distances between samples. - **Agglomerative Clustering**: - **Linkage Criteria**: Test different linkage criteria (e.g., single, …

Alethic Logic
type: Class
subclass of: Modal Logic
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-AL
definition: Alethic logic is a modal logic that addresses the modalities of necessity and possibility.
kb-article: ## References 1. Alethic logic. (2023, June 4). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_logic#Alethic_logic)

Alias
type: Class
subclass of: Slow Symbolic Link
definition: In macOS, an alias is a small file that represents another object in a local, remote, or removable[1] file system and provides a dynamic link to it; the target object may be moved or renamed, and the alias will still link to it (unless the original file is recreated; such an alias is ambiguous and how it is resolved depends on the version of macOS).

Allocate Memory
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Memory Block
type: NamedIndividual
creates: Memory Block

Analysis of Alternatives
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Catalog Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Portfolio Assessment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: author
  some values from: Agent

Analytic Latency
type: Class
subclass of: Latency

Analytic Technique
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Thing
definition: A process in which a computer examines information using mathematical methods in order to find useful patterns.

Analytical Purpose
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Thing

Answer Set Programming
type: Class
subclass of: Logic Programming
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-ASP
definition: Answer set programming is a form of declarative programming based on the stable model (answer set) semantics of logic programming.
kb-article: ## How it works Answer set programming (ASP) is oriented towards difficult (primarily NP-hard) search problems. The computational process employed in the design of many answer set solvers is an enhancement of the DPLL algorithm and, in principle, it always terminates (unlike Prolog query evaluation, which may lead to an infinite loop). In a more general sense, ASP includes all applications of answer sets to knowledge representation and the use of Prolog-style query evaluation for solving problems arising in these applications. ## References 1. Answer set programming. (2023, April 27). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Answer_set_programming)
synonym: ASP

Appliance
type: Class
subclass of: Product

Application
type: Class
subclass of: Software
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: Application Configuration
type: NamedIndividual
may-contain: Application Configuration
definition: A program that gives a computer instructions that provide the user with tools to accomplish a task; "he has tried several different word processing applications". Distinct from system software that is intrinsically part of the operating system. An application can be made up of executable files, configuration files, shared libraries, etc.

Application Configuration
type: Class
subclass of: Configuration Resource
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Information used to configure the parameters and initial settings for an application.

Application Configuration Database
type: Class
subclass of: Configuration Database
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Application Configuration Database Record
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Application Configuration Database Record
definition: A database used to hold application configuration data.

Application Configuration Database Record
type: Class
subclass of: Application Configuration
subclass of: Configuration Database Record
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A database record holding information used to configure the parameters and initial settings for an application.

Application Configuration File
type: Class
subclass of: Configuration File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Application Configuration
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Application Configuration
definition: A file containing Information used to configure the parameters and initial settings for an application.. A plist file is an example of this type of file for macOS. Usually text-based.

Application Configuration Hardening
type: Class
subclass of: Application Hardening
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hardens
  some values from: Application Configuration
type: NamedIndividual
hardens: Application Configuration
kb-reference: Reference-Windows10STIG
d3fend-id: D3-ACH
definition: Modifying an application's configuration to reduce its attack surface.
kb-article: ## How it works Application configuration settings can be configured to limit the permissions on an application or disable certain vulnerable application features. Hardening an application's configuration involves analyzing not only the application but also the environment in which the application is run in for potential vulnerabilities.

Application Hardening
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Harden
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Harden
d3fend-id: D3-AH
definition: Application Hardening makes an executable application more resilient to a class of exploits which either introduce new code or execute unwanted existing code. These techniques may be applied at compile-time or on an application binary.
kb-article: ## Technique Overview Exploits may, for example, rely on knowledge of addresses in a process's memory, they may alter memory contents, and they may cause a program to use instructions in a way that they were not intended. By, for example, including code that dynamically changes the memory address of data or code on each run, introducing logic to validating the memory contents before certain potentially dangerous flows are executed, or monitoring a program for unusual sequence of instructions, this makes it harder for an attacker to craft a working exploit.
synonym: Process Hardening

Application Installer
type: Class
subclass of: User Application
type: NamedIndividual

Application Inventory Sensor
type: Class
subclass of: Endpoint Sensor
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: monitors
  some values from: Application
type: NamedIndividual
monitors: Application
definition: Collects information on applications on an endpoint.

Application Layer Firewall
type: Class
subclass of: Firewall
definition: An application firewall is a form of firewall that controls input, output, and/or access from, to, or by an application or service. It operates by monitoring and potentially blocking the input, output, or system service calls that do not meet the configured policy of the firewall. The application firewall is typically built to control all network traffic on any OSI layer up to the application layer. It is able to control applications or services specifically, unlike a stateful network firewall, which is - without additional software - unable to control network traffic regarding a specific application. There are two primary categories of application firewalls, network-based application firewalls and host-based application firewalls.
alternative label: Application Firewall

Application Layer Link
type: Class
subclass of: Logical Link

Application Process
type: Class
subclass of: User Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: runs
  some values from: Application
type: NamedIndividual
runs: Application
definition: An application process is an instance of an application computer program that is being executed.

Application Process Configuration
type: Class
subclass of: Application Configuration
definition: The current configuration of an application process, stored in memory. It may have been sourced from other types of application configurations, e.g. Application Configuration Files or Application Configuration Database Records.

Application Rule
type: Class
subclass of: Application Configuration
definition: A configuration of an application which is used to apply logical or data processing functions to data processed by the application.

Application Shim
type: Class
subclass of: Shim
definition: An application shim adapts an application program to run on a version of a platform for which they were not originally created. Most commonly "Application Shimming" refers to use of The Windows Application Compatibility Toolkit (ACT) provides backward compatibility by simulating the behavior of older version of Windows.

Approximate String Matching
type: Class
subclass of: Partial Matching
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-ASM
definition: Approximate string matching is a form of string matching that allows errrors.
kb-article: ## References 1. Navarro, G. (2001). A guided tour to approximate string matching. _ACM Computing Surveys_, 33(1), 31-88. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1145/375360.375365)

Archive File
type: Class
subclass of: File
type: NamedIndividual
definition: An archive file is a file that is composed of one or more computer files along with metadata. Archive files are used to collect multiple data files together into a single file for easier portability and storage, or simply to compress files to use less storage space. Archive files often store directory structures, error detection and correction information, arbitrary comments, and sometimes use built-in encryption.

Article
type: Class
subclass of: Document

Artifact
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Thing
definition: Artifact
definition: A man-made object taken as a whole.

Artifact Server
type: Class
subclass of: Web Server
definition: A digital artifact server provides access services to digital artifacts in a repository. It provides an associated set of data management, search and access methods allowing application-independent access to the content.

Artificial Neural Network Classification
type: Class
subclass of: Classification
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-ANNC
d3fend-annotation: Classification ANNs seek to classify an observation as belonging to some discrete class as a function of the inputs. The input features (independent variables) can be categorical or numeric types, however, we require a categorical feature as the dependent variable.
kb-article: ## References ANN Classification. [Link](http://uc-r.github.io/ann_classification).

Assessment
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Catalog Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: author
  some values from: Agent
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: expectation-rating
  all values from: Datatype
    one of: below
    one of: exceeded
    one of: met
definition: The classification of someone or something with respect to its worth.

Asset Inventory
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Model
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Model
d3fend-id: D3-AI
definition: Asset inventorying identifies and records the organization's assets and enriches each inventory item with knowledge about their vulnerabilities.
display-order: 1
synonym: Asset Discovery
synonym: Asset Inventorying

Asset Vulnerability Enumeration
type: Class
subclass of: Asset Inventory
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: evaluates
  some values from: Physical Artifact
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: evaluates
  some values from: Software
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: identifies
  some values from: Vulnerability
type: NamedIndividual
evaluates: Physical Artifact
evaluates: Software
identifies: Vulnerability
kb-reference: Reference - Automated computer vulnerability resolution system
kb-reference: Reference-SecurityVulnerabilityInformationAggregation
kb-reference: Reference-SystemAndMethodForVulnerabilityRiskAssessment
d3fend-id: D3-AVE
definition: Asset vulnerability enumeration enriches inventory items with knowledge identifying their vulnerabilities.

Association Rule Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Unsupervised Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-ARL
definition: Association rule learning is a rule-based machine learning method for discovering interesting relations between variables in large databases.
kb-article: ## References Association rule learning. (n.d.). Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_rule_learning)

Asymmetric Feature-based Transfer Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Homogenous Transfer Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-AFTL
definition: Homogeneous (where the metrics are the same for both source and target) asymmetric transformation mapping transforms the source feature space to align with that of the target or the target to that of the source. This, in effect, bridges the feature space gap and reduces the problem into a homogeneous transfer problem when further distribution differences need to be corrected.
kb-article: ## References Day, O., & Khoshgoftaar, T.M. (2017). A survey on heterogeneous transfer learning. Journal of Big Data, 4(1), 29. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-017-0089-0).

Asymmetric Key
type: Class
subclass of: Cryptographic Key
definition: Asymmetric keys are public and private keys, paired such that asymmetric (public-key) cryptography algorithms can be implemented using them. Public-key cryptography, or asymmetric cryptography, is any cryptographic system that uses pairs of keys: public keys that may be disseminated widely paired with private keys which are known only to the owner. There are two functions that can be achieved: using a public key to authenticate that a message originated with a holder of the paired private key; or encrypting a message with a public key to ensure that only the holder of the paired private key can decrypt it.

Audio Input Device
type: Class
subclass of: Input Device
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Audio input devices allow a user to send audio info to a computer for processing, recording, or carrying out commands. Devices such as microphones allow users to speak to the computer in order to record a voice message or navigate software. Aside from recording, audio input devices are also used with speech recognition software.

Authenticate User
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: authenticates
  some values from: User Account
type: NamedIndividual
authenticates: User Account

Authentication
type: Class
subclass of: User Action
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: authenticates
  some values from: User
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-create
  some values from: Intranet Network Traffic
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: originates-from
  some values from: Physical Location
type: NamedIndividual
type: User Action
authenticates: User
may-create: Intranet Network Traffic
originates-from: Physical Location
definition: A request-response comprising a user credential presentation to a system and a verification response.

Authentication Cache Invalidation
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Eviction
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: deletes
  some values from: Credential
type: NamedIndividual
deletes: Credential
kb-reference: Reference-SecureCachingOfServerCredentials DellProductsLP
kb-reference: Reference-SystemAndMethodForProvidingAnActivelyInvalidatedClient-sideNetworkResourceCache IMVU
d3fend-id: D3-ANCI
definition: Removing tokens or credentials from an authentication cache to prevent further user associated account accesses.
kb-article: ## How it works Applications can locally cache user authentication credentials for certain server connections. An application may attempt to use the cached credential for a connection. If the cached credentials exist then the user will not be typically prompted for new credentials. ## Considerations Are these cached credentials only on the local host? Can they be persisted to the remote server? ## Examples Windows Credential Management API

Authentication Event Thresholding
type: Class
subclass of: User Behavior Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Authentication
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Authentication
kb-reference: Reference - Method and Apparatus for Network Fraud Detection and Remediation Through Analytics - Idaptive LLC
kb-reference: Reference-SimultaneousLoginsOnAHost MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-UserLoggedInToMultipleHosts MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-UserLoginActivityMonitoring MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-System,Method,AndComputerProgramProductForDetectingAndAssessingSecurityRisksInANetwork ExabeamInc
date created: 2020-08-05T00:00:00
d3fend-id: D3-ANET
definition: Collecting authentication events, creating a baseline user profile, and determining whether authentication events are consistent with the baseline profile.
kb-article: ## How it works Authentication event data is collected (logon information such as device id, time of day, day of week, geo-location, etc.) to create an activity baseline. Then, a threshold is determined either through a manually specified configuration, or a statistical analysis of deviations in historical data. New authentication events are evaluated to determine if a threshold is exceeded. Thresholds can be static or dynamic. ### Actions As a result of the analysis, actions taken could include: * [Account Locking](/technique/d3f:AccountLocking) * Raising an alert ### Example data sources * Directory server logs * VPN Server logs * IDAM Capability logs * NAC logs * Authentication client logs * Kerberos network traffic * LDAP network traffic ## Considerations This technique covers statistical outliers. Though depending on the complexity or dimensionality of the data considered, outliers may not be obvious to a human analyst reviewing events in simplistic analytic views. If the malicious activity is not statistically different from benign activity, an alert threshold will not be met.

Authentication Function
type: Class
subclass of: Subroutine
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: authenticates
  some values from: User Account
type: NamedIndividual
authenticates: User Account
definition: Authenticates a user account by verifying a presented credential.

Authentication Log
type: Class
subclass of: Log
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: records
  some values from: Authentication
type: NamedIndividual
records: Authentication
definition: A log of authentication events.

Authentication Server
type: Class
subclass of: Server
definition: An authentication server provides a network service that applications use to authenticate the credentials, usually account names and passwords, of their users. When a client submits a valid set of credentials, it receives a cryptographic ticket that it can subsequently use to access various services. Major authentication algorithms include passwords, Kerberos, and public key encryption.

Authentication Service
type: Class
subclass of: Service Application Process
type: NamedIndividual
definition: An authentication service is a mechanism, analogous to the use of passwords on time-sharing systems, for the secure authentication of the identity of network clients by servers and vice versa, without presuming the operating system integrity of either (e.g., Kerberos).

Authorization
type: Class
subclass of: User Action
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: authorizes
  some values from: Network Resource Access
type: NamedIndividual
authorizes: Network Resource Access
definition: Authorization is the function of specifying access rights to resources related to information security and computer security in general and to access control in particular. More formally, "to authorize" is to define an access policy. For example, human resources staff is normally authorized to access employee records and this policy is usually formalized as access control rules in a computer system. During operation, the system uses the access control rules to decide whether access requests from (authenticated) consumers shall be approved (granted) or disapproved (rejected). Resources include individual files or an item's data, computer programs, computer devices and functionality provided by computer applications. Examples of consumers are computer users, computer program

Authorization Event Thresholding
type: Class
subclass of: User Behavior Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Authorization
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Authorization
kb-reference: Reference - Method and Apparatus for Network Fraud Detection and Remediation Through Analytics - Idaptive LLC
kb-reference: Reference-SMBSessionSetups MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-UserLoggedInToMultipleHosts MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-System,Method,AndComputerProgramProductForDetectingAndAssessingSecurityRisksInANetwork ExabeamInc
date created: 2020-08-05T00:00:00
d3fend-id: D3-AZET
definition: Collecting authorization events, creating a baseline user profile, and determining whether authorization events are consistent with the baseline profile.
kb-article: ## How it works Authorization event data is collected to create a baseline user profile. Authorization events that deviate from the baseline and exceed a static or dynamic threshold are identified for further action. Authorization events can include successful and failed authorization attempts as well as events related to permissions including viewing, editing, deleting, creating files, databases etc. ## Considerations Depending on the complexity of the data considered, outliers may not be obvious to a human analyst reviewing events in simplistic analytic views. If malicious activity is not statistically different from benign activity, an alert threshold will not be met.

Authorization Log
type: Class
subclass of: Log
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: records
  some values from: Network Resource Access
type: NamedIndividual
records: Network Resource Access
definition: A log of authorization events.

Authorization Service
type: Class
subclass of: Network Service
subclass of: Service Application Process
definition: An authorization service ensures that the user is authorized to have access to a particular resource. Authorization can be done through role-based access control (RBAC) or list-based access control (LBAC).

Autoencoding
type: Class
subclass of: Dimension Reduction
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-AUT
definition: Autoencoders are specific type of deep learning architecture used for learning representation of data, typically for the purpose of dimensionality reduction. This is achieved by designing deep learning architecture that aims that copying input layer at its output layer.
kb-article: ## References SOCR. (n.d.). ABIDE Autoencoder. [Link](https://socr.umich.edu/HTML5/ABIDE_Autoencoder/#:~:text=In%20simple%20words%2C%20autoencoders%20are,layer%20at%20its%20output%20layer.)

Autoregressive Model
type: Class
subclass of: Time Series Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-AM
definition: An autoregressive (AR) model is a representation of a type of random process; as such, it is used to describe certain time-varying processes in nature, economics, behavior, etc.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Autoregressive model. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoregressive_model)
synonym: AR Model

Average Absolute Deviation
type: Class
subclass of: Variability
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-AAD
definition: The average absolute deviation (AAD) of a data set is the average of the absolute deviations from a central point.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Average absolute deviation. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_absolute_deviation)

BERT
type: Class
subclass of: Transformer-based Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-BER
definition: Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) is based on a deep learning model in which every output element is connected to every input element, and the weightings between them are dynamically calculated based upon their connection.
kb-article: ## References BERT (language model). (n.d.). In TechTarget. [Link](https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/BERT-language-model) BERT (language model). (n.d.). In Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BERT_(language_model))
synonym: Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers

Barcode Scanner Input Device
type: Class
subclass of: Image Scanner Input Device
definition: A barcode reader (or barcode scanner) is an optical scanner that can read printed barcodes, decode the data contained in the barcode and send the data to a computer. Like a flatbed scanner, it consists of a light source, a lens and a light sensor translating for optical impulses into electrical signals. Additionally, nearly all barcode readers contain decoder circuitry that can analyze the barcode's image data provided by the sensor and sending the barcode's content to the scanner's output port.
alternative label: Barcode Reader

Bayes Optimal Classifier
type: Class
subclass of: Ensemble Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-BOC
definition: A probabilistic model that makes the most probable prediction for a new example.
kb-article: ## References Bayes Optimal Classifier. Machine Learning Mastery. [Link](https://machinelearningmastery.com/bayes-optimal-classifier/). Ensemble learning. Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_learning).

Bayesian Estimation
type: Class
subclass of: Bayesian Method
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-BE
definition: A Bayes estimator or a Bayes action is an estimator or decision rule that minimizes the posterior expected value of a loss function (i.e., the posterior expected loss).
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Bayes estimator. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayes_estimator)

Bayesian Hypothesis Testing
type: Class
subclass of: Bayesian Method
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-BHT
definition: Bayesian hypothesis testing can be framed as a special case of model comparison where a model refers to a likelihood function and a prior distribution.
kb-article: ## How it works Given two competing hypotheses and some relevant data, Bayesian hypothesis testing begins by specifying separate prior distributions to quantitatively describe each hypothesis. The combination of the likelihood function for the observed data with each of the prior distributions yields hypothesis-specific models. For each of the hypothesis-specific models, averaging (ie, integrating) the likelihood with respect to the prior distribution across the entire parameter space yields the probability of the data under the model and, therefore, the corresponding hypothesis. This quantity is more commonly referred to as the marginal likelihood and represents the average fit of the model to the data. The ratio of the marginal likelihoods for both hypothesis-specific models is known as the Bayes factor. ## References Baig, S. A., PhD. (2020). Bayesian Inference: An Introduction to Hypothesis Testing Using Bayes Factors. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 22(7), 1244-1246. [Link](https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article/22/7/1244/5613971)

Bayesian Linear Regression
type: Class
subclass of: Regression Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-BLR
definition: Bayesian linear regression is a type of conditional modeling in which the mean of one variable is described by a linear combination of other variables, with the goal of obtaining the posterior probability of the regression coefficients.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Bayesian linear regression. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_linear_regression)

Bayesian Linear Regression Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Regression Analysis Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-BLRL
definition: A supervised learning method that builds a Bayesian linear regression model using training data.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Bayesian linear regression. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_linear_regression)

Bayesian Method
type: Class
subclass of: Statistical Method
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-BM
definition: Bayesian analysis is a statistical procedure which endeavors to estimate parameters of an underlying distribution based on the observed distribution.
kb-article: ## References Wolfram MathWorld. (n.d.). Bayesian Analysis. [Link](https://mathworld.wolfram.com/BayesianAnalysis.html)

Bayesian Model Averaging
type: Class
subclass of: Ensemble Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-BMA
definition: A parameter estimate (or a prediction of new observations) obtained by averaging the estimates (or predictions) of the different models under consideration, each weighted by its model probability.
kb-article: ## References Ensemble learning. Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_learning). Bayesian model average: A parameter estimation approach to model agnostic ensemble learning. (2019). Journal of Machine Learning for Modeling and Computing, 1(2), 61-70. [Link](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2515245919898657#:~:text=Bayesian%20model%20average%3A%20A%20parameter,weighted%20by%20its%20model%20probability).

Bayesian Model Combination
type: Class
subclass of: Ensemble Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-BMC
definition: Bayesian model combination (BMC) is an algorithmic correction to Bayesian model averaging (BMA). Instead of sampling each model in the ensemble individually, it samples from the space of possible ensembles (with model weights drawn randomly from a Dirichlet distribution having uniform parameters)
kb-article: ## References Ensemble learning. Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_learning). Shultz, K. M., & Peterson, L. E. (2011). Model-averaged confidence intervals for ensemble learning. In *International Joint Conference on Neural Networks* (pp. 2677-2684). [Link](https://axon.cs.byu.edu/papers/Kristine.ijcnn2011.pdf).

Binary Classification
type: Class
subclass of: Classifying

Binary Large Object
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
definition: A binary large object (BLOB) is a collection of binary data stored as a single entity. Blobs are typically images, audio or other multimedia objects, though sometimes binary executable code is stored as a blob.
alternative label: BLOB
alternative label: Blob

Binary Segment
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
definition: A binary segment is a partition of binary information within a larger binary object, which arranges a set of binary objects for its purpose. For example, code, data, heap, and stack segments are segments of the binary information used by a process. Code and data segments are also found in object files.

Biometric Authentication
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Hardening
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: authenticates
  some values from: User Account
type: NamedIndividual
authenticates: User Account
kb-reference: Reference-TokenlessBiometricTransactionAuthorizationMethodAndSystem
kb-reference: Reference-www.biometric-solutions.com keystroke-dynamics
d3fend-id: D3-BAN
definition: Using biological measures in order to authenticate a user.

Block Device
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Boot Sector
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Partition
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Partition Table
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: Volume
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Boot Sector
contains: Partition
contains: Partition Table
may-contain: Volume
definition: A block device (or block special file) provides buffered access to hardware devices, and provides some abstraction from their specifics. IEEE Std 1003.1-2017: A file that refers to a device. A block special file is normally distinguished from a character special file by providing access to the device in a manner such that the hardware characteristics of the device are not visible.
alternative label: Block Special File

Book Reference
type: Class
subclass of: Technique Reference
pref-label: Book

Boolean Expression Matching
type: Class
subclass of: Logical Rules
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-BEM
definition: Boolean expression matching produces a Boolean truth value for a given boolean expression and assignment of values to variables in the expression.
kb-article: ## How it works A Boolean expression is an expression used in programming languages that produces a Boolean value when evaluated. A Boolean value is either true or false. A Boolean expression may be composed of a combination of the Boolean constants true or false, Boolean-typed variables, Boolean-valued operators, and Boolean-valued functions. Boolean expressions correspond to propositional formulas in logic and are a special case of Boolean circuits. ## References 1. Boolean expression. (2022, April 25). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_expression) 2. Boolean algebra. (2022, May 19). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_expression)

Boosting
type: Class
subclass of: Ensemble Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-BOO
definition: Boosting is a sequential process where each subsequent model attempts to correct the errors of the previous model
kb-article: ## How it works Boosting consists of using sequentially weak learners where each iteration’s training focuses on previously misclassified instances in order to improve on the previous iteration. This process is continued iteratively until the final prediction is made by aggregating the previous predictions. ## Considerations Boosting can be computationally expensive, prone to overfitting, and slower to train compared to other ensemble methods. There are three main types of Boosting algorithms - Adaptive Boosting Adaptive Boosting (sometimes called AdaBoost) works by adding equal importance to each piece of a dataset and running it through the base learning algorithms. Every algorithm that errors, the boosting algorithm assigns a higher importance to. This continues until an acceptable level of confidence is reached. - Gradient Boosting Gradient Boosting starts by training multiple models simultaneously to gather a strong estimate of strength to build new base learning algorithms. - XGBoosting XGBoosting is a scalable tree boosting model. Using decision trees, weight is assigned to each variable and put into a decision tree. Outputs that are classified by the algorithm as wrong or weak are put into a second decision tree and the results form a stronger model. ## References Sciencedirect. (n.d.). Semi-supervised learning: An overview. [Link](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157823000228)

Boot Loader
type: Class
subclass of: Software
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A bootloader is software that is responsible for booting a computer. When a computer is turned off, its software‍-‌including operating systems, application code, and data‍-‌remains stored on non-volatile memory. When the computer is powered on, it typically does not have an operating system or its loader in random-access memory (RAM). The computer first executes a relatively small program stored in read-only memory (ROM, and later EEPROM, NOR flash) along with some needed data, to initialize RAM (especially on x86 systems) to access the nonvolatile device (usually block device, eg NAND flash) or devices from which the operating system programs and data can be loaded into RAM.
alternative label: Bootloader

Boot Record
type: Class
subclass of: Record
definition: A d3f:Record which is an essential component of the early boot (system initialization) process.

Boot Sector
type: Class
subclass of: Boot Record
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A boot record [boot sector] is the sector of a persistent data storage device (e.g., hard disk, floppy disk, optical disc, etc.) which contains machine code to be loaded into random-access memory (RAM) and then executed by a computer system's built-in firmware (e.g., the BIOS, Das U-Boot, etc.).

Bootloader Authentication
type: Class
subclass of: Platform Hardening
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: authenticates
  some values from: Boot Loader
type: NamedIndividual
authenticates: Boot Loader
kb-reference: Reference-UEFIPlatformInitialization-Specification
d3fend-id: D3-BA
definition: Cryptographically authenticating the bootloader software before system boot.
synonym: Secure Boot

Bootstrap Aggregating
type: Class
subclass of: Resampling Ensemble
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-BA
definition: Bootstrap aggregating, also called bagging (from bootstrap aggregating), is a machine learning ensemble meta-algorithm designed to improve the stability and accuracy of machine learning algorithms used in statistical classification and regression. It also reduces variance and helps to avoid overfitting. Although it is usually applied to decision tree methods, it can be used with any type of method. Bagging is a special case of the model averaging approach.
kb-article: ## References Bootstrap aggregating. Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap_aggregating).

Broadcast Domain Isolation
type: Class
subclass of: Network Isolation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: filters
  some values from: Local Area Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
filters: Local Area Network Traffic
kb-reference: Reference-PrivateVirtualLocalAreaNetworkIsolation CiscoTechnologyInc
d3fend-id: D3-BDI
definition: Broadcast isolation restricts the number of computers a host can contact on their LAN.
kb-article: ## How it works Software Defined Networking, or other network encapsulation technologies intercept host broadcast traffic then route it to a specified destination per a configured policy. This can be implemented within hypervisors, networking hardware (WAPs, switches, routers), or virutal hardware. ## Considerations This technique is highly dependent on network infrastructure and networking requirements.
synonym: Network Segmentation

Browser
type: Class
subclass of: User Application
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: Browser Extension
type: NamedIndividual
may-contain: Browser Extension
definition: A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI/URL) and may be a web page, image, video or other piece of content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related resources. Although browsers are primarily intended to use the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by web servers in private networks or files in file systems.

Browser Extension
type: Class
subclass of: User Application
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: extends
  some values from: Browser
type: NamedIndividual
extends: Browser
definition: A browser extension is a plug-in that extends the functionality of a web browser in some way. Some extensions are authored using web technologies such as HTML, JavaScript, and CSS. Browser extensions can change the user interface of the web browser without directly affecting viewable content of a web page; for example, by adding a "toolbar."

Bucket of Models
type: Class
subclass of: Ensemble Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-BOM
definition: A "bucket of models" is an ensemble technique in which a model selection algorithm is used to choose the best model for each problem. When tested with only one problem, a bucket of models can produce no better results than the best model in the set, but when evaluated across many problems, it will typically produce much better results, on average, than any model in the set.
kb-article: ## References Ensemble learning. Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_learning).

Build Tool
type: Class
subclass of: Developer Application
definition: A tool that automates the process of creating a software build and the associated processes including: compiling computer source code into binary code, packaging binary code, and running automated tests.
alternative label: Build Automation Tool

Business Communication Platform Client
type: Class
subclass of: Collaborative Software
definition: Client software to enable the process of sharing information between employees within and outside a company. Business communication encompasses topics such as marketing, brand management, customer relations, consumer behavior, advertising, public relations, corporate communication, community engagement, reputation management, interpersonal communication, employee engagement, and event management. It is closely related to the fields of professional communication and technical communication.

Byte Sequence Emulation
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Network-Based Buffer Overflow Detection by Exploit Code Analysis - Information Security Research Centre
kb-reference: Reference - Network-level polymorphic shellcode detection using emulation
d3fend-id: D3-BSE
definition: Analyzing sequences of bytes and determining if they likely represent malicious shellcode.
kb-article: ## How it works Bytes are analyzed as if they are machine code instructions, and such instructions that are a common component of known shellcode are noted, such as stack pivots, reads from a Memory Address Table, and system calls for functions that disable protections or execute code. For example, the x86 instruction `b0 0b: mov $11, %ax`, with no further alterations to the `%ax` register, followed by `cd 80: syscall` executes the system call `execve()` in the Linux kernel, which replaces the current process with another one specified -- this is a common action in shellcode, so this sequence would be flagged. This technique detects shellcode despite whether or not it would cause a buffer overflow in the target binary. If the sequence of bytes contains a sequence similar to that used in malicious shellcode, the entire byte sequence is flagged and a follow-on technique may be invoked. ## Considerations ### False Negatives If the shellcode instructions are far apart, simple implementations might not detect the shellcode. Due to the nature of assembly instructions not having a defined start or end, implementations which do not process all start sequences (for example, when they a find byte sequence of interest, continue scanning forwards from the end of it) might not detect the shellcode. This technique might not detect more complex or obfuscated instructions. For that purpose, Dynamic Analysis or Emulated File Analysis could assist by analyzing the actual instruction function. This technique may not detect self-modifying code. To make it harder for a process to modify itself, Process Segment Execution Prevention should be used, while noting its considerations. This technique might not detect malicious shellcode which reuses instructions in the target binary for malicious effect, as memory references in the presumed assembly code are not dereferenced. Dynamic Analysis and Emulated File Analysis, when set up properly to fork from the running target binary, might detect …
synonym: Shellcode Transmission Detection

C4.5
type: Class
subclass of: Decision Tree
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-C4.
definition: C4.5 is an algorithm that is strongly based off ID3. It creates decision trees the same way as ID3. C4.5 improves on several aspects of ID3, including handling discreet variables, handling training data with missing values, and has the ability to automatically prune the decision trees it creates.
kb-article: ## References C4.5 algorithm. Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4.5_algorithm).

C5.0
type: Class
subclass of: Decision Tree
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-C5.
definition: C5.0 is the next version of C4.5, which in turn is the upgrade from ID3. The only difference between C5.0 and C4.5 is some improvements made to C5.0.
kb-article: ## References C4.5 algorithm. Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4.5_algorithm).

CA Certificate File
type: Class
subclass of: Certificate File
definition: A file containing a digital certificate issued by a certificate authority (CA). Certificate authorities store, issue, and sign digital certificates used as part of the public key infrastructure.

Exploitation of Transient Instruction Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Common Attack Pattern
type: NamedIndividual
type: Common Attack Pattern
capec-id: CAPEC-553

CAPEC Thing
type: Class
subclass of: External Threat Model Thing

CART
type: Class
subclass of: Decision Tree
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-CAR
definition: The CART algorithm is a type of classification algorithm that is required to build a decision tree on the basis of Gini’s impurity index.
kb-article: ## References Classification and Regression Tree (CART) Algorithm. Analytics Steps. [Link](https://www.analyticssteps.com/blogs/classification-and-regression-tree-cart-algorithm).

CCI Control
type: Class
subclass of: External Control
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: member-of
  some values from: Control Correlation Identifier Catalog
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: control-name
  some values from: string
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: date published
  some values from: dateTime

Sensitive Cookie Without 'HttpOnly' Flag
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Permission Assignment for Critical Resource
cwe-id: CWE-1004

Insufficient Visual Distinction of Homoglyphs Presented to User
type: Class
subclass of: User Interface (UI) Misrepresentation of Critical Information
cwe-id: CWE-1007

Struts: Duplicate Validation Forms
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Use of Validation Framework
subclass of: Use of Multiple Resources with Duplicate Identifier
cwe-id: CWE-102

Improper Restriction of Rendered UI Layers or Frames
type: Class
subclass of: Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
subclass of: User Interface (UI) Misrepresentation of Critical Information
cwe-id: CWE-1021

Use of Web Link to Untrusted Target with window.opener Access
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Privilege Assignment
cwe-id: CWE-1022

Incomplete Comparison with Missing Factors
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Comparison
cwe-id: CWE-1023

Comparison of Incompatible Types
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Comparison
cwe-id: CWE-1024

Comparison Using Wrong Factors
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Comparison
cwe-id: CWE-1025

Struts: Incomplete validate() Method Definition
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Following of Specification by Caller
cwe-id: CWE-103

Processor Optimization Removal or Modification of Security-critical Code
type: Class
subclass of: Insecure Automated Optimizations
cwe-id: CWE-1037

Insecure Automated Optimizations
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Interaction Between Multiple Correctly-Behaving Entities
subclass of: Reliance on Undefined, Unspecified, or Implementation-Defined Behavior
cwe-id: CWE-1038

Automated Recognition Mechanism with Inadequate Detection or Handling of Adversarial Input Perturbations
type: Class
subclass of: Protection Mechanism Failure
subclass of: Incorrect Comparison
cwe-id: CWE-1039

Struts: Form Bean Does Not Extend Validation Class
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Following of Specification by Caller
cwe-id: CWE-104

Use of Redundant Code
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
cwe-id: CWE-1041

Static Member Data Element outside of a Singleton Class Element
type: Class
subclass of: Inefficient CPU Computation
cwe-id: CWE-1042

Data Element Aggregating an Excessively Large Number of Non-Primitive Elements
type: Class
subclass of: Excessively Complex Data Representation
cwe-id: CWE-1043

Architecture with Number of Horizontal Layers Outside of Expected Range
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
cwe-id: CWE-1044

Parent Class with a Virtual Destructor and a Child Class without a Virtual Destructor
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Adherence to Expected Conventions
cwe-id: CWE-1045

Creation of Immutable Text Using String Concatenation
type: Class
subclass of: Inefficient CPU Computation
cwe-id: CWE-1046

Modules with Circular Dependencies
type: Class
subclass of: Excessive Code Complexity
cwe-id: CWE-1047

Invokable Control Element with Large Number of Outward Calls
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
cwe-id: CWE-1048

Excessive Data Query Operations in a Large Data Table
type: Class
subclass of: Inefficient CPU Computation
cwe-id: CWE-1049

Struts: Form Field Without Validator
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Use of Validation Framework
cwe-id: CWE-105

Excessive Platform Resource Consumption within a Loop
type: Class
subclass of: Asymmetric Resource Consumption (Amplification)
cwe-id: CWE-1050

Initialization with Hard-Coded Network Resource Configuration Data
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Initialization
cwe-id: CWE-1051

Excessive Use of Hard-Coded Literals in Initialization
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Initialization
cwe-id: CWE-1052

Missing Documentation for Design
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Technical Documentation
cwe-id: CWE-1053

Invocation of a Control Element at an Unnecessarily Deep Horizontal Layer
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Encapsulation
cwe-id: CWE-1054

Multiple Inheritance from Concrete Classes
type: Class
subclass of: Excessively Complex Data Representation
cwe-id: CWE-1055

Invokable Control Element with Variadic Parameters
type: Class
subclass of: Excessive Code Complexity
cwe-id: CWE-1056

Data Access Operations Outside of Expected Data Manager Component
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Encapsulation
cwe-id: CWE-1057

Invokable Control Element in Multi-Thread Context with non-Final Static Storable or Member Element
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Synchronization
cwe-id: CWE-1058

Insufficient Technical Documentation
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
cwe-id: CWE-1059

Struts: Plug-in Framework not in Use
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Use of Validation Framework
cwe-id: CWE-106

Excessive Number of Inefficient Server-Side Data Accesses
type: Class
subclass of: Excessive Code Complexity
cwe-id: CWE-1060

Insufficient Encapsulation
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
cwe-id: CWE-1061

Parent Class with References to Child Class
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Encapsulation
cwe-id: CWE-1062

Creation of Class Instance within a Static Code Block
type: Class
subclass of: Inefficient CPU Computation
cwe-id: CWE-1063

Invokable Control Element with Signature Containing an Excessive Number of Parameters
type: Class
subclass of: Excessive Code Complexity
cwe-id: CWE-1064

Runtime Resource Management Control Element in a Component Built to Run on Application Servers
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
cwe-id: CWE-1065

Missing Serialization Control Element
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
cwe-id: CWE-1066

Excessive Execution of Sequential Searches of Data Resource
type: Class
subclass of: Inefficient CPU Computation
cwe-id: CWE-1067

Inconsistency Between Implementation and Documented Design
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
cwe-id: CWE-1068

Empty Exception Block
type: Class
subclass of: Empty Code Block
cwe-id: CWE-1069

Struts: Unused Validation Form
type: Class
subclass of: Irrelevant Code
cwe-id: CWE-107

Serializable Data Element Containing non-Serializable Item Elements
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
cwe-id: CWE-1070

Empty Code Block
type: Class
subclass of: Irrelevant Code
cwe-id: CWE-1071

Data Resource Access without Use of Connection Pooling
type: Class
subclass of: Asymmetric Resource Consumption (Amplification)
cwe-id: CWE-1072

Non-SQL Invokable Control Element with Excessive Number of Data Resource Accesses
type: Class
subclass of: Asymmetric Resource Consumption (Amplification)
cwe-id: CWE-1073

Class with Excessively Deep Inheritance
type: Class
subclass of: Excessively Complex Data Representation
cwe-id: CWE-1074

Unconditional Control Flow Transfer outside of Switch Block
type: Class
subclass of: Excessive Code Complexity
cwe-id: CWE-1075

Insufficient Adherence to Expected Conventions
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
cwe-id: CWE-1076

Floating Point Comparison with Incorrect Operator
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Comparison
cwe-id: CWE-1077

Inappropriate Source Code Style or Formatting
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Adherence to Expected Conventions
cwe-id: CWE-1078

Parent Class without Virtual Destructor Method
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Adherence to Expected Conventions
cwe-id: CWE-1079

Struts: Unvalidated Action Form
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Use of Validation Framework
cwe-id: CWE-108

Source Code File with Excessive Number of Lines of Code
type: Class
subclass of: Excessive Code Complexity
cwe-id: CWE-1080

Class Instance Self Destruction Control Element
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Adherence to Expected Conventions
cwe-id: CWE-1082

Data Access from Outside Expected Data Manager Component
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Encapsulation
cwe-id: CWE-1083

Invokable Control Element with Excessive File or Data Access Operations
type: Class
subclass of: Asymmetric Resource Consumption (Amplification)
cwe-id: CWE-1084

Invokable Control Element with Excessive Volume of Commented-out Code
type: Class
subclass of: Inappropriate Source Code Style or Formatting
cwe-id: CWE-1085

Class with Excessive Number of Child Classes
type: Class
subclass of: Excessively Complex Data Representation
cwe-id: CWE-1086

Class with Virtual Method without a Virtual Destructor
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Adherence to Expected Conventions
cwe-id: CWE-1087

Synchronous Access of Remote Resource without Timeout
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Synchronization
cwe-id: CWE-1088

Large Data Table with Excessive Number of Indices
type: Class
subclass of: Asymmetric Resource Consumption (Amplification)
cwe-id: CWE-1089

Struts: Validator Turned Off
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Use of Validation Framework
cwe-id: CWE-109

Method Containing Access of a Member Element from Another Class
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Encapsulation
cwe-id: CWE-1090

Use of Object without Invoking Destructor Method
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Adherence to Expected Conventions
subclass of: Missing Release of Resource after Effective Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-1091

Use of Same Invokable Control Element in Multiple Architectural Layers
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
cwe-id: CWE-1092

Excessively Complex Data Representation
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
cwe-id: CWE-1093

Excessive Index Range Scan for a Data Resource
type: Class
subclass of: Asymmetric Resource Consumption (Amplification)
cwe-id: CWE-1094

Loop Condition Value Update within the Loop
type: Class
subclass of: Excessive Code Complexity
cwe-id: CWE-1095

Singleton Class Instance Creation without Proper Locking or Synchronization
type: Class
subclass of: Missing Synchronization
cwe-id: CWE-1096

Persistent Storable Data Element without Associated Comparison Control Element
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Adherence to Expected Conventions
cwe-id: CWE-1097

Data Element containing Pointer Item without Proper Copy Control Element
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Adherence to Expected Conventions
cwe-id: CWE-1098

Inconsistent Naming Conventions for Identifiers
type: Class
subclass of: Inappropriate Source Code Style or Formatting
cwe-id: CWE-1099

ASP.NET Misconfiguration: Creating Debug Binary
type: Class
subclass of: Active Debug Code
cwe-id: CWE-11

Struts: Validator Without Form Field
type: Class
subclass of: Irrelevant Code
cwe-id: CWE-110

Insufficient Isolation of System-Dependent Functions
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Encapsulation
cwe-id: CWE-1100

Reliance on Runtime Component in Generated Code
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
cwe-id: CWE-1101

Reliance on Machine-Dependent Data Representation
type: Class
subclass of: Reliance on Undefined, Unspecified, or Implementation-Defined Behavior
cwe-id: CWE-1102

Use of Platform-Dependent Third Party Components
type: Class
subclass of: Reliance on Undefined, Unspecified, or Implementation-Defined Behavior
cwe-id: CWE-1103

Use of Unmaintained Third Party Components
type: Class
subclass of: Reliance on Insufficiently Trustworthy Component
cwe-id: CWE-1104

Insufficient Encapsulation of Machine-Dependent Functionality
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Encapsulation
subclass of: Reliance on Undefined, Unspecified, or Implementation-Defined Behavior
cwe-id: CWE-1105

Insufficient Use of Symbolic Constants
type: Class
subclass of: Inappropriate Source Code Style or Formatting
cwe-id: CWE-1106

Insufficient Isolation of Symbolic Constant Definitions
type: Class
subclass of: Inappropriate Source Code Style or Formatting
cwe-id: CWE-1107

Excessive Reliance on Global Variables
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Adherence to Expected Conventions
cwe-id: CWE-1108

Use of Same Variable for Multiple Purposes
type: Class
subclass of: Inappropriate Source Code Style or Formatting
cwe-id: CWE-1109

Direct Use of Unsafe JNI
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Low-Level Functionality
cwe-id: CWE-111

Incomplete Design Documentation
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Technical Documentation
cwe-id: CWE-1110

Incomplete I/O Documentation
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Technical Documentation
cwe-id: CWE-1111

Incomplete Documentation of Program Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Technical Documentation
cwe-id: CWE-1112

Inappropriate Comment Style
type: Class
subclass of: Inappropriate Source Code Style or Formatting
cwe-id: CWE-1113

Inappropriate Whitespace Style
type: Class
subclass of: Inappropriate Source Code Style or Formatting
cwe-id: CWE-1114

Source Code Element without Standard Prologue
type: Class
subclass of: Inappropriate Source Code Style or Formatting
cwe-id: CWE-1115

Inaccurate Comments
type: Class
subclass of: Inappropriate Source Code Style or Formatting
cwe-id: CWE-1116

Callable with Insufficient Behavioral Summary
type: Class
subclass of: Inappropriate Source Code Style or Formatting
cwe-id: CWE-1117

Insufficient Documentation of Error Handling Techniques
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Technical Documentation
cwe-id: CWE-1118

Excessive Use of Unconditional Branching
type: Class
subclass of: Excessive Code Complexity
cwe-id: CWE-1119

Missing XML Validation
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Validation of Syntactic Correctness of Input
cwe-id: CWE-112

Excessive Code Complexity
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
cwe-id: CWE-1120

Excessive McCabe Cyclomatic Complexity
type: Class
subclass of: Excessive Code Complexity
cwe-id: CWE-1121

Excessive Halstead Complexity
type: Class
subclass of: Excessive Code Complexity
cwe-id: CWE-1122

Excessive Use of Self-Modifying Code
type: Class
subclass of: Excessive Code Complexity
cwe-id: CWE-1123

Excessively Deep Nesting
type: Class
subclass of: Excessive Code Complexity
cwe-id: CWE-1124

Excessive Attack Surface
type: Class
subclass of: Excessive Code Complexity
cwe-id: CWE-1125

Declaration of Variable with Unnecessarily Wide Scope
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
cwe-id: CWE-1126

Compilation with Insufficient Warnings or Errors
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
cwe-id: CWE-1127

Improper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences in HTTP Headers ('HTTP Request/Response Splitting')
type: Class
subclass of: Interpretation Conflict
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences ('CRLF Injection')
cwe-id: CWE-113

Process Control
type: Class
subclass of: External Control of File Name or Path
cwe-id: CWE-114

Misinterpretation of Input
type: Class
subclass of: Interpretation Conflict
cwe-id: CWE-115

Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization
cwe-id: CWE-116

Irrelevant Code
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
cwe-id: CWE-1164

Improper Output Neutralization for Logs
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
cwe-id: CWE-117

Improper Use of Validation Framework
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Input Validation
cwe-id: CWE-1173

ASP.NET Misconfiguration: Improper Model Validation
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Use of Validation Framework
cwe-id: CWE-1174

Inefficient CPU Computation
type: Class
subclass of: Asymmetric Resource Consumption (Amplification)
cwe-id: CWE-1176

Use of Prohibited Code
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
cwe-id: CWE-1177

Incorrect Access of Indexable Resource ('Range Error')
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of a Resource Through its Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-118

Insecure Default Initialization of Resource
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Initialization
cwe-id: CWE-1188

Improper Isolation of Shared Resources on System-on-a-Chip (SoC)
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Isolation or Compartmentalization
subclass of: Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-1189

Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Access of Indexable Resource ('Range Error')
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: weakness-of
  some values from: Raw Memory Access Function
type: NamedIndividual
weakness-of: Raw Memory Access Function
cwe-id: CWE-119

DMA Device Enabled Too Early in Boot Phase
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Behavior Order
cwe-id: CWE-1190

On-Chip Debug and Test Interface With Improper Access Control
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1191

System-on-Chip (SoC) Using Components without Unique, Immutable Identifiers
type: Class
subclass of: Violation of Secure Design Principles
cwe-id: CWE-1192

Power-On of Untrusted Execution Core Before Enabling Fabric Access Control
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Behavior Order
cwe-id: CWE-1193

ASP.NET Misconfiguration: Missing Custom Error Page
type: Class
subclass of: Missing Custom Error Page
cwe-id: CWE-12

Buffer Copy without Checking Size of Input ('Classic Buffer Overflow')
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer
cwe-id: CWE-120

Generation of Weak Initialization Vector (IV)
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Insufficiently Random Values
cwe-id: CWE-1204

Failure to Disable Reserved Bits
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
cwe-id: CWE-1209

Stack-based Buffer Overflow
type: Class
subclass of: Out-of-bounds Write
subclass of: Access of Memory Location After End of Buffer
cwe-id: CWE-121

Heap-based Buffer Overflow
type: Class
subclass of: Out-of-bounds Write
subclass of: Access of Memory Location After End of Buffer
cwe-id: CWE-122

Insufficient Granularity of Access Control
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1220

Incorrect Register Defaults or Module Parameters
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Initialization
cwe-id: CWE-1221

Insufficient Granularity of Address Regions Protected by Register Locks
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Granularity of Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1222

Race Condition for Write-Once Attributes
type: Class
subclass of: Concurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization ('Race Condition')
cwe-id: CWE-1223

Improper Restriction of Write-Once Bit Fields
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1224

Creation of Emergent Resource
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of a Resource Through its Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-1229

Write-what-where Condition
type: Class
subclass of: Out-of-bounds Write
cwe-id: CWE-123

Exposure of Sensitive Information Through Metadata
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Authorization
cwe-id: CWE-1230

Improper Prevention of Lock Bit Modification
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1231

Improper Lock Behavior After Power State Transition
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Locking
cwe-id: CWE-1232

Security-Sensitive Hardware Controls with Missing Lock Bit Protection
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
subclass of: Improper Locking
cwe-id: CWE-1233

Hardware Internal or Debug Modes Allow Override of Locks
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Locking
cwe-id: CWE-1234

Incorrect Use of Autoboxing and Unboxing for Performance Critical Operations
type: Class
subclass of: Uncontrolled Resource Consumption
cwe-id: CWE-1235

Improper Neutralization of Formula Elements in a CSV File
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Output Used by a Downstream Component ('Injection')
cwe-id: CWE-1236

Improper Zeroization of Hardware Register
type: Class
subclass of: Sensitive Information in Resource Not Removed Before Reuse
cwe-id: CWE-1239

Buffer Underwrite ('Buffer Underflow')
type: Class
subclass of: Access of Memory Location Before Start of Buffer
subclass of: Out-of-bounds Write
cwe-id: CWE-124

Use of a Cryptographic Primitive with a Risky Implementation
type: Class
subclass of: Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm
cwe-id: CWE-1240

Use of Predictable Algorithm in Random Number Generator
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Insufficiently Random Values
cwe-id: CWE-1241

Inclusion of Undocumented Features or Chicken Bits
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1242

Sensitive Non-Volatile Information Not Protected During Debug
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Physical Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1243

Internal Asset Exposed to Unsafe Debug Access Level or State
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Authorization
cwe-id: CWE-1244

Improper Finite State Machines (FSMs) in Hardware Logic
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Provision of Specified Functionality
cwe-id: CWE-1245

Improper Write Handling in Limited-write Non-Volatile Memories
type: Class
subclass of: Uncontrolled Resource Consumption
cwe-id: CWE-1246

Improper Protection Against Voltage and Clock Glitches
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Handling of Physical or Environmental Conditions
cwe-id: CWE-1247

Semiconductor Defects in Hardware Logic with Security-Sensitive Implications
type: Class
subclass of: Protection Mechanism Failure
cwe-id: CWE-1248

Application-Level Admin Tool with Inconsistent View of Underlying Operating System
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Preservation of Consistency Between Independent Representations of Shared State
cwe-id: CWE-1249

Out-of-bounds Read
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: weakness-of
  some values from: Raw Memory Access Function
type: NamedIndividual
weakness-of: Raw Memory Access Function
cwe-id: CWE-125

Improper Preservation of Consistency Between Independent Representations of Shared State
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of a Resource Through its Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-1250

Mirrored Regions with Different Values
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Preservation of Consistency Between Independent Representations of Shared State
cwe-id: CWE-1251

CPU Hardware Not Configured to Support Exclusivity of Write and Execute Operations
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1252

Incorrect Selection of Fuse Values
type: Class
subclass of: Protection Mechanism Failure
cwe-id: CWE-1253

Incorrect Comparison Logic Granularity
type: Class
subclass of: Observable Timing Discrepancy
subclass of: Incorrect Comparison
cwe-id: CWE-1254

Comparison Logic is Vulnerable to Power Side-Channel Attacks
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Protection of Physical Side Channels
cwe-id: CWE-1255

Improper Restriction of Software Interfaces to Hardware Features
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Authorization
cwe-id: CWE-1256

Improper Access Control Applied to Mirrored or Aliased Memory Regions
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1257

Exposure of Sensitive System Information Due to Uncleared Debug Information
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor
subclass of: Improper Removal of Sensitive Information Before Storage or Transfer
cwe-id: CWE-1258

Improper Restriction of Security Token Assignment
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1259

Buffer Over-read
type: Class
subclass of: Out-of-bounds Read
subclass of: Access of Memory Location After End of Buffer
cwe-id: CWE-126

Improper Handling of Overlap Between Protected Memory Ranges
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1260

Improper Handling of Single Event Upsets
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Handling of Physical or Environmental Conditions
cwe-id: CWE-1261

Improper Access Control for Register Interface
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1262

Improper Physical Access Control
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1263

Hardware Logic with Insecure De-Synchronization between Control and Data Channels
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Synchronization
cwe-id: CWE-1264

Unintended Reentrant Invocation of Non-reentrant Code Via Nested Calls
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Control Flow Management
cwe-id: CWE-1265

Improper Scrubbing of Sensitive Data from Decommissioned Device
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Resource Shutdown or Release
cwe-id: CWE-1266

Policy Uses Obsolete Encoding
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1267

Policy Privileges are not Assigned Consistently Between Control and Data Agents
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1268

Product Released in Non-Release Configuration
type: Class
subclass of: Protection Mechanism Failure
cwe-id: CWE-1269

Buffer Under-read
type: Class
subclass of: Out-of-bounds Read
subclass of: Access of Memory Location Before Start of Buffer
cwe-id: CWE-127

Generation of Incorrect Security Tokens
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1270

Uninitialized Value on Reset for Registers Holding Security Settings
type: Class
subclass of: Missing Initialization of Resource
cwe-id: CWE-1271

Sensitive Information Uncleared Before Debug/Power State Transition
type: Class
subclass of: Sensitive Information in Resource Not Removed Before Reuse
cwe-id: CWE-1272

Device Unlock Credential Sharing
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor
cwe-id: CWE-1273

Improper Access Control for Volatile Memory Containing Boot Code
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1274

Sensitive Cookie with Improper SameSite Attribute
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Restriction of Communication Channel to Intended Endpoints
cwe-id: CWE-1275

Hardware Child Block Incorrectly Connected to Parent System
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1276

Firmware Not Updateable
type: Class
subclass of: Reliance on Component That is Not Updateable
cwe-id: CWE-1277

Missing Protection Against Hardware Reverse Engineering Using Integrated Circuit (IC) Imaging Techniques
type: Class
subclass of: Protection Mechanism Failure
cwe-id: CWE-1278

Cryptographic Operations are run Before Supporting Units are Ready
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Initialization
cwe-id: CWE-1279

Wrap-around Error
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Calculation
cwe-id: CWE-128

Access Control Check Implemented After Asset is Accessed
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
subclass of: Incorrect Behavior Order
cwe-id: CWE-1280

Sequence of Processor Instructions Leads to Unexpected Behavior
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Control Flow Management
cwe-id: CWE-1281

Assumed-Immutable Data is Stored in Writable Memory
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-1282

Mutable Attestation or Measurement Reporting Data
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1283

Improper Validation of Specified Quantity in Input
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Input Validation
cwe-id: CWE-1284

Improper Validation of Specified Index, Position, or Offset in Input
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Input Validation
cwe-id: CWE-1285

Improper Validation of Syntactic Correctness of Input
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Input Validation
cwe-id: CWE-1286

Improper Validation of Specified Type of Input
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Input Validation
cwe-id: CWE-1287

Improper Validation of Consistency within Input
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Input Validation
cwe-id: CWE-1288

Improper Validation of Unsafe Equivalence in Input
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Input Validation
cwe-id: CWE-1289

Improper Validation of Array Index
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Validation of Specified Index, Position, or Offset in Input
cwe-id: CWE-129

Incorrect Decoding of Security Identifiers
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1290

Public Key Re-Use for Signing both Debug and Production Code
type: Class
subclass of: Protection Mechanism Failure
cwe-id: CWE-1291

Incorrect Conversion of Security Identifiers
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1292

Missing Source Correlation of Multiple Independent Data
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
cwe-id: CWE-1293

Insecure Security Identifier Mechanism
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1294

Debug Messages Revealing Unnecessary Information
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor
cwe-id: CWE-1295

Incorrect Chaining or Granularity of Debug Components
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1296

Unprotected Confidential Information on Device is Accessible by OSAT Vendors
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Authorization
cwe-id: CWE-1297

Hardware Logic Contains Race Conditions
type: Class
subclass of: Concurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization ('Race Condition')
cwe-id: CWE-1298

Missing Protection Mechanism for Alternate Hardware Interface
type: Class
subclass of: Authentication Bypass Using an Alternate Path or Channel
subclass of: Unprotected Alternate Channel
cwe-id: CWE-1299

ASP.NET Misconfiguration: Password in Configuration File
type: Class
subclass of: Password in Configuration File
cwe-id: CWE-13

Improper Handling of Length Parameter Inconsistency
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Handling of Inconsistent Structural Elements
cwe-id: CWE-130

Improper Protection of Physical Side Channels
type: Class
subclass of: Observable Discrepancy
cwe-id: CWE-1300

Insufficient or Incomplete Data Removal within Hardware Component
type: Class
subclass of: Sensitive Information in Resource Not Removed Before Reuse
cwe-id: CWE-1301

Missing Security Identifier
type: Class
subclass of: Insecure Security Identifier Mechanism
cwe-id: CWE-1302

Non-Transparent Sharing of Microarchitectural Resources
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Isolation of Shared Resources on System-on-a-Chip (SoC)
subclass of: Observable Discrepancy
cwe-id: CWE-1303

Improperly Preserved Integrity of Hardware Configuration State During a Power Save/Restore Operation
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1304

Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Calculation
cwe-id: CWE-131

Missing Ability to Patch ROM Code
type: Class
subclass of: Reliance on Component That is Not Updateable
cwe-id: CWE-1310

Improper Translation of Security Attributes by Fabric Bridge
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1311

Missing Protection for Mirrored Regions in On-Chip Fabric Firewall
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1312

Hardware Allows Activation of Test or Debug Logic at Runtime
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1313

Missing Write Protection for Parametric Data Values
type: Class
subclass of: Missing Authorization
cwe-id: CWE-1314

Improper Setting of Bus Controlling Capability in Fabric End-point
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1315

Fabric-Address Map Allows Programming of Unwarranted Overlaps of Protected and Unprotected Ranges
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1316

Improper Access Control in Fabric Bridge
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1317

Missing Support for Security Features in On-chip Fabrics or Buses
type: Class
subclass of: Protection Mechanism Failure
cwe-id: CWE-1318

Improper Protection against Electromagnetic Fault Injection (EM-FI)
type: Class
subclass of: Protection Mechanism Failure
cwe-id: CWE-1319

Improper Protection for Outbound Error Messages and Alert Signals
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1320

Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution')
type: Class
subclass of: Improperly Controlled Modification of Dynamically-Determined Object Attributes
cwe-id: CWE-1321

Use of Blocking Code in Single-threaded, Non-blocking Context
type: Class
subclass of: Excessive Iteration
cwe-id: CWE-1322

Improper Management of Sensitive Trace Data
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1323

Improperly Controlled Sequential Memory Allocation
type: Class
subclass of: Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling
cwe-id: CWE-1325

Missing Immutable Root of Trust in Hardware
type: Class
subclass of: Protection Mechanism Failure
cwe-id: CWE-1326

Binding to an Unrestricted IP Address
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-1327

Security Version Number Mutable to Older Versions
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Authorization
cwe-id: CWE-1328

Reliance on Component That is Not Updateable
type: Class
subclass of: Reliance on Insufficiently Trustworthy Component
subclass of: Improper Control of a Resource Through its Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-1329

Remanent Data Readable after Memory Erase
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient or Incomplete Data Removal within Hardware Component
cwe-id: CWE-1330

Improper Isolation of Shared Resources in Network On Chip (NoC)
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Isolation or Compartmentalization
subclass of: Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-1331

Improper Handling of Faults that Lead to Instruction Skips
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Handling of Physical or Environmental Conditions
cwe-id: CWE-1332

Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity
type: Class
subclass of: Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity
cwe-id: CWE-1333

Unauthorized Error Injection Can Degrade Hardware Redundancy
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-1334

Incorrect Bitwise Shift of Integer
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Calculation
cwe-id: CWE-1335

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
cwe-id: CWE-1336

Improper Protections Against Hardware Overheating
type: Class
subclass of: Protection Mechanism Failure
cwe-id: CWE-1338

Insufficient Precision or Accuracy of a Real Number
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Calculation
cwe-id: CWE-1339

Use of Externally-Controlled Format String
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-134

Multiple Releases of Same Resource or Handle
type: Class
subclass of: Multiple Operations on Resource in Single-Operation Context
cwe-id: CWE-1341

Information Exposure through Microarchitectural State after Transient Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Sensitive Information in Resource Not Removed Before Reuse
cwe-id: CWE-1342

Incorrect Calculation of Multi-Byte String Length
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Calculation
cwe-id: CWE-135

Improper Handling of Hardware Behavior in Exceptionally Cold Environments
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Handling of Physical or Environmental Conditions
cwe-id: CWE-1351

Reliance on Insufficiently Trustworthy Component
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
cwe-id: CWE-1357

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization
cwe-id: CWE-138

Improper Handling of Physical or Environmental Conditions
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Check or Handling of Exceptional Conditions
cwe-id: CWE-1384

Missing Origin Validation in WebSockets
type: Class
subclass of: Origin Validation Error
cwe-id: CWE-1385

Insecure Operation on Windows Junction / Mount Point
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
cwe-id: CWE-1386

Incorrect Parsing of Numbers with Different Radices
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Type Conversion or Cast
cwe-id: CWE-1389

Weak Authentication
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Authentication
cwe-id: CWE-1390

Use of Weak Credentials
type: Class
subclass of: Weak Authentication
cwe-id: CWE-1391

Use of Default Credentials
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Weak Credentials
cwe-id: CWE-1392

Use of Default Password
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Default Credentials
cwe-id: CWE-1393

Use of Default Cryptographic Key
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Default Credentials
cwe-id: CWE-1394

Dependency on Vulnerable Third-Party Component
type: Class
subclass of: Violation of Secure Design Principles
cwe-id: CWE-1395

Compiler Removal of Code to Clear Buffers
type: Class
subclass of: Compiler Optimization Removal or Modification of Security-critical Code
cwe-id: CWE-14

Improper Neutralization of Delimiters
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements
cwe-id: CWE-140

Improper Neutralization of Parameter/Argument Delimiters
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Delimiters
cwe-id: CWE-141

Improper Neutralization of Value Delimiters
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Delimiters
cwe-id: CWE-142

Improper Neutralization of Record Delimiters
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Delimiters
cwe-id: CWE-143

Improper Neutralization of Line Delimiters
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Delimiters
cwe-id: CWE-144

Improper Neutralization of Section Delimiters
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Delimiters
cwe-id: CWE-145

Improper Neutralization of Expression/Command Delimiters
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Delimiters
cwe-id: CWE-146

Improper Neutralization of Input Terminators
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements
cwe-id: CWE-147

Improper Neutralization of Input Leaders
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements
cwe-id: CWE-148

Improper Neutralization of Quoting Syntax
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements
cwe-id: CWE-149

External Control of System or Configuration Setting
type: Class
subclass of: Externally Controlled Reference to a Resource in Another Sphere
subclass of: External Control of Critical State Data
cwe-id: CWE-15

Improper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements
cwe-id: CWE-150

Improper Neutralization of Comment Delimiters
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements
cwe-id: CWE-151

Improper Neutralization of Macro Symbols
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements
cwe-id: CWE-152

Improper Neutralization of Substitution Characters
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements
cwe-id: CWE-153

Improper Neutralization of Variable Name Delimiters
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements
cwe-id: CWE-154

Improper Neutralization of Wildcards or Matching Symbols
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements
cwe-id: CWE-155

Improper Neutralization of Whitespace
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements
cwe-id: CWE-156

Failure to Sanitize Paired Delimiters
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements
cwe-id: CWE-157

Improper Neutralization of Null Byte or NUL Character
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements
cwe-id: CWE-158

Improper Handling of Invalid Use of Special Elements
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements
cwe-id: CWE-159

Improper Neutralization of Leading Special Elements
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements
cwe-id: CWE-160

Improper Neutralization of Multiple Leading Special Elements
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Leading Special Elements
cwe-id: CWE-161

Improper Neutralization of Trailing Special Elements
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements
cwe-id: CWE-162

Improper Neutralization of Multiple Trailing Special Elements
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Trailing Special Elements
cwe-id: CWE-163

Improper Neutralization of Internal Special Elements
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements
cwe-id: CWE-164

Improper Neutralization of Multiple Internal Special Elements
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Internal Special Elements
cwe-id: CWE-165

Improper Handling of Missing Special Element
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Handling of Invalid Use of Special Elements
subclass of: Improper Check or Handling of Exceptional Conditions
cwe-id: CWE-166

Improper Handling of Additional Special Element
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Handling of Invalid Use of Special Elements
subclass of: Improper Check or Handling of Exceptional Conditions
cwe-id: CWE-167

Improper Handling of Inconsistent Special Elements
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Handling of Invalid Use of Special Elements
subclass of: Improper Check or Handling of Exceptional Conditions
cwe-id: CWE-168

Improper Null Termination
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization
cwe-id: CWE-170

Encoding Error
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization
cwe-id: CWE-172

Improper Handling of Alternate Encoding
type: Class
subclass of: Encoding Error
cwe-id: CWE-173

Double Decoding of the Same Data
type: Class
subclass of: Encoding Error
subclass of: Multiple Operations on Resource in Single-Operation Context
cwe-id: CWE-174

Improper Handling of Mixed Encoding
type: Class
subclass of: Encoding Error
cwe-id: CWE-175

Improper Handling of Unicode Encoding
type: Class
subclass of: Encoding Error
cwe-id: CWE-176

Improper Handling of URL Encoding (Hex Encoding)
type: Class
subclass of: Encoding Error
cwe-id: CWE-177

Improper Handling of Case Sensitivity
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Incorrectly-Resolved Name or Reference
cwe-id: CWE-178

Incorrect Behavior Order: Early Validation
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Input Validation
subclass of: Incorrect Behavior Order
cwe-id: CWE-179

Incorrect Behavior Order: Validate Before Canonicalize
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Behavior Order: Early Validation
cwe-id: CWE-180

Incorrect Behavior Order: Validate Before Filter
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Behavior Order: Early Validation
cwe-id: CWE-181

Collapse of Data into Unsafe Value
type: Class
subclass of: Protection Mechanism Failure
cwe-id: CWE-182

Permissive List of Allowed Inputs
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Comparison
cwe-id: CWE-183

Incomplete List of Disallowed Inputs
type: Class
subclass of: Incomplete Comparison with Missing Factors
subclass of: Protection Mechanism Failure
cwe-id: CWE-184

Incorrect Regular Expression
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Comparison
cwe-id: CWE-185

Overly Restrictive Regular Expression
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Regular Expression
cwe-id: CWE-186

Partial String Comparison
type: Class
subclass of: Incomplete Comparison with Missing Factors
cwe-id: CWE-187

Reliance on Data/Memory Layout
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Encapsulation of Machine-Dependent Functionality
subclass of: Improper Interaction Between Multiple Correctly-Behaving Entities
cwe-id: CWE-188

Integer Overflow or Wraparound
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Calculation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: weakness-of
  some values from: Mathematical Function
type: NamedIndividual
weakness-of: Mathematical Function
cwe-id: CWE-190

Integer Underflow (Wrap or Wraparound)
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Calculation
cwe-id: CWE-191

Integer Coercion Error
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Conversion between Numeric Types
cwe-id: CWE-192

Off-by-one Error
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Calculation
cwe-id: CWE-193

Unexpected Sign Extension
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Conversion between Numeric Types
cwe-id: CWE-194

Signed to Unsigned Conversion Error
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Conversion between Numeric Types
cwe-id: CWE-195

Unsigned to Signed Conversion Error
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Conversion between Numeric Types
cwe-id: CWE-196

Numeric Truncation Error
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Conversion between Numeric Types
cwe-id: CWE-197

Use of Incorrect Byte Ordering
type: Class
subclass of: Reliance on Data/Memory Layout
cwe-id: CWE-198

Improper Input Validation
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: weakness-of
  some values from: User Input Function
type: NamedIndividual
weakness-of: User Input Function
cwe-id: CWE-20

Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-200

Insertion of Sensitive Information Into Sent Data
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor
cwe-id: CWE-201

Exposure of Sensitive Information Through Data Queries
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Sensitive Information Through Metadata
cwe-id: CWE-202

Observable Discrepancy
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor
cwe-id: CWE-203

Observable Response Discrepancy
type: Class
subclass of: Observable Discrepancy
cwe-id: CWE-204

Observable Behavioral Discrepancy
type: Class
subclass of: Observable Discrepancy
cwe-id: CWE-205

Observable Internal Behavioral Discrepancy
type: Class
subclass of: Observable Behavioral Discrepancy
cwe-id: CWE-206

Observable Behavioral Discrepancy With Equivalent Products
type: Class
subclass of: Observable Behavioral Discrepancy
cwe-id: CWE-207

Observable Timing Discrepancy
type: Class
subclass of: Observable Discrepancy
cwe-id: CWE-208

Generation of Error Message Containing Sensitive Information
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor
subclass of: Improper Handling of Exceptional Conditions
cwe-id: CWE-209

Self-generated Error Message Containing Sensitive Information
type: Class
subclass of: Generation of Error Message Containing Sensitive Information
cwe-id: CWE-210

Externally-Generated Error Message Containing Sensitive Information
type: Class
subclass of: Generation of Error Message Containing Sensitive Information
cwe-id: CWE-211

Improper Removal of Sensitive Information Before Storage or Transfer
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Resource Transfer Between Spheres
cwe-id: CWE-212

Exposure of Sensitive Information Due to Incompatible Policies
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor
cwe-id: CWE-213

Invocation of Process Using Visible Sensitive Information
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-214

Insertion of Sensitive Information Into Debugging Code
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor
cwe-id: CWE-215

Storage of File with Sensitive Data Under Web Root
type: Class
subclass of: Files or Directories Accessible to External Parties
cwe-id: CWE-219

Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
subclass of: Use of Incorrectly-Resolved Name or Reference
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: weakness-of
  some values from: User Input Function
type: NamedIndividual
weakness-of: User Input Function
cwe-id: CWE-22

Storage of File With Sensitive Data Under FTP Root
type: Class
subclass of: Files or Directories Accessible to External Parties
cwe-id: CWE-220

Information Loss or Omission
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of a Resource Through its Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-221

Truncation of Security-relevant Information
type: Class
subclass of: Information Loss or Omission
cwe-id: CWE-222

Omission of Security-relevant Information
type: Class
subclass of: Information Loss or Omission
cwe-id: CWE-223

Obscured Security-relevant Information by Alternate Name
type: Class
subclass of: Information Loss or Omission
cwe-id: CWE-224

Sensitive Information in Resource Not Removed Before Reuse
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Removal of Sensitive Information Before Storage or Transfer
subclass of: Incomplete Cleanup
cwe-id: CWE-226

Improper Handling of Syntactically Invalid Structure
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Check or Handling of Exceptional Conditions
subclass of: Improper Neutralization
cwe-id: CWE-228

Improper Handling of Values
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Handling of Syntactically Invalid Structure
cwe-id: CWE-229

Relative Path Traversal
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
cwe-id: CWE-23

Improper Handling of Missing Values
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Handling of Values
cwe-id: CWE-230

Improper Handling of Extra Values
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Handling of Values
cwe-id: CWE-231

Improper Handling of Undefined Values
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Handling of Values
cwe-id: CWE-232

Improper Handling of Parameters
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Handling of Syntactically Invalid Structure
cwe-id: CWE-233

Failure to Handle Missing Parameter
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Handling of Parameters
cwe-id: CWE-234

Improper Handling of Extra Parameters
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Handling of Parameters
cwe-id: CWE-235

Improper Handling of Undefined Parameters
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Handling of Parameters
cwe-id: CWE-236

Improper Handling of Structural Elements
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Handling of Syntactically Invalid Structure
cwe-id: CWE-237

Improper Handling of Incomplete Structural Elements
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Handling of Structural Elements
cwe-id: CWE-238

Failure to Handle Incomplete Element
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Handling of Structural Elements
cwe-id: CWE-239

Path Traversal: '../filedir'
type: Class
subclass of: Relative Path Traversal
cwe-id: CWE-24

Improper Handling of Inconsistent Structural Elements
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Handling of Structural Elements
subclass of: Improper Neutralization
cwe-id: CWE-240

Improper Handling of Unexpected Data Type
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Handling of Syntactically Invalid Structure
cwe-id: CWE-241

Use of Inherently Dangerous Function
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Prohibited Code
cwe-id: CWE-242

Creation of chroot Jail Without Changing Working Directory
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Following of Specification by Caller
subclass of: Incorrect Resource Transfer Between Spheres
cwe-id: CWE-243

Improper Clearing of Heap Memory Before Release ('Heap Inspection')
type: Class
subclass of: Sensitive Information in Resource Not Removed Before Reuse
cwe-id: CWE-244

J2EE Bad Practices: Direct Management of Connections
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Low-Level Functionality
cwe-id: CWE-245

J2EE Bad Practices: Direct Use of Sockets
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Low-Level Functionality
cwe-id: CWE-246

Uncaught Exception
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Check or Handling of Exceptional Conditions
subclass of: Incorrect Control Flow Scoping
cwe-id: CWE-248

Path Traversal: '/../filedir'
type: Class
subclass of: Relative Path Traversal
cwe-id: CWE-25

Execution with Unnecessary Privileges
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Privilege Management
subclass of: Violation of Secure Design Principles
cwe-id: CWE-250

Unchecked Return Value
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Check for Unusual or Exceptional Conditions
cwe-id: CWE-252

Incorrect Check of Function Return Value
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Following of Specification by Caller
subclass of: Improper Check for Unusual or Exceptional Conditions
cwe-id: CWE-253

Plaintext Storage of a Password
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficiently Protected Credentials
cwe-id: CWE-256

Storing Passwords in a Recoverable Format
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficiently Protected Credentials
cwe-id: CWE-257

Empty Password in Configuration File
type: Class
subclass of: Password in Configuration File
subclass of: Weak Password Requirements
cwe-id: CWE-258

Use of Hard-coded Password
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Hard-coded Credentials
cwe-id: CWE-259

Path Traversal: '/dir/../filename'
type: Class
subclass of: Relative Path Traversal
cwe-id: CWE-26

Password in Configuration File
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficiently Protected Credentials
cwe-id: CWE-260

Weak Encoding for Password
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficiently Protected Credentials
cwe-id: CWE-261

Not Using Password Aging
type: Class
subclass of: Weak Authentication
cwe-id: CWE-262

Password Aging with Long Expiration
type: Class
subclass of: Weak Authentication
cwe-id: CWE-263

Incorrect Privilege Assignment
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Privilege Management
cwe-id: CWE-266

Privilege Defined With Unsafe Actions
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Privilege Management
cwe-id: CWE-267

Privilege Chaining
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Privilege Management
cwe-id: CWE-268

Improper Privilege Management
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-269

Path Traversal: 'dir/../../filename'
type: Class
subclass of: Relative Path Traversal
cwe-id: CWE-27

Privilege Context Switching Error
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Privilege Management
cwe-id: CWE-270

Privilege Dropping / Lowering Errors
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Privilege Management
cwe-id: CWE-271

Least Privilege Violation
type: Class
subclass of: Privilege Dropping / Lowering Errors
cwe-id: CWE-272

Improper Check for Dropped Privileges
type: Class
subclass of: Privilege Dropping / Lowering Errors
subclass of: Improper Check for Unusual or Exceptional Conditions
cwe-id: CWE-273

Improper Handling of Insufficient Privileges
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Privilege Management
subclass of: Improper Handling of Exceptional Conditions
cwe-id: CWE-274

Incorrect Default Permissions
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Permission Assignment for Critical Resource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: weakness-of
  some values from: Application Installer
type: NamedIndividual
weakness-of: Application Installer
cwe-id: CWE-276

Insecure Inherited Permissions
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Permission Assignment for Critical Resource
cwe-id: CWE-277

Insecure Preserved Inherited Permissions
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Permission Assignment for Critical Resource
cwe-id: CWE-278

Incorrect Execution-Assigned Permissions
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Permission Assignment for Critical Resource
cwe-id: CWE-279

Path Traversal: '..\filedir'
type: Class
subclass of: Relative Path Traversal
cwe-id: CWE-28

Improper Handling of Insufficient Permissions or Privileges
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Handling of Exceptional Conditions
cwe-id: CWE-280

Improper Preservation of Permissions
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Permission Assignment for Critical Resource
cwe-id: CWE-281

Improper Ownership Management
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-282

Unverified Ownership
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Ownership Management
cwe-id: CWE-283

Improper Access Control
type: Class
subclass of: Weakness
cwe-id: CWE-284

Improper Authorization
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-285

Incorrect User Management
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-286

Improper Authentication
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: weakness-of
  some values from: Authentication Function
type: NamedIndividual
weakness-of: Authentication Function
cwe-id: CWE-287

Authentication Bypass Using an Alternate Path or Channel
type: Class
subclass of: Missing Authentication for Critical Function
cwe-id: CWE-288

Authentication Bypass by Alternate Name
type: Class
subclass of: Weak Authentication
cwe-id: CWE-289

Path Traversal: '\..\filename'
type: Class
subclass of: Relative Path Traversal
cwe-id: CWE-29

Authentication Bypass by Spoofing
type: Class
subclass of: Weak Authentication
cwe-id: CWE-290

Reliance on IP Address for Authentication
type: Class
subclass of: Authentication Bypass by Spoofing
subclass of: Modification of Assumed-Immutable Data (MAID)
subclass of: Improper Restriction of Communication Channel to Intended Endpoints
cwe-id: CWE-291

Using Referer Field for Authentication
type: Class
subclass of: Authentication Bypass by Spoofing
cwe-id: CWE-293

Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
type: Class
subclass of: Weak Authentication
cwe-id: CWE-294

Improper Certificate Validation
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Authentication
cwe-id: CWE-295

Improper Following of a Certificate's Chain of Trust
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Certificate Validation
subclass of: Improper Following of Specification by Caller
cwe-id: CWE-296

Improper Validation of Certificate with Host Mismatch
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Certificate Validation
subclass of: Improper Restriction of Communication Channel to Intended Endpoints
cwe-id: CWE-297

Improper Validation of Certificate Expiration
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Certificate Validation
subclass of: Operation on a Resource after Expiration or Release
cwe-id: CWE-298

Improper Check for Certificate Revocation
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Certificate Validation
subclass of: Improper Resource Shutdown or Release
cwe-id: CWE-299

Path Traversal: '\dir\..\filename'
type: Class
subclass of: Relative Path Traversal
cwe-id: CWE-30

Channel Accessible by Non-Endpoint
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Restriction of Communication Channel to Intended Endpoints
cwe-id: CWE-300

Reflection Attack in an Authentication Protocol
type: Class
subclass of: Weak Authentication
cwe-id: CWE-301

Authentication Bypass by Assumed-Immutable Data
type: Class
subclass of: Weak Authentication
subclass of: Reliance on Untrusted Inputs in a Security Decision
cwe-id: CWE-302

Incorrect Implementation of Authentication Algorithm
type: Class
subclass of: Weak Authentication
cwe-id: CWE-303

Missing Critical Step in Authentication
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Implementation of Authentication Algorithm
subclass of: Improper Following of Specification by Caller
cwe-id: CWE-304

Authentication Bypass by Primary Weakness
type: Class
subclass of: Weak Authentication
cwe-id: CWE-305

Missing Authentication for Critical Function
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Authentication
cwe-id: CWE-306

Improper Restriction of Excessive Authentication Attempts
type: Class
subclass of: Weak Authentication
subclass of: Improper Control of Interaction Frequency
cwe-id: CWE-307

Use of Single-factor Authentication
type: Class
subclass of: Weak Authentication
subclass of: Reliance on a Single Factor in a Security Decision
cwe-id: CWE-308

Use of Password System for Primary Authentication
type: Class
subclass of: Weak Authentication
subclass of: Reliance on a Single Factor in a Security Decision
cwe-id: CWE-309

Path Traversal: 'dir\..\..\filename'
type: Class
subclass of: Relative Path Traversal
cwe-id: CWE-31

Missing Encryption of Sensitive Data
type: Class
subclass of: Protection Mechanism Failure
cwe-id: CWE-311

Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information
type: Class
subclass of: Missing Encryption of Sensitive Data
subclass of: Insecure Storage of Sensitive Information
cwe-id: CWE-312

Cleartext Storage in a File or on Disk
type: Class
subclass of: Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information
cwe-id: CWE-313

Cleartext Storage in the Registry
type: Class
subclass of: Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information
cwe-id: CWE-314

Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information in a Cookie
type: Class
subclass of: Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information
cwe-id: CWE-315

Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information in Memory
type: Class
subclass of: Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information
cwe-id: CWE-316

Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information in GUI
type: Class
subclass of: Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information
cwe-id: CWE-317

Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information in Executable
type: Class
subclass of: Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information
cwe-id: CWE-318

Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information
type: Class
subclass of: Missing Encryption of Sensitive Data
cwe-id: CWE-319

Path Traversal: '...' (Triple Dot)
type: Class
subclass of: Relative Path Traversal
cwe-id: CWE-32

Use of Hard-coded Cryptographic Key
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Hard-coded Credentials
cwe-id: CWE-321

Key Exchange without Entity Authentication
type: Class
subclass of: Missing Authentication for Critical Function
cwe-id: CWE-322

Reusing a Nonce, Key Pair in Encryption
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Invariant Value in Dynamically Changing Context
cwe-id: CWE-323

Use of a Key Past its Expiration Date
type: Class
subclass of: Operation on a Resource after Expiration or Release
cwe-id: CWE-324

Missing Cryptographic Step
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Following of Specification by Caller
cwe-id: CWE-325

Inadequate Encryption Strength
type: Class
subclass of: Protection Mechanism Failure
cwe-id: CWE-326

Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm
type: Class
subclass of: Protection Mechanism Failure
cwe-id: CWE-327

Use of Weak Hash
type: Class
subclass of: Inadequate Encryption Strength
subclass of: Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm
cwe-id: CWE-328

Generation of Predictable IV with CBC Mode
type: Class
subclass of: Generation of Weak Initialization Vector (IV)
subclass of: Improper Following of Specification by Caller
cwe-id: CWE-329

Path Traversal: '....' (Multiple Dot)
type: Class
subclass of: Relative Path Traversal
cwe-id: CWE-33

Use of Insufficiently Random Values
type: Class
subclass of: Protection Mechanism Failure
cwe-id: CWE-330

Insufficient Entropy
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Insufficiently Random Values
cwe-id: CWE-331

Insufficient Entropy in PRNG
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Entropy
cwe-id: CWE-332

Improper Handling of Insufficient Entropy in TRNG
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Entropy
subclass of: Improper Check or Handling of Exceptional Conditions
cwe-id: CWE-333

Small Space of Random Values
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Insufficiently Random Values
cwe-id: CWE-334

Incorrect Usage of Seeds in Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG)
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Insufficiently Random Values
cwe-id: CWE-335

Same Seed in Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG)
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Usage of Seeds in Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG)
cwe-id: CWE-336

Predictable Seed in Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG)
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Usage of Seeds in Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG)
cwe-id: CWE-337

Use of Cryptographically Weak Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG)
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Insufficiently Random Values
cwe-id: CWE-338

Small Seed Space in PRNG
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Usage of Seeds in Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG)
cwe-id: CWE-339

Path Traversal: '....//'
type: Class
subclass of: Relative Path Traversal
cwe-id: CWE-34

Generation of Predictable Numbers or Identifiers
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Insufficiently Random Values
cwe-id: CWE-340

Predictable from Observable State
type: Class
subclass of: Generation of Predictable Numbers or Identifiers
cwe-id: CWE-341

Predictable Exact Value from Previous Values
type: Class
subclass of: Generation of Predictable Numbers or Identifiers
cwe-id: CWE-342

Predictable Value Range from Previous Values
type: Class
subclass of: Generation of Predictable Numbers or Identifiers
cwe-id: CWE-343

Use of Invariant Value in Dynamically Changing Context
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Insufficiently Random Values
cwe-id: CWE-344

Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
type: Class
subclass of: Protection Mechanism Failure
cwe-id: CWE-345

Origin Validation Error
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
subclass of: Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
cwe-id: CWE-346

Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
cwe-id: CWE-347

Use of Less Trusted Source
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
cwe-id: CWE-348

Acceptance of Extraneous Untrusted Data With Trusted Data
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
cwe-id: CWE-349

Path Traversal: '.../...//'
type: Class
subclass of: Relative Path Traversal
cwe-id: CWE-35

Reliance on Reverse DNS Resolution for a Security-Critical Action
type: Class
subclass of: Authentication Bypass by Spoofing
subclass of: Reliance on Untrusted Inputs in a Security Decision
cwe-id: CWE-350

Insufficient Type Distinction
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
cwe-id: CWE-351

Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF)
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: weakness-of
  some values from: User Input Function
type: NamedIndividual
weakness-of: User Input Function
cwe-id: CWE-352

Missing Support for Integrity Check
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
cwe-id: CWE-353

Improper Validation of Integrity Check Value
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
subclass of: Improper Check for Unusual or Exceptional Conditions
cwe-id: CWE-354

Product UI does not Warn User of Unsafe Actions
type: Class
subclass of: Information Loss or Omission
cwe-id: CWE-356

Insufficient UI Warning of Dangerous Operations
type: Class
subclass of: Protection Mechanism Failure
cwe-id: CWE-357

Improperly Implemented Security Check for Standard
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Following of Specification by Caller
subclass of: Protection Mechanism Failure
cwe-id: CWE-358

Exposure of Private Personal Information to an Unauthorized Actor
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor
cwe-id: CWE-359

Absolute Path Traversal
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
cwe-id: CWE-36

Trust of System Event Data
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
cwe-id: CWE-360

Concurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization ('Race Condition')
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Control Flow Management
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: weakness-of
  some values from: Shared Resource Access Function
type: NamedIndividual
weakness-of: Shared Resource Access Function
cwe-id: CWE-362

Race Condition Enabling Link Following
type: Class
subclass of: Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
cwe-id: CWE-363

Signal Handler Race Condition
type: Class
subclass of: Concurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization ('Race Condition')
cwe-id: CWE-364

Race Condition within a Thread
type: Class
subclass of: Concurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization ('Race Condition')
cwe-id: CWE-366

Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
type: Class
subclass of: Concurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization ('Race Condition')
cwe-id: CWE-367

Context Switching Race Condition
type: Class
subclass of: Concurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization ('Race Condition')
cwe-id: CWE-368

Divide By Zero
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Calculation
cwe-id: CWE-369

Path Traversal: '/absolute/pathname/here'
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Leading Special Elements
subclass of: Absolute Path Traversal
cwe-id: CWE-37

Missing Check for Certificate Revocation after Initial Check
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Check for Certificate Revocation
cwe-id: CWE-370

Incomplete Internal State Distinction
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of a Resource Through its Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-372

Passing Mutable Objects to an Untrusted Method
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-374

Returning a Mutable Object to an Untrusted Caller
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-375

Insecure Temporary File
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-377

Creation of Temporary File With Insecure Permissions
type: Class
subclass of: Insecure Temporary File
cwe-id: CWE-378

Creation of Temporary File in Directory with Insecure Permissions
type: Class
subclass of: Insecure Temporary File
cwe-id: CWE-379

Path Traversal: '\absolute\pathname\here'
type: Class
subclass of: Absolute Path Traversal
cwe-id: CWE-38

J2EE Bad Practices: Use of System.exit()
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Control Flow Scoping
cwe-id: CWE-382

J2EE Bad Practices: Direct Use of Threads
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Low-Level Functionality
cwe-id: CWE-383

Session Fixation
type: Class
subclass of: Externally Controlled Reference to a Resource in Another Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-384

Covert Timing Channel
type: Class
subclass of: Covert Channel
cwe-id: CWE-385

Symbolic Name not Mapping to Correct Object
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Incorrectly-Resolved Name or Reference
cwe-id: CWE-386

Path Traversal: 'C:dirname'
type: Class
subclass of: Absolute Path Traversal
cwe-id: CWE-39

Detection of Error Condition Without Action
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Handling of Exceptional Conditions
cwe-id: CWE-390

Unchecked Error Condition
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Check for Unusual or Exceptional Conditions
cwe-id: CWE-391

Missing Report of Error Condition
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Provision of Specified Functionality
subclass of: Improper Check or Handling of Exceptional Conditions
cwe-id: CWE-392

Return of Wrong Status Code
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Provision of Specified Functionality
subclass of: Improper Check or Handling of Exceptional Conditions
cwe-id: CWE-393

Unexpected Status Code or Return Value
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Check for Unusual or Exceptional Conditions
cwe-id: CWE-394

Use of NullPointerException Catch to Detect NULL Pointer Dereference
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Control Flow Scoping
subclass of: Improper Handling of Exceptional Conditions
cwe-id: CWE-395

Declaration of Catch for Generic Exception
type: Class
subclass of: Information Loss or Omission
subclass of: Incorrect Control Flow Scoping
subclass of: Improper Handling of Exceptional Conditions
cwe-id: CWE-396

Declaration of Throws for Generic Exception
type: Class
subclass of: Information Loss or Omission
subclass of: Improper Check or Handling of Exceptional Conditions
subclass of: Incorrect Control Flow Scoping
cwe-id: CWE-397

Path Traversal: '\\UNC\share\name\' (Windows UNC Share)
type: Class
subclass of: Absolute Path Traversal
cwe-id: CWE-40

Uncontrolled Resource Consumption
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of a Resource Through its Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-400

Missing Release of Memory after Effective Lifetime
type: Class
subclass of: Missing Release of Resource after Effective Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-401

Transmission of Private Resources into a New Sphere ('Resource Leak')
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-402

Exposure of File Descriptor to Unintended Control Sphere ('File Descriptor Leak')
type: Class
subclass of: Transmission of Private Resources into a New Sphere ('Resource Leak')
cwe-id: CWE-403

Improper Resource Shutdown or Release
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of a Resource Through its Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-404

Asymmetric Resource Consumption (Amplification)
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of a Resource Through its Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-405

Insufficient Control of Network Message Volume (Network Amplification)
type: Class
subclass of: Asymmetric Resource Consumption (Amplification)
cwe-id: CWE-406

Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity
type: Class
subclass of: Asymmetric Resource Consumption (Amplification)
cwe-id: CWE-407

Incorrect Behavior Order: Early Amplification
type: Class
subclass of: Asymmetric Resource Consumption (Amplification)
subclass of: Incorrect Behavior Order
cwe-id: CWE-408

Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
type: Class
subclass of: Asymmetric Resource Consumption (Amplification)
cwe-id: CWE-409

Improper Resolution of Path Equivalence
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Incorrectly-Resolved Name or Reference
cwe-id: CWE-41

Insufficient Resource Pool
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of a Resource Through its Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-410

Unrestricted Externally Accessible Lock
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Locking
cwe-id: CWE-412

Improper Resource Locking
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Locking
cwe-id: CWE-413

Missing Lock Check
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Locking
cwe-id: CWE-414

Double Free
type: Class
subclass of: Multiple Releases of Same Resource or Handle
subclass of: Operation on Resource in Wrong Phase of Lifetime
subclass of: Expired Pointer Dereference
cwe-id: CWE-415

Use After Free
type: Class
subclass of: Expired Pointer Dereference
cwe-id: CWE-416

Unprotected Primary Channel
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Restriction of Communication Channel to Intended Endpoints
cwe-id: CWE-419

Path Equivalence: 'filename.' (Trailing Dot)
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Trailing Special Elements
subclass of: Improper Resolution of Path Equivalence
cwe-id: CWE-42

Unprotected Alternate Channel
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Restriction of Communication Channel to Intended Endpoints
cwe-id: CWE-420

Race Condition During Access to Alternate Channel
type: Class
subclass of: Concurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization ('Race Condition')
subclass of: Unprotected Alternate Channel
cwe-id: CWE-421

Unprotected Windows Messaging Channel ('Shatter')
type: Class
subclass of: Trust of System Event Data
subclass of: Unprotected Alternate Channel
cwe-id: CWE-422

Improper Protection of Alternate Path
type: Class
subclass of: Not Using Complete Mediation
subclass of: Protection Mechanism Failure
cwe-id: CWE-424

Direct Request ('Forced Browsing')
type: Class
subclass of: Authentication Bypass Using an Alternate Path or Channel
subclass of: Improper Protection of Alternate Path
subclass of: Missing Authorization
cwe-id: CWE-425

Untrusted Search Path
type: Class
subclass of: External Control of Critical State Data
subclass of: External Influence of Sphere Definition
cwe-id: CWE-426

Uncontrolled Search Path Element
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-427

Unquoted Search Path or Element
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-428

Path Equivalence: 'filename....' (Multiple Trailing Dot)
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Multiple Trailing Special Elements
subclass of: Path Equivalence: 'filename.' (Trailing Dot)
cwe-id: CWE-43

Deployment of Wrong Handler
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Control Flow Management
cwe-id: CWE-430

Missing Handler
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Control Flow Management
cwe-id: CWE-431

Dangerous Signal Handler not Disabled During Sensitive Operations
type: Class
subclass of: Signal Handler Race Condition
cwe-id: CWE-432

Unparsed Raw Web Content Delivery
type: Class
subclass of: Storage of File with Sensitive Data Under Web Root
cwe-id: CWE-433

Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Resource Transfer Between Spheres
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: weakness-of
  some values from: User Input Function
type: NamedIndividual
weakness-of: User Input Function
cwe-id: CWE-434

Improper Interaction Between Multiple Correctly-Behaving Entities
type: Class
subclass of: Weakness
cwe-id: CWE-435

Interpretation Conflict
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Interaction Between Multiple Correctly-Behaving Entities
cwe-id: CWE-436

Incomplete Model of Endpoint Features
type: Class
subclass of: Interpretation Conflict
cwe-id: CWE-437

Behavioral Change in New Version or Environment
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Interaction Between Multiple Correctly-Behaving Entities
cwe-id: CWE-439

Path Equivalence: 'file.name' (Internal Dot)
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Resolution of Path Equivalence
cwe-id: CWE-44

Expected Behavior Violation
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Provision of Specified Functionality
cwe-id: CWE-440

Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
type: Class
subclass of: Externally Controlled Reference to a Resource in Another Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-441

Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
type: Class
subclass of: Interpretation Conflict
cwe-id: CWE-444

UI Discrepancy for Security Feature
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Provision of Specified Functionality
cwe-id: CWE-446

Unimplemented or Unsupported Feature in UI
type: Class
subclass of: UI Discrepancy for Security Feature
subclass of: Lack of Administrator Control over Security
cwe-id: CWE-447

Obsolete Feature in UI
type: Class
subclass of: UI Discrepancy for Security Feature
cwe-id: CWE-448

The UI Performs the Wrong Action
type: Class
subclass of: UI Discrepancy for Security Feature
cwe-id: CWE-449

Path Equivalence: 'file...name' (Multiple Internal Dot)
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Multiple Internal Special Elements
subclass of: Path Equivalence: 'file.name' (Internal Dot)
cwe-id: CWE-45

Multiple Interpretations of UI Input
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient UI Warning of Dangerous Operations
cwe-id: CWE-450

User Interface (UI) Misrepresentation of Critical Information
type: Class
subclass of: Information Loss or Omission
subclass of: Incorrect Provision of Specified Functionality
cwe-id: CWE-451

Insecure Default Variable Initialization
type: Class
subclass of: Insecure Default Initialization of Resource
cwe-id: CWE-453

External Initialization of Trusted Variables or Data Stores
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Initialization
cwe-id: CWE-454

Non-exit on Failed Initialization
type: Class
subclass of: Not Failing Securely ('Failing Open')
subclass of: Improper Initialization
subclass of: Incorrect Control Flow Scoping
cwe-id: CWE-455

Missing Initialization of a Variable
type: Class
subclass of: Missing Initialization of Resource
cwe-id: CWE-456

Use of Uninitialized Variable
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Uninitialized Resource
cwe-id: CWE-457

Incomplete Cleanup
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Resource Shutdown or Release
cwe-id: CWE-459

Path Equivalence: 'filename ' (Trailing Space)
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Trailing Special Elements
subclass of: Improper Resolution of Path Equivalence
cwe-id: CWE-46

Improper Cleanup on Thrown Exception
type: Class
subclass of: Incomplete Cleanup
subclass of: Improper Handling of Exceptional Conditions
cwe-id: CWE-460

Duplicate Key in Associative List (Alist)
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Multiple Resources with Duplicate Identifier
cwe-id: CWE-462

Deletion of Data Structure Sentinel
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization
cwe-id: CWE-463

Addition of Data Structure Sentinel
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements
cwe-id: CWE-464

Return of Pointer Value Outside of Expected Range
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer
cwe-id: CWE-466

Use of sizeof() on a Pointer Type
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
cwe-id: CWE-467

Incorrect Pointer Scaling
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Calculation
cwe-id: CWE-468

Use of Pointer Subtraction to Determine Size
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Calculation
cwe-id: CWE-469

Path Equivalence: ' filename' (Leading Space)
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Resolution of Path Equivalence
cwe-id: CWE-47

Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
type: Class
subclass of: Externally Controlled Reference to a Resource in Another Sphere
subclass of: Improper Control of Dynamically-Managed Code Resources
cwe-id: CWE-470

Modification of Assumed-Immutable Data (MAID)
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of a Resource Through its Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-471

External Control of Assumed-Immutable Web Parameter
type: Class
subclass of: Modification of Assumed-Immutable Data (MAID)
subclass of: External Control of Critical State Data
cwe-id: CWE-472

PHP External Variable Modification
type: Class
subclass of: Modification of Assumed-Immutable Data (MAID)
cwe-id: CWE-473

Use of Function with Inconsistent Implementations
type: Class
subclass of: Reliance on Undefined, Unspecified, or Implementation-Defined Behavior
cwe-id: CWE-474

Undefined Behavior for Input to API
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Following of Specification by Caller
cwe-id: CWE-475

NULL Pointer Dereference
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
subclass of: Improper Check for Unusual or Exceptional Conditions
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: weakness-of
  some values from: Pointer Dereferencing Function
type: NamedIndividual
weakness-of: Pointer Dereferencing Function
cwe-id: CWE-476

Use of Obsolete Function
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
cwe-id: CWE-477

Missing Default Case in Multiple Condition Expression
type: Class
subclass of: Incomplete Comparison with Missing Factors
cwe-id: CWE-478

Signal Handler Use of a Non-reentrant Function
type: Class
subclass of: Use of a Non-reentrant Function in a Concurrent Context
subclass of: Signal Handler with Functionality that is not Asynchronous-Safe
cwe-id: CWE-479

Path Equivalence: 'file name' (Internal Whitespace)
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Resolution of Path Equivalence
cwe-id: CWE-48

Use of Incorrect Operator
type: Class
subclass of: Always-Incorrect Control Flow Implementation
cwe-id: CWE-480

Assigning instead of Comparing
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Incorrect Operator
cwe-id: CWE-481

Comparing instead of Assigning
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Incorrect Operator
cwe-id: CWE-482

Incorrect Block Delimitation
type: Class
subclass of: Always-Incorrect Control Flow Implementation
cwe-id: CWE-483

Omitted Break Statement in Switch
type: Class
subclass of: Always-Incorrect Control Flow Implementation
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
cwe-id: CWE-484

Comparison of Classes by Name
type: Class
subclass of: Comparison Using Wrong Factors
cwe-id: CWE-486

Reliance on Package-level Scope
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of a Resource Through its Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-487

Exposure of Data Element to Wrong Session
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-488

Active Debug Code
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
cwe-id: CWE-489

Path Equivalence: 'filename/' (Trailing Slash)
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Trailing Special Elements
subclass of: Improper Resolution of Path Equivalence
cwe-id: CWE-49

Public cloneable() Method Without Final ('Object Hijack')
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-491

Use of Inner Class Containing Sensitive Data
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-492

Critical Public Variable Without Final Modifier
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-493

Download of Code Without Integrity Check
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
subclass of: Incorrect Resource Transfer Between Spheres
cwe-id: CWE-494

Private Data Structure Returned From A Public Method
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of a Resource Through its Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-495

Public Data Assigned to Private Array-Typed Field
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of a Resource Through its Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-496

Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor
cwe-id: CWE-497

Cloneable Class Containing Sensitive Information
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-498

Serializable Class Containing Sensitive Data
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-499

J2EE Misconfiguration: Data Transmission Without Encryption
type: Class
subclass of: Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information
cwe-id: CWE-5

Path Equivalence: '//multiple/leading/slash'
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Multiple Leading Special Elements
subclass of: Improper Resolution of Path Equivalence
cwe-id: CWE-50

Public Static Field Not Marked Final
type: Class
subclass of: Critical Public Variable Without Final Modifier
cwe-id: CWE-500

Trust Boundary Violation
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of a Resource Through its Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-501

Deserialization of Untrusted Data
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of Dynamically-Managed Code Resources
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-be-weakness-of
  some values from: User Input Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: weakness-of
  some values from: Deserialization Function
type: NamedIndividual
may-be-weakness-of: User Input Function
weakness-of: Deserialization Function
cwe-id: CWE-502

Embedded Malicious Code
type: Class
subclass of: Hidden Functionality
cwe-id: CWE-506

Trojan Horse
type: Class
subclass of: Embedded Malicious Code
cwe-id: CWE-507

Non-Replicating Malicious Code
type: Class
subclass of: Trojan Horse
cwe-id: CWE-508

Replicating Malicious Code (Virus or Worm)
type: Class
subclass of: Trojan Horse
cwe-id: CWE-509

Path Equivalence: '/multiple//internal/slash'
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Resolution of Path Equivalence
cwe-id: CWE-51

Trapdoor
type: Class
subclass of: Embedded Malicious Code
cwe-id: CWE-510

Logic/Time Bomb
type: Class
subclass of: Embedded Malicious Code
cwe-id: CWE-511

Spyware
type: Class
subclass of: Embedded Malicious Code
cwe-id: CWE-512

Covert Channel
type: Class
subclass of: Creation of Emergent Resource
cwe-id: CWE-514

Covert Storage Channel
type: Class
subclass of: Covert Channel
cwe-id: CWE-515

Path Equivalence: '/multiple/trailing/slash//'
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Multiple Trailing Special Elements
subclass of: Improper Resolution of Path Equivalence
cwe-id: CWE-52

.NET Misconfiguration: Use of Impersonation
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Privilege Assignment
cwe-id: CWE-520

Weak Password Requirements
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Weak Credentials
cwe-id: CWE-521

Insufficiently Protected Credentials
type: Class
subclass of: Weak Authentication
subclass of: Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-522

Unprotected Transport of Credentials
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficiently Protected Credentials
cwe-id: CWE-523

Use of Cache Containing Sensitive Information
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-524

Use of Web Browser Cache Containing Sensitive Information
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Cache Containing Sensitive Information
cwe-id: CWE-525

Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information in an Environment Variable
type: Class
subclass of: Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information
cwe-id: CWE-526

Exposure of Version-Control Repository to an Unauthorized Control Sphere
type: Class
subclass of: Files or Directories Accessible to External Parties
cwe-id: CWE-527

Exposure of Core Dump File to an Unauthorized Control Sphere
type: Class
subclass of: Files or Directories Accessible to External Parties
cwe-id: CWE-528

Exposure of Access Control List Files to an Unauthorized Control Sphere
type: Class
subclass of: Files or Directories Accessible to External Parties
cwe-id: CWE-529

Path Equivalence: '\multiple\\internal\backslash'
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Multiple Internal Special Elements
subclass of: Improper Resolution of Path Equivalence
cwe-id: CWE-53

Exposure of Backup File to an Unauthorized Control Sphere
type: Class
subclass of: Files or Directories Accessible to External Parties
cwe-id: CWE-530

Inclusion of Sensitive Information in Test Code
type: Class
subclass of: Inclusion of Sensitive Information in Source Code
cwe-id: CWE-531

Insertion of Sensitive Information into Log File
type: Class
subclass of: Insertion of Sensitive Information into Externally-Accessible File or Directory
cwe-id: CWE-532

Exposure of Information Through Shell Error Message
type: Class
subclass of: Externally-Generated Error Message Containing Sensitive Information
cwe-id: CWE-535

Servlet Runtime Error Message Containing Sensitive Information
type: Class
subclass of: Externally-Generated Error Message Containing Sensitive Information
cwe-id: CWE-536

Java Runtime Error Message Containing Sensitive Information
type: Class
subclass of: Externally-Generated Error Message Containing Sensitive Information
cwe-id: CWE-537

Insertion of Sensitive Information into Externally-Accessible File or Directory
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor
cwe-id: CWE-538

Use of Persistent Cookies Containing Sensitive Information
type: Class
subclass of: Files or Directories Accessible to External Parties
cwe-id: CWE-539

Path Equivalence: 'filedir\' (Trailing Backslash)
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Trailing Special Elements
subclass of: Improper Resolution of Path Equivalence
cwe-id: CWE-54

Inclusion of Sensitive Information in Source Code
type: Class
subclass of: Insertion of Sensitive Information into Externally-Accessible File or Directory
cwe-id: CWE-540

Inclusion of Sensitive Information in an Include File
type: Class
subclass of: Inclusion of Sensitive Information in Source Code
cwe-id: CWE-541

Use of Singleton Pattern Without Synchronization in a Multithreaded Context
type: Class
subclass of: Missing Synchronization
cwe-id: CWE-543

Missing Standardized Error Handling Mechanism
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Handling of Exceptional Conditions
cwe-id: CWE-544

Suspicious Comment
type: Class
subclass of: Inappropriate Source Code Style or Formatting
cwe-id: CWE-546

Use of Hard-coded, Security-relevant Constants
type: Class
subclass of: Inappropriate Source Code Style or Formatting
cwe-id: CWE-547

Exposure of Information Through Directory Listing
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-548

Missing Password Field Masking
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficiently Protected Credentials
cwe-id: CWE-549

Path Equivalence: '/./' (Single Dot Directory)
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Resolution of Path Equivalence
cwe-id: CWE-55

Server-generated Error Message Containing Sensitive Information
type: Class
subclass of: Generation of Error Message Containing Sensitive Information
cwe-id: CWE-550

Incorrect Behavior Order: Authorization Before Parsing and Canonicalization
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Behavior Order
subclass of: Incorrect Authorization
cwe-id: CWE-551

Files or Directories Accessible to External Parties
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Authorization
subclass of: Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-552

Command Shell in Externally Accessible Directory
type: Class
subclass of: Files or Directories Accessible to External Parties
cwe-id: CWE-553

ASP.NET Misconfiguration: Not Using Input Validation Framework
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Use of Validation Framework
cwe-id: CWE-554

J2EE Misconfiguration: Plaintext Password in Configuration File
type: Class
subclass of: Password in Configuration File
cwe-id: CWE-555

ASP.NET Misconfiguration: Use of Identity Impersonation
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Privilege Assignment
cwe-id: CWE-556

Use of getlogin() in Multithreaded Application
type: Class
subclass of: Use of a Non-reentrant Function in a Concurrent Context
cwe-id: CWE-558

Path Equivalence: 'filedir*' (Wildcard)
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Wildcards or Matching Symbols
subclass of: Improper Resolution of Path Equivalence
cwe-id: CWE-56

Use of umask() with chmod-style Argument
type: Class
subclass of: Function Call With Incorrectly Specified Argument Value
cwe-id: CWE-560

Dead Code
type: Class
subclass of: Irrelevant Code
cwe-id: CWE-561

Return of Stack Variable Address
type: Class
subclass of: Reliance on Undefined, Unspecified, or Implementation-Defined Behavior
cwe-id: CWE-562

Assignment to Variable without Use
type: Class
subclass of: Irrelevant Code
cwe-id: CWE-563

SQL Injection: Hibernate
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection')
cwe-id: CWE-564

Reliance on Cookies without Validation and Integrity Checking
type: Class
subclass of: Client-Side Enforcement of Server-Side Security
subclass of: External Control of Critical State Data
cwe-id: CWE-565

Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled SQL Primary Key
type: Class
subclass of: Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
cwe-id: CWE-566

Unsynchronized Access to Shared Data in a Multithreaded Context
type: Class
subclass of: Missing Synchronization
cwe-id: CWE-567

finalize() Method Without super.finalize()
type: Class
subclass of: Incomplete Cleanup
subclass of: Improper Following of Specification by Caller
cwe-id: CWE-568

Path Equivalence: 'fakedir/../realdir/filename'
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Resolution of Path Equivalence
cwe-id: CWE-57

Expression is Always False
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
cwe-id: CWE-570

Expression is Always True
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
cwe-id: CWE-571

Call to Thread run() instead of start()
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Synchronization
cwe-id: CWE-572

Improper Following of Specification by Caller
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
cwe-id: CWE-573

EJB Bad Practices: Use of Synchronization Primitives
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Low-Level Functionality
subclass of: Incorrect Synchronization
cwe-id: CWE-574

EJB Bad Practices: Use of AWT Swing
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Low-Level Functionality
cwe-id: CWE-575

EJB Bad Practices: Use of Java I/O
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Low-Level Functionality
cwe-id: CWE-576

EJB Bad Practices: Use of Sockets
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Following of Specification by Caller
cwe-id: CWE-577

EJB Bad Practices: Use of Class Loader
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Following of Specification by Caller
cwe-id: CWE-578

J2EE Bad Practices: Non-serializable Object Stored in Session
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Following of Specification by Caller
cwe-id: CWE-579

Path Equivalence: Windows 8.3 Filename
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Resolution of Path Equivalence
cwe-id: CWE-58

clone() Method Without super.clone()
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Following of Specification by Caller
subclass of: Improper Control of a Resource Through its Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-580

Object Model Violation: Just One of Equals and Hashcode Defined
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Following of Specification by Caller
subclass of: Incorrect Comparison
cwe-id: CWE-581

Array Declared Public, Final, and Static
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-582

finalize() Method Declared Public
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-583

Return Inside Finally Block
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Control Flow Scoping
cwe-id: CWE-584

Empty Synchronized Block
type: Class
subclass of: Empty Code Block
cwe-id: CWE-585

Explicit Call to Finalize()
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Adherence to Expected Conventions
cwe-id: CWE-586

Assignment of a Fixed Address to a Pointer
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Invariant Value in Dynamically Changing Context
subclass of: Reliance on Undefined, Unspecified, or Implementation-Defined Behavior
cwe-id: CWE-587

Attempt to Access Child of a Non-structure Pointer
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Type Conversion or Cast
subclass of: Reliance on Undefined, Unspecified, or Implementation-Defined Behavior
cwe-id: CWE-588

Call to Non-ubiquitous API
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Function with Inconsistent Implementations
cwe-id: CWE-589

Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Incorrectly-Resolved Name or Reference
cwe-id: CWE-59

Free of Memory not on the Heap
type: Class
subclass of: Mismatched Memory Management Routines
cwe-id: CWE-590

Sensitive Data Storage in Improperly Locked Memory
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Resource Locking
cwe-id: CWE-591

Authentication Bypass: OpenSSL CTX Object Modified after SSL Objects are Created
type: Class
subclass of: Weak Authentication
subclass of: Operation on Resource in Wrong Phase of Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-593

J2EE Framework: Saving Unserializable Objects to Disk
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
cwe-id: CWE-594

Comparison of Object References Instead of Object Contents
type: Class
subclass of: Comparison Using Wrong Factors
cwe-id: CWE-595

Use of Wrong Operator in String Comparison
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Incorrect Operator
subclass of: Comparison of Object References Instead of Object Contents
cwe-id: CWE-597

Use of GET Request Method With Sensitive Query Strings
type: Class
subclass of: Insertion of Sensitive Information Into Sent Data
cwe-id: CWE-598

Missing Validation of OpenSSL Certificate
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Certificate Validation
cwe-id: CWE-599

J2EE Misconfiguration: Insufficient Session-ID Length
type: Class
subclass of: Small Space of Random Values
cwe-id: CWE-6

Uncaught Exception in Servlet
type: Class
subclass of: Uncaught Exception
cwe-id: CWE-600

URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
type: Class
subclass of: Externally Controlled Reference to a Resource in Another Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-601

Client-Side Enforcement of Server-Side Security
type: Class
subclass of: Protection Mechanism Failure
cwe-id: CWE-602

Use of Client-Side Authentication
type: Class
subclass of: Weak Authentication
subclass of: Client-Side Enforcement of Server-Side Security
cwe-id: CWE-603

Multiple Binds to the Same Port
type: Class
subclass of: Operation on Resource in Wrong Phase of Lifetime
subclass of: Multiple Operations on Resource in Single-Operation Context
cwe-id: CWE-605

Unchecked Input for Loop Condition
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Validation of Specified Quantity in Input
cwe-id: CWE-606

Public Static Final Field References Mutable Object
type: Class
subclass of: Modification of Assumed-Immutable Data (MAID)
cwe-id: CWE-607

Struts: Non-private Field in ActionForm Class
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-608

Double-Checked Locking
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Locking
cwe-id: CWE-609

UNIX Symbolic Link (Symlink) Following
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
cwe-id: CWE-61

Externally Controlled Reference to a Resource in Another Sphere
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of a Resource Through its Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-610

Improper Restriction of XML External Entity Reference
type: Class
subclass of: Externally Controlled Reference to a Resource in Another Sphere
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: weakness-of
  some values from: External Content Inclusion Function
type: NamedIndividual
weakness-of: External Content Inclusion Function
cwe-id: CWE-611

Improper Authorization of Index Containing Sensitive Information
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Sensitive Information Through Metadata
cwe-id: CWE-612

Insufficient Session Expiration
type: Class
subclass of: Operation on a Resource after Expiration or Release
cwe-id: CWE-613

Sensitive Cookie in HTTPS Session Without 'Secure' Attribute
type: Class
subclass of: Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information
cwe-id: CWE-614

Inclusion of Sensitive Information in Source Code Comments
type: Class
subclass of: Inclusion of Sensitive Information in Source Code
cwe-id: CWE-615

Incomplete Identification of Uploaded File Variables (PHP)
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
cwe-id: CWE-616

Reachable Assertion
type: Class
subclass of: Always-Incorrect Control Flow Implementation
cwe-id: CWE-617

Exposed Unsafe ActiveX Method
type: Class
subclass of: Exposed Dangerous Method or Function
cwe-id: CWE-618

Dangling Database Cursor ('Cursor Injection')
type: Class
subclass of: Transmission of Private Resources into a New Sphere ('Resource Leak')
cwe-id: CWE-619

UNIX Hard Link
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
cwe-id: CWE-62

Unverified Password Change
type: Class
subclass of: Weak Authentication
cwe-id: CWE-620

Variable Extraction Error
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of Dynamically-Identified Variables
cwe-id: CWE-621

Improper Validation of Function Hook Arguments
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Input Validation
cwe-id: CWE-622

Unsafe ActiveX Control Marked Safe For Scripting
type: Class
subclass of: Privilege Defined With Unsafe Actions
cwe-id: CWE-623

Executable Regular Expression Error
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
cwe-id: CWE-624

Permissive Regular Expression
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Regular Expression
cwe-id: CWE-625

Null Byte Interaction Error (Poison Null Byte)
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Input Terminators
subclass of: Interpretation Conflict
cwe-id: CWE-626

Dynamic Variable Evaluation
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of Dynamically-Identified Variables
cwe-id: CWE-627

Function Call with Incorrectly Specified Arguments
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Following of Specification by Caller
cwe-id: CWE-628

Not Failing Securely ('Failing Open')
type: Class
subclass of: Violation of Secure Design Principles
subclass of: Improper Handling of Exceptional Conditions
cwe-id: CWE-636

Unnecessary Complexity in Protection Mechanism (Not Using 'Economy of Mechanism')
type: Class
subclass of: Violation of Secure Design Principles
cwe-id: CWE-637

Not Using Complete Mediation
type: Class
subclass of: Violation of Secure Design Principles
subclass of: Missing Authorization
cwe-id: CWE-638

Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Authorization
cwe-id: CWE-639

Windows Shortcut Following (.LNK)
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
cwe-id: CWE-64

Weak Password Recovery Mechanism for Forgotten Password
type: Class
subclass of: Weak Authentication
cwe-id: CWE-640

Improper Restriction of Names for Files and Other Resources
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of Resource Identifiers ('Resource Injection')
cwe-id: CWE-641

External Control of Critical State Data
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-642

Improper Neutralization of Data within XPath Expressions ('XPath Injection')
type: Class
subclass of: XML Injection (aka Blind XPath Injection)
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Data Query Logic
cwe-id: CWE-643

Improper Neutralization of HTTP Headers for Scripting Syntax
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
cwe-id: CWE-644

Overly Restrictive Account Lockout Mechanism
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Authentication
cwe-id: CWE-645

Reliance on File Name or Extension of Externally-Supplied File
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
cwe-id: CWE-646

Use of Non-Canonical URL Paths for Authorization Decisions
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Authorization
cwe-id: CWE-647

Incorrect Use of Privileged APIs
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Privilege Management
cwe-id: CWE-648

Reliance on Obfuscation or Encryption of Security-Relevant Inputs without Integrity Checking
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
cwe-id: CWE-649

Windows Hard Link
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
cwe-id: CWE-65

Trusting HTTP Permission Methods on the Server Side
type: Class
subclass of: Interpretation Conflict
cwe-id: CWE-650

Exposure of WSDL File Containing Sensitive Information
type: Class
subclass of: Insertion of Sensitive Information into Externally-Accessible File or Directory
cwe-id: CWE-651

Improper Neutralization of Data within XQuery Expressions ('XQuery Injection')
type: Class
subclass of: XML Injection (aka Blind XPath Injection)
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Data Query Logic
cwe-id: CWE-652

Improper Isolation or Compartmentalization
type: Class
subclass of: Violation of Secure Design Principles
subclass of: Protection Mechanism Failure
cwe-id: CWE-653

Reliance on a Single Factor in a Security Decision
type: Class
subclass of: Violation of Secure Design Principles
subclass of: Protection Mechanism Failure
cwe-id: CWE-654

Insufficient Psychological Acceptability
type: Class
subclass of: Violation of Secure Design Principles
subclass of: Protection Mechanism Failure
cwe-id: CWE-655

Reliance on Security Through Obscurity
type: Class
subclass of: Violation of Secure Design Principles
subclass of: Protection Mechanism Failure
cwe-id: CWE-656

Violation of Secure Design Principles
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
cwe-id: CWE-657

Improper Handling of File Names that Identify Virtual Resources
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Incorrectly-Resolved Name or Reference
cwe-id: CWE-66

Improper Synchronization
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of a Resource Through its Lifetime
subclass of: Insufficient Control Flow Management
cwe-id: CWE-662

Use of a Non-reentrant Function in a Concurrent Context
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Synchronization
cwe-id: CWE-663

Improper Control of a Resource Through its Lifetime
type: Class
subclass of: Weakness
cwe-id: CWE-664

Improper Initialization
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of a Resource Through its Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-665

Operation on Resource in Wrong Phase of Lifetime
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of a Resource Through its Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-666

Improper Locking
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Synchronization
cwe-id: CWE-667

Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of a Resource Through its Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-668

Incorrect Resource Transfer Between Spheres
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of a Resource Through its Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-669

Improper Handling of Windows Device Names
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Handling of File Names that Identify Virtual Resources
cwe-id: CWE-67

Always-Incorrect Control Flow Implementation
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Control Flow Management
cwe-id: CWE-670

Lack of Administrator Control over Security
type: Class
subclass of: Violation of Secure Design Principles
cwe-id: CWE-671

Operation on a Resource after Expiration or Release
type: Class
subclass of: Operation on Resource in Wrong Phase of Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-672

External Influence of Sphere Definition
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of a Resource Through its Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-673

Uncontrolled Recursion
type: Class
subclass of: Excessive Iteration
cwe-id: CWE-674

Multiple Operations on Resource in Single-Operation Context
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Following of Specification by Caller
cwe-id: CWE-675

Use of Potentially Dangerous Function
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Prohibited Code
cwe-id: CWE-676

Integer Overflow to Buffer Overflow
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer
cwe-id: CWE-680

Incorrect Conversion between Numeric Types
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Type Conversion or Cast
cwe-id: CWE-681

Incorrect Calculation
type: Class
subclass of: Weakness
cwe-id: CWE-682

Function Call With Incorrect Order of Arguments
type: Class
subclass of: Function Call with Incorrectly Specified Arguments
cwe-id: CWE-683

Incorrect Provision of Specified Functionality
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
cwe-id: CWE-684

Function Call With Incorrect Number of Arguments
type: Class
subclass of: Function Call with Incorrectly Specified Arguments
cwe-id: CWE-685

Function Call With Incorrect Argument Type
type: Class
subclass of: Function Call with Incorrectly Specified Arguments
cwe-id: CWE-686

Function Call With Incorrectly Specified Argument Value
type: Class
subclass of: Function Call with Incorrectly Specified Arguments
cwe-id: CWE-687

Function Call With Incorrect Variable or Reference as Argument
type: Class
subclass of: Function Call with Incorrectly Specified Arguments
cwe-id: CWE-688

Permission Race Condition During Resource Copy
type: Class
subclass of: Concurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization ('Race Condition')
cwe-id: CWE-689

Improper Handling of Windows ::DATA Alternate Data Stream
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Handling of File Names that Identify Virtual Resources
cwe-id: CWE-69

Unchecked Return Value to NULL Pointer Dereference
type: Class
subclass of: NULL Pointer Dereference
cwe-id: CWE-690

Insufficient Control Flow Management
type: Class
subclass of: Weakness
cwe-id: CWE-691

Incomplete Denylist to Cross-Site Scripting
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
cwe-id: CWE-692

Protection Mechanism Failure
type: Class
subclass of: Weakness
cwe-id: CWE-693

Use of Multiple Resources with Duplicate Identifier
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Following of Specification by Caller
subclass of: Improper Control of Resource Identifiers ('Resource Injection')
cwe-id: CWE-694

Use of Low-Level Functionality
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Following of Specification by Caller
cwe-id: CWE-695

Incorrect Behavior Order
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Control Flow Management
cwe-id: CWE-696

Incorrect Comparison
type: Class
subclass of: Weakness
cwe-id: CWE-697

Execution After Redirect (EAR)
type: Class
subclass of: Always-Incorrect Control Flow Implementation
subclass of: Incorrect Control Flow Scoping
cwe-id: CWE-698

J2EE Misconfiguration: Missing Custom Error Page
type: Class
subclass of: Missing Custom Error Page
cwe-id: CWE-7

Improper Check or Handling of Exceptional Conditions
type: Class
subclass of: Weakness
cwe-id: CWE-703

Incorrect Type Conversion or Cast
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of a Resource Through its Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-704

Incorrect Control Flow Scoping
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Control Flow Management
cwe-id: CWE-705

Use of Incorrectly-Resolved Name or Reference
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of a Resource Through its Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-706

Improper Neutralization
type: Class
subclass of: Weakness
cwe-id: CWE-707

Incorrect Ownership Assignment
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Ownership Management
cwe-id: CWE-708

Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
type: Class
subclass of: Weakness
cwe-id: CWE-710

Improper Handling of Apple HFS+ Alternate Data Stream Path
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Handling of File Names that Identify Virtual Resources
cwe-id: CWE-72

External Control of File Name or Path
type: Class
subclass of: Externally Controlled Reference to a Resource in Another Sphere
subclass of: External Control of Critical State Data
cwe-id: CWE-73

Incorrect Permission Assignment for Critical Resource
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Authorization
subclass of: Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-732

Compiler Optimization Removal or Modification of Security-critical Code
type: Class
subclass of: Insecure Automated Optimizations
cwe-id: CWE-733

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Output Used by a Downstream Component ('Injection')
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization
cwe-id: CWE-74

Exposed Dangerous Method or Function
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-749

Failure to Sanitize Special Elements into a Different Plane (Special Element Injection)
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Output Used by a Downstream Component ('Injection')
cwe-id: CWE-75

Improper Check for Unusual or Exceptional Conditions
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Check or Handling of Exceptional Conditions
cwe-id: CWE-754

Improper Handling of Exceptional Conditions
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Check or Handling of Exceptional Conditions
cwe-id: CWE-755

Missing Custom Error Page
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Handling of Exceptional Conditions
cwe-id: CWE-756

Selection of Less-Secure Algorithm During Negotiation ('Algorithm Downgrade')
type: Class
subclass of: Protection Mechanism Failure
cwe-id: CWE-757

Reliance on Undefined, Unspecified, or Implementation-Defined Behavior
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Adherence to Coding Standards
cwe-id: CWE-758

Use of a One-Way Hash without a Salt
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Password Hash With Insufficient Computational Effort
cwe-id: CWE-759

Improper Neutralization of Equivalent Special Elements
type: Class
subclass of: Failure to Sanitize Special Elements into a Different Plane (Special Element Injection)
cwe-id: CWE-76

Use of a One-Way Hash with a Predictable Salt
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Password Hash With Insufficient Computational Effort
cwe-id: CWE-760

Free of Pointer not at Start of Buffer
type: Class
subclass of: Release of Invalid Pointer or Reference
cwe-id: CWE-761

Mismatched Memory Management Routines
type: Class
subclass of: Release of Invalid Pointer or Reference
cwe-id: CWE-762

Release of Invalid Pointer or Reference
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Resource Shutdown or Release
cwe-id: CWE-763

Multiple Locks of a Critical Resource
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Locking
subclass of: Multiple Operations on Resource in Single-Operation Context
cwe-id: CWE-764

Multiple Unlocks of a Critical Resource
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Locking
subclass of: Multiple Operations on Resource in Single-Operation Context
cwe-id: CWE-765

Critical Data Element Declared Public
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Encapsulation
cwe-id: CWE-766

Access to Critical Private Variable via Public Method
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-767

Incorrect Short Circuit Evaluation
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Control Flow Management
cwe-id: CWE-768

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Output Used by a Downstream Component ('Injection')
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: weakness-of
  some values from: User Input Function
type: NamedIndividual
weakness-of: User Input Function
cwe-id: CWE-77

Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling
type: Class
subclass of: Uncontrolled Resource Consumption
subclass of: Improper Initialization
cwe-id: CWE-770

Missing Reference to Active Allocated Resource
type: Class
subclass of: Uncontrolled Resource Consumption
cwe-id: CWE-771

Missing Release of Resource after Effective Lifetime
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Resource Shutdown or Release
cwe-id: CWE-772

Missing Reference to Active File Descriptor or Handle
type: Class
subclass of: Missing Reference to Active Allocated Resource
cwe-id: CWE-773

Allocation of File Descriptors or Handles Without Limits or Throttling
type: Class
subclass of: Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling
cwe-id: CWE-774

Missing Release of File Descriptor or Handle after Effective Lifetime
type: Class
subclass of: Missing Release of Resource after Effective Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-775

Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
type: Class
subclass of: Asymmetric Resource Consumption (Amplification)
subclass of: Uncontrolled Recursion
cwe-id: CWE-776

Regular Expression without Anchors
type: Class
subclass of: Permissive Regular Expression
cwe-id: CWE-777

Insufficient Logging
type: Class
subclass of: Omission of Security-relevant Information
subclass of: Protection Mechanism Failure
cwe-id: CWE-778

Logging of Excessive Data
type: Class
subclass of: Uncontrolled Resource Consumption
cwe-id: CWE-779

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-be-weakness-of
  some values from: Eval Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-be-weakness-of
  some values from: Process Start Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-be-weakness-of
  some values from: User Input Function
type: NamedIndividual
may-be-weakness-of: Eval Function
may-be-weakness-of: Process Start Function
may-be-weakness-of: User Input Function
cwe-id: CWE-78

Use of RSA Algorithm without OAEP
type: Class
subclass of: Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm
cwe-id: CWE-780

Improper Address Validation in IOCTL with METHOD_NEITHER I/O Control Code
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Validation of Specified Index, Position, or Offset in Input
cwe-id: CWE-781

Exposed IOCTL with Insufficient Access Control
type: Class
subclass of: Exposed Dangerous Method or Function
cwe-id: CWE-782

Operator Precedence Logic Error
type: Class
subclass of: Always-Incorrect Control Flow Implementation
cwe-id: CWE-783

Reliance on Cookies without Validation and Integrity Checking in a Security Decision
type: Class
subclass of: Reliance on Cookies without Validation and Integrity Checking
subclass of: Reliance on Untrusted Inputs in a Security Decision
cwe-id: CWE-784

Use of Path Manipulation Function without Maximum-sized Buffer
type: Class
subclass of: Buffer Copy without Checking Size of Input ('Classic Buffer Overflow')
subclass of: Use of Potentially Dangerous Function
cwe-id: CWE-785

Access of Memory Location Before Start of Buffer
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer
cwe-id: CWE-786

Out-of-bounds Write
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: weakness-of
  some values from: Raw Memory Access Function
type: NamedIndividual
weakness-of: Raw Memory Access Function
cwe-id: CWE-787

Access of Memory Location After End of Buffer
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer
cwe-id: CWE-788

Memory Allocation with Excessive Size Value
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Validation of Specified Quantity in Input
subclass of: Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling
cwe-id: CWE-789

Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Output Used by a Downstream Component ('Injection')
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: weakness-of
  some values from: User Input Function
type: NamedIndividual
weakness-of: User Input Function
cwe-id: CWE-79

Improper Filtering of Special Elements
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements
cwe-id: CWE-790

Incomplete Filtering of Special Elements
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Filtering of Special Elements
cwe-id: CWE-791

Incomplete Filtering of One or More Instances of Special Elements
type: Class
subclass of: Incomplete Filtering of Special Elements
cwe-id: CWE-792

Only Filtering One Instance of a Special Element
type: Class
subclass of: Incomplete Filtering of One or More Instances of Special Elements
cwe-id: CWE-793

Incomplete Filtering of Multiple Instances of Special Elements
type: Class
subclass of: Incomplete Filtering of One or More Instances of Special Elements
cwe-id: CWE-794

Only Filtering Special Elements at a Specified Location
type: Class
subclass of: Incomplete Filtering of Special Elements
cwe-id: CWE-795

Only Filtering Special Elements Relative to a Marker
type: Class
subclass of: Only Filtering Special Elements at a Specified Location
cwe-id: CWE-796

Only Filtering Special Elements at an Absolute Position
type: Class
subclass of: Only Filtering Special Elements at a Specified Location
cwe-id: CWE-797

Use of Hard-coded Credentials
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Weak Credentials
subclass of: Use of Invariant Value in Dynamically Changing Context
subclass of: Lack of Administrator Control over Security
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: weakness-of
  some values from: Authentication Function
type: NamedIndividual
weakness-of: Authentication Function
cwe-id: CWE-798

Improper Control of Interaction Frequency
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Control Flow Management
cwe-id: CWE-799

J2EE Misconfiguration: Entity Bean Declared Remote
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-8

Improper Neutralization of Script-Related HTML Tags in a Web Page (Basic XSS)
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
cwe-id: CWE-80

Guessable CAPTCHA
type: Class
subclass of: Weak Authentication
subclass of: Incorrect Authorization
cwe-id: CWE-804

Buffer Access with Incorrect Length Value
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer
cwe-id: CWE-805

Buffer Access Using Size of Source Buffer
type: Class
subclass of: Buffer Access with Incorrect Length Value
cwe-id: CWE-806

Reliance on Untrusted Inputs in a Security Decision
type: Class
subclass of: Protection Mechanism Failure
cwe-id: CWE-807

Improper Neutralization of Script in an Error Message Web Page
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
cwe-id: CWE-81

Improper Neutralization of Script in Attributes of IMG Tags in a Web Page
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Script in Attributes in a Web Page
cwe-id: CWE-82

Missing Synchronization
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Synchronization
cwe-id: CWE-820

Incorrect Synchronization
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Synchronization
cwe-id: CWE-821

Untrusted Pointer Dereference
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer
cwe-id: CWE-822

Use of Out-of-range Pointer Offset
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer
cwe-id: CWE-823

Access of Uninitialized Pointer
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer
cwe-id: CWE-824

Expired Pointer Dereference
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer
subclass of: Operation on a Resource after Expiration or Release
cwe-id: CWE-825

Premature Release of Resource During Expected Lifetime
type: Class
subclass of: Operation on Resource in Wrong Phase of Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-826

Improper Control of Document Type Definition
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Incorrectly-Resolved Name or Reference
subclass of: Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-827

Signal Handler with Functionality that is not Asynchronous-Safe
type: Class
subclass of: Signal Handler Race Condition
cwe-id: CWE-828

Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Resource Transfer Between Spheres
cwe-id: CWE-829

Improper Neutralization of Script in Attributes in a Web Page
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
cwe-id: CWE-83

Inclusion of Web Functionality from an Untrusted Source
type: Class
subclass of: Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-830

Signal Handler Function Associated with Multiple Signals
type: Class
subclass of: Signal Handler Race Condition
cwe-id: CWE-831

Unlock of a Resource that is not Locked
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Locking
cwe-id: CWE-832

Deadlock
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Locking
cwe-id: CWE-833

Excessive Iteration
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Control Flow Management
cwe-id: CWE-834

Loop with Unreachable Exit Condition ('Infinite Loop')
type: Class
subclass of: Excessive Iteration
cwe-id: CWE-835

Use of Password Hash Instead of Password for Authentication
type: Class
subclass of: Weak Authentication
cwe-id: CWE-836

Improper Enforcement of a Single, Unique Action
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of Interaction Frequency
cwe-id: CWE-837

Inappropriate Encoding for Output Context
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
cwe-id: CWE-838

Numeric Range Comparison Without Minimum Check
type: Class
subclass of: Incomplete Comparison with Missing Factors
cwe-id: CWE-839

Improper Neutralization of Encoded URI Schemes in a Web Page
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
cwe-id: CWE-84

Improper Enforcement of Behavioral Workflow
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Control Flow Management
cwe-id: CWE-841

Placement of User into Incorrect Group
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect User Management
cwe-id: CWE-842

Access of Resource Using Incompatible Type ('Type Confusion')
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Type Conversion or Cast
cwe-id: CWE-843

Doubled Character XSS Manipulations
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
cwe-id: CWE-85

Improper Neutralization of Invalid Characters in Identifiers in Web Pages
type: Class
subclass of: Interpretation Conflict
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
cwe-id: CWE-86

Missing Authorization
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Authorization
cwe-id: CWE-862
comment: Broad and could apply to all resource accesses.

Incorrect Authorization
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Authorization
cwe-id: CWE-863

Improper Neutralization of Alternate XSS Syntax
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
cwe-id: CWE-87

Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
cwe-id: CWE-88

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection')
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Data Query Logic
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: weakness-of
  some values from: User Input Function
type: NamedIndividual
weakness-of: User Input Function
cwe-id: CWE-89

J2EE Misconfiguration: Weak Access Permissions for EJB Methods
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Privilege Assignment
cwe-id: CWE-9

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an LDAP Query ('LDAP Injection')
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Data Query Logic
cwe-id: CWE-90

Use of Uninitialized Resource
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Initialization
cwe-id: CWE-908

Missing Initialization of Resource
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Initialization
cwe-id: CWE-909

XML Injection (aka Blind XPath Injection)
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Output Used by a Downstream Component ('Injection')
cwe-id: CWE-91

Use of Expired File Descriptor
type: Class
subclass of: Operation on a Resource after Expiration or Release
cwe-id: CWE-910

Improper Update of Reference Count
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of a Resource Through its Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-911

Hidden Functionality
type: Class
subclass of: Incorrect Provision of Specified Functionality
cwe-id: CWE-912

Improper Control of Dynamically-Managed Code Resources
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of a Resource Through its Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-913

Improper Control of Dynamically-Identified Variables
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of Dynamically-Managed Code Resources
subclass of: Improper Control of Resource Identifiers ('Resource Injection')
cwe-id: CWE-914

Improperly Controlled Modification of Dynamically-Determined Object Attributes
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of Dynamically-Managed Code Resources
cwe-id: CWE-915

Use of Password Hash With Insufficient Computational Effort
type: Class
subclass of: Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm
cwe-id: CWE-916

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an Expression Language Statement ('Expression Language Injection')
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
cwe-id: CWE-917

Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)
type: Class
subclass of: Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: weakness-of
  some values from: User Input Function
type: NamedIndividual
weakness-of: User Input Function
cwe-id: CWE-918

Improper Restriction of Power Consumption
type: Class
subclass of: Uncontrolled Resource Consumption
cwe-id: CWE-920

Storage of Sensitive Data in a Mechanism without Access Control
type: Class
subclass of: Insecure Storage of Sensitive Information
cwe-id: CWE-921

Insecure Storage of Sensitive Information
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of a Resource Through its Lifetime
cwe-id: CWE-922

Improper Restriction of Communication Channel to Intended Endpoints
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Access Control
cwe-id: CWE-923

Improper Enforcement of Message Integrity During Transmission in a Communication Channel
type: Class
subclass of: Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
cwe-id: CWE-924

Improper Verification of Intent by Broadcast Receiver
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Verification of Source of a Communication Channel
cwe-id: CWE-925

Improper Export of Android Application Components
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Authorization
cwe-id: CWE-926

Use of Implicit Intent for Sensitive Communication
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Authorization
subclass of: Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-927

Improper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences ('CRLF Injection')
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Output Used by a Downstream Component ('Injection')
cwe-id: CWE-93

Improper Authorization in Handler for Custom URL Scheme
type: Class
subclass of: Missing Authorization
cwe-id: CWE-939

Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Output Used by a Downstream Component ('Injection')
subclass of: Improper Control of Dynamically-Managed Code Resources
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-be-weakness-of
  some values from: Eval Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-be-weakness-of
  some values from: User Input Function
type: NamedIndividual
may-be-weakness-of: Eval Function
may-be-weakness-of: User Input Function
cwe-id: CWE-94

Improper Verification of Source of a Communication Channel
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Restriction of Communication Channel to Intended Endpoints
cwe-id: CWE-940

Incorrectly Specified Destination in a Communication Channel
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Restriction of Communication Channel to Intended Endpoints
cwe-id: CWE-941

Permissive Cross-domain Policy with Untrusted Domains
type: Class
subclass of: Permissive List of Allowed Inputs
subclass of: Improper Restriction of Communication Channel to Intended Endpoints
cwe-id: CWE-942

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Data Query Logic
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Output Used by a Downstream Component ('Injection')
cwe-id: CWE-943

Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
cwe-id: CWE-95

Improper Neutralization of Directives in Statically Saved Code ('Static Code Injection')
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
cwe-id: CWE-96

Improper Neutralization of Server-Side Includes (SSI) Within a Web Page
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Directives in Statically Saved Code ('Static Code Injection')
cwe-id: CWE-97

Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion')
type: Class
subclass of: Use of Incorrectly-Resolved Name or Reference
subclass of: Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere
cwe-id: CWE-98

Improper Control of Resource Identifiers ('Resource Injection')
type: Class
subclass of: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Output Used by a Downstream Component ('Injection')
cwe-id: CWE-99

Processor Cache Memory
type: Class
subclass of: Primary Storage
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accessed-by
  some values from: Central Processing Unit
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: Process Segment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Processor Cache Memory
type: NamedIndividual
accessed-by: Central Processing Unit
may-contain: Process Segment
definition: Cache memory is temporary storage that is more readily available to the processor than the computer's main memory source, located between the main memory and the processor. It is typically either integrated directly into the CPU chip (level 1 cache) or placed on a separate chip with a bus interconnect with the CPU (level 2 cache).

Call Stack
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Stack Frame
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Stack Frame
definition: In computer science, a call stack is a stack data structure that stores information about the active subroutines of a computer program. This kind of stack is also known as an execution stack, program stack, control stack, run-time stack, or machine stack, and is often shortened to just "the stack". Although maintenance of the call stack is important for the proper functioning of most software, the details are normally hidden and automatic in high-level programming languages. Many computer instruction sets provide special instructions for manipulating stacks.

Canopy Clustering
type: Class
subclass of: Cluster Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-CC
definition: The canopy clustering algorithm is an unsupervised pre-clustering algorithm often used as preprocessing step for the K-means algorithm or the Hierarchical clustering algorithm. It is intended to speed up clustering operations on large data sets.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Canopy clustering algorithm. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopy_clustering_algorithm)

Capability
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: assessed-by
  some values from: Capability Assessment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-feature
  some values from: Capability Feature

Capability Assessment
type: Class
subclass of: Assessment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: assesses
  some values from: Capability
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-evidence
  some values from: Admin Feature Assessment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-evidence
  some values from: Defensive Technique Assessment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-implementation
  some values from: Capability Implementation

Capability Feature
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Catalog Thing
definition: A distinguishing characteristic of a capability (e.g., performance, portability, or functionality).

Capability Feature Claim
type: Class
subclass of: Statement
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: assessed-by
  some values from: Defensive Technique Assessment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: author
  some values from: Agent
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: implemented-by
  some values from: Capability Implementation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: comments
  some values from: string
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: date created
  some values from: dateTime
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: date modified
  some values from: dateTime
alternative label: Provider Claim

Capability Implementation
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Catalog Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: features
  some values from: Administrative Feature
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: latency
  some values from: D3FEND Catalog Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: operating-system
  some values from: string
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: version
  some values from: string

Catalog
type: Class
subclass of: Information Content Entity
definition: A catalog is a complete list of things; usually arranged systematically.

Central Processing Unit
type: Class
subclass of: Processor
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Processor Register
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: Processor Cache Memory
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: Memory Management Unit
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: Memory Protection Unit
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Processor Register
may-contain: Processor Cache Memory
may-contain: Memory Management Unit
may-contain: Memory Protection Unit
definition: A central processing unit (CPU), also called a central processor, main processor or just processor, is the electronic circuitry that executes instructions comprising a computer program. The CPU performs basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions in the program. This contrasts with external components such as main memory and I/O circuitry, and specialized processors such as graphics
synonym: CPU
synonym: Central Processor
synonym: Main Processor

Central Tendency
type: Class
subclass of: Descriptive Statistics
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-CT
definition: A measure of central tendency ) is a summary measure that attempts to describe a whole set of data with a single value that represents the middle or centre of its distribution.
kb-article: ## References Australian Bureau of Statistics. (n.d.). Measures of Central Tendency. [Link](https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/understanding-statistics/statistical-terms-and-concepts/measures-central-tendency) Wikipedia. (n.d.). Central tendency. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_tendency)

Centroid-based Clustering
type: Class
subclass of: Cluster Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-CBC
definition: Centroid-based clustering organizes the data into non-hierarchical clusters, in contrast to hierarchical clustering defined below. K-means is the most widely-used centroid-based clustering algorithm. Centroid-based algorithms are efficient but sensitive to initial conditions and outliers.
kb-article: ## References Google Developers. (n.d.). Clustering Algorithms. [Link](https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/clustering/clustering-algorithms)

Certificate
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Identifier
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Public Key
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Identifier
contains: Public Key
definition: In cryptography, a public key certificate, also known as a digital certificate or identity certificate, is an electronic document used to prove the ownership of a public key. The certificate includes information about the key, information about the identity of its owner (called the subject), and the digital signature of an entity that has verified the certificate's contents (called the issuer). If the signature is valid, and the software examining the certificate trusts the issuer, then it can use that key to communicate securely with the certificate's subject. In email encryption, code signing, and e-signature systems, a certificate's subject is typically a person or organization. However, in Transport Layer Security (TLS) a certificate's subject is typically a computer or other device.
alternative label: Public Key Certificate

Certificate-based Authentication
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Hardening
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3-CBAN
definition: Requiring a digital certificate in order to authenticate a user.

Certificate Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Certificate File
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Certificate File
kb-reference: Reference-SecuringWebTransactions
d3fend-id: D3-CA
definition: Analyzing Public Key Infrastructure certificates to detect if they have been misconfigured or spoofed using both network traffic, certificate fields and third-party logs.
kb-article: ## How it works Certificate Analysis ensures that the data elements of the certificate are current and anchored in a known trust model. Certificate authorities, revocation lists, and third-party secure logs are used in the analysis. Analysis includes detection of server impersonation, phishing domains, and forged certificates. TLS certificates are designed to expire to ensure that the cryptographic keys are forced to be changed on a regular basis. The certificates in the trust path also expire and can cause a break in the trust chain. This means that even if a server certificate is updated correctly, intermediate certificates can expire and the trust chain is not maintained. This can cause services to become unavailable.

Certificate File
type: Class
subclass of: File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Certificate
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Certificate
definition: A file containing a digital certificate. In cryptography, a public key certificate (also known as a digital certificate or identity certificate) is an electronic document used to prove the ownership of a public key. The certificate includes information about the key, information about its owner's identity, and the digital signature of an entity that has verified the certificate's contents are correct. If the signature is valid, and the person examining the certificate trusts the signer, then they know they can use that key to communicate with its owner.

Certificate Pinning
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Hardening
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: authenticates
  some values from: Public Key
type: NamedIndividual
authenticates: Public Key
kb-reference: Reference - Certificate and Public Key Pinning
kb-reference: Reference - End-to-end certificate pinning
kb-reference: Reference-PublicKeyPinningExtensionForHTTP
d3fend-id: D3-CP
definition: Persisting either a server's X.509 certificate or their public key and comparing that to server's presented identity to allow for greater client confidence in the remote server's identity for SSL connections.
kb-article: ## How it works Pinning allows for a trusted copy of a certificate or public key to be associated with a server and thus reducing the likelihood of frequently visited sites being subjected to man-in-the-middle attacks. Certificates or public keys can be pinned after a trusted connection has been established or the pinning can be preloaded in an application, which is the preferred method for mobile applications. Pinning can take the form of certificate pinning or public key pinning. ## Forms of Pinning * Certificate Pinning (CP) allows for the client to verify the X.509 certificate with a preloaded certificate. Typically, this is involves storing a hash of the certificate and using the stored hash for comparison to the hash of the certificate submitted during the SSL handshake. * Public Key Pinning (PKP) requires the extraction of a public key from server's certificate. The stored public key is compared to the server's presented public key. A public key is expected to rotate less frequently than an X.509 certificate and is generally favored over certificate pinning. An extension of PKP is Subject Public Key Information Pinning (SPKI) includes public key pinning plus additional information for SSL connections. The additional information can include preferred algorithms. ## Considerations * With pinned certificates whenever a server updates its certificate, the pinned certificates will also need to be updated * With pinned public keys the extracted key may be subject to key refresh policies but much less frequently * Servers can become unavailable if pinned objects are set and not updated with the rotated identities. This may require a pinning strategy to be developed. * The application of this technique within web browser applications has been [deprecated](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Public_Key_Pinning) by popular web browser developers. They now favor certificate analysis via public certificate transparency logs, and the EXPECT-CT HTTP header.

Certificate Trust Store
type: Class
subclass of: Trust Store
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Certificate
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Certificate
definition: A certificate truststore is used to store public certificates used to authenticate clients by the server for an SSL connection.

Chatroom Client
type: Class
subclass of: Collaborative Software
definition: Client software used to describe conduct any form of synchronous conferencing, occasionally even asynchronous conferencing. The term can thus mean any technology ranging from real-time online chat and online interaction with strangers (e.g., online forums) to fully immersive graphical social environments.
alternative label: Chat Room Client

Child Process
type: Class
subclass of: Process
definition: A child process in computing is a process created by another process (the parent process). This technique pertains to multitasking operating systems, and is sometimes called a subprocess or traditionally a subtask. There are two major procedures for creating a child process: the fork system call (preferred in Unix-like systems and the POSIX standard) and the spawn (preferred in the modern (NT) kernel of Microsoft Windows, as well as in some historical operating systems).

Classification
type: Class
subclass of: Supervised Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-CLA
definition: Classification uses an algorithm to accurately assign test data into specific categories.
kb-article: ## How it works Classification recognizes specific entities within the dataset and attempts to draw some conclusions on how those entities should be labeled or defined. Common classification algorithms are linear classifiers, support vector machines (SVM), decision trees, k-nearest neighbor, and random forest, which are described in more detail below. ## Considerations: There are many different types of classification algorithms for modeling classification predictive modeling problems. There is no single theory on how to map algorithms onto problem types; instead, it is generally recommended that a practitioner use controlled experiments and discover which algorithm and algorithm configuration results in the best performance for a given classification task. ## Key Test Considerations - **Machine Learning**: - **Verify the dataset quality**: Check the data to make sure it is free of errors. Quantify the degree of missing values, outliers, and noise in the data collection. If the data quality is low, it may be difficult or impossible to create models and systems with the desired performance. - **Verify development datasets are representative** of expected operational environment and data collection means. Compare distributions of dataset features and labels with exploratory data analysis and assess the difference in tests on training data and tests on evaluation data (where the evaluation data must be drawn from a representative dataset.) - **Use software libraries**: and tools built for ML where possible, so that the underlying code is verified by prior use.** - **Diagnose model errors with domain SMEs**: Have problem domain SMEs investigate model errors for conditions for which the model may underperform and suggest refinements. - **Classification**: - **Use Standard Classification Performance Measures**: Not all of the following may be necessary, but should be considered for both verification (developmental test) and operational test stages use: - **Accuracy**: The…

Classifying
type: Class
subclass of: Analytical Purpose

Client-server Payload Profiling
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Network Traffic
kb-reference: Reference - Method and system for detecting malicious payloads - Vectra Networks Inc
d3fend-id: D3-CSPP
definition: Comparing client-server request and response payloads to a baseline profile to identify outliers.
kb-article: ## How it works Profiling request and response payloads across multiple clients to a single server to develop a baseline of their characteristics. May take into account request/response sizes, entropy, frequency, and rhythm. Finally, identify outliers as they may indicate a malicious payload delivery and subsequent server exploitation. ## Considerations * Collecting metrics to establish a profile can be challenging since user behavior can change easily. * Employees may work different hours or inconsistent schedules which will cause false positives. * Collection of network activity to generate metrics is a computationally intensive process. * Users may log into different workstations which may cause false positives.

Client Application
type: Class
subclass of: Application
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A client application is software that accesses a service made available by a server. The server is often (but not always) on another computer system, in which case the client accesses the service by way of a network. The term applies to the role that programs or devices play in the client-server model

Client Computer
type: Class
subclass of: Host
definition: A client computer is a host that accesses a service made available by a server. The server is often (but not always) on another computer system, in which case the client accesses the service by way of a network.

Clipboard
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
type: NamedIndividual
definition: The clipboard is a buffer that some operating systems provide for short-term storage and transfer within and between application programs. The clipboard is usually temporary and unnamed, and its contents reside in the computer's RAM. The clipboard is sometimes called the paste buffer. Windows, Linux and macOS support a single clipboard transaction. Each cut or copy overwrites the previous contents. Normally, paste operations copy the contents, leaving the contents available in the clipboard for further pasting.

Cloud Configuration
type: Class
subclass of: Configuration Resource
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Information used to configure the services, parameters, and initial settings for a virtual server instance running in a cloud service..
alternative label: Cloud Configuration Information

Cloud Instance Metadata
type: Class
subclass of: Cloud Configuration
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Cloud instance metadata is configuration information on the instance and users of the instance. This includes such information as security groups, public ip addresses, and private addresses, public keys configured, and event rotating security keys. User data can contain initialization scripts, variables, passwords, and more.

Cloud Service Authentication
type: Class
subclass of: Web Authentication
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A request-response comprising a user credential presentation to a system and a verification response where the verifying party is a cloud service.

Cloud Service Authorization
type: Class
subclass of: Authorization
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Cloud authorization is the function of specifying access rights to cloud resources.

Cloud Service Sensor
type: Class
subclass of: Cyber Sensor
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: monitors
  some values from: Cloud Service Authentication
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: monitors
  some values from: Cloud Service Authorization
type: NamedIndividual
monitors: Cloud Service Authentication
monitors: Cloud Service Authorization
definition: Senses data from cloud service platforms. Including data from cloud service authentications, authorizations, and other activities.

Cloud Storage
type: Class
subclass of: Secondary Storage
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Cloud storage is storage held within a computing cloud.

Cloud User Account
type: Class
subclass of: User Account
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A user account on a given host is a local user account for a given cloud and specified resources within that cloud.

Cluster Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Unsupervised Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-CA
definition: Cluster analysis or clustering is the task of grouping a set of objects in such a way that objects in the same group (called a cluster) are more similar (in some sense) to each other than to those in other groups (clusters).
kb-article: ## References Cluster analysis. (n.d.). Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_analysis)

Clustering
type: Class
subclass of: Summarizing

Code Analyzer
type: Class
subclass of: Developer Application
definition: Code analyzers automatically analyze the composition or behavior of computer programs regarding a property such as correctness, robustness, security, and safety. Program analysis can be performed without executing the program (static program analysis), during runtime (dynamic program analysis) or in a combination of both.
alternative label: Program Analysis Tool

Code Repository
type: Class
subclass of: Database
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Source Code
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Source Code
definition: A code repository is a form of database where code, typically source code, is stored and managed. In revision control systems, a repository is a data structure that stores metadata for a set of files or directory structure. Depending on whether the version control system in use is distributed like (Git or Mercurial) or centralized like (Subversion, CVS, or Perforce), the whole set of information in the repository may be duplicated on every user's system or may be maintained on a single server.
alternative label: Repository
alternative label: Version Control Repository

Coefficient of Variation
type: Class
subclass of: Variability
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-COV
definition: The coefficient of variation (CV), also known as relative standard deviation (RSD), is a standardized measure of dispersion of a probability distribution or frequency distribution. The coefficient of variation (CV) is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean .
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Coefficient of variation. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_variation)
synonym: RSD
synonym: Relative Standard Deviation

Collaborative Software
type: Class
subclass of: User Application
definition: Collaborative software or groupware is application software designed to help people working on a common task to attain their goals. One of the earliest definitions of groupware is "intentional group processes plus software to support them". Collaborative software is a broad concept that overlaps considerably with computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW). According to Carstensen and Schmidt (1999) groupware is part of CSCW. The authors claim that CSCW, and thereby groupware, addresses "how collaborative activities and their coordination can be supported by means of computer systems."

Collection Technique
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Technique
subclass of: Offensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Collection
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Collection

Network Agent
type: Class
subclass of: Software
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A network agent is software installed on a network node or device that transmits information back to a collector agent or management system. Kinds of network agents include SNMP Agent, IPMI agents, WBEM agents, and many proprietary agents capturing network monitoring and management information.
synonym: Exporter

Command
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Event
subclass of: Digital Information
type: NamedIndividual
definition: In computing, a command is a directive to a computer program acting as an interpreter of some kind, in order to perform a specific task. Most commonly a command is either a directive to some kind of command-line interface, such as a shell, or an event in a graphical user interface triggered by the user selecting an option in a menu.

Command and Control Technique
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Technique
subclass of: Offensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Command And Control
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Command And Control

Command History Log
type: Class
subclass of: Event Log
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A log of commands run in an operating system shell.

Command History Log File
type: Class
subclass of: Log File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Command History Log
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Command History Log
definition: A command history log file is a file containing a command history, which the history of commands run in an operating system shell.

Command Line Interface
type: Class
subclass of: User Interface
definition: A command-line interface or command language interpreter (CLI), also known as command-line user interface, console user interface, and character user interface (CUI), is a means of interacting with a computer program where the user (or client) issues commands to the program in the form of successive lines of text (command lines). Command-line interfaces to computer operating systems are less widely used by casual computer users, who favor graphical user interfaces. Programs with command-line interfaces are generally easier to automate via scripting.
alternative label: CLI
alternative label: CUI
alternative label: Command-line Interface

Common Attack Pattern
type: Class
subclass of: CAPEC Thing
definition: A common attack pattern that is in the CAPEC knowledge base.

Compiler
type: Class
subclass of: Build Tool
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: reads
  some values from: Compiler Configuration File
type: NamedIndividual
reads: Compiler Configuration File
definition: In computing, a compiler is a computer program that translates computer code written in one programming language (the source language) into another language (the target language). The name "compiler" is primarily used for programs that translate source code from a high-level programming language to a lower level language (e.g., assembly language, object code, or machine code) to create an executable program.

Compiler Configuration File
type: Class
subclass of: Application Configuration File
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A file containing Information used to configure the parameters and initial settings for a compiler.

Composite Technique
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Thing
definition: A commonly applied series of techniques which induce a greater effect than each individual technique. The techniques are applied in a strict sequence.

Computing Server
type: Class
subclass of: Server
definition: A compute server is a system specifically designed to undertake large amounts of computation, usually but not necessarily in a client/server environment.

Conference Paper
type: Class
subclass of: Academic Article

Configuration Database
type: Class
subclass of: Configuration Resource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Configuration Database Record
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Configuration Database Record

Configuration Database Record
type: Class
subclass of: Configuration Resource
subclass of: Record
type: NamedIndividual
synonym: Configuration Record

Configuration File
type: Class
subclass of: File
definition: A file containing Information used to configure the parameters and initial settings for some computer programs. They are used for user applications, server processes and operating system settings.
alternative label: Settings File

Configuration Inventory
type: Class
subclass of: Asset Inventory
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: inventories
  some values from: Configuration Resource
type: NamedIndividual
inventories: Configuration Resource
kb-reference: Reference-Web-BasedEnterpriseManagement
kb-reference: Reference-Windows-Management-Infrastructure
kb-reference: Reference-Windows-Management-Instrumentation
d3fend-id: D3-CI
definition: Configuration inventory identifies and records the configuration of software and hardware and their components throughout the organization.
kb-article: ## How it works The organization retrieves configuration information through means of SNMP (MIB records), WBEM (CIM records), other protocols, or custom scripts and captures that information in a repository, typically known as a Configuration Management Database (CMDB)."

Configuration Management Database
type: Class
subclass of: Configuration Database
definition: A database used to store configuration records throughout their lifecycle. The Configuration Management System (CMS) maintains one or more CMDBs, and each CMDB stores attributes of configuration items (CIs), and relationships with other CIs.

Configuration Resource
type: Class
subclass of: Resource
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A resource used to configure a system including software and hardware.

Connect Socket
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: connects
  some values from: Pipe
type: NamedIndividual
connects: Pipe
definition: The connect socket system call connects the socket to a target address.

Connected Honeynet
type: Class
subclass of: Decoy Environment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: spoofs
  some values from: Local Area Network
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Modification of a Server to Mimic a Deception Mechanism - Acalvio Technologies Inc
spoofs: Local Area Network
d3fend-id: D3-CHN
definition: A decoy service, system, or environment, that is connected to the enterprise network, and simulates or emulates certain functionality to the network, without exposing full access to a production system.
kb-article: ## How it works Decoy honeypots are deployed within the enterprise environment that emulate certain services or portions of an OS to attract attackers. ## Considerations A connected honeynet provides a tradeoff between emulating certain functionality but not being as sophisticated as an integrated honeynet. The connected honeynet may not provide enough functionality to detect new attack patterns or zero day exploits but could provide enough functionality for specific known vulnerabilities.

Connection Attempt Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Intranet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Intranet Network Traffic
kb-reference: Reference - Detecting network reconnaissance by tracking intranet dark-net communications - VECTRA NETWORKS Inc
d3fend-id: D3-CAA
definition: Analyzing failed connections in a network to detect unauthorized activity.
kb-article: ## How it works Connection Attempt Analysis in multiple ways. ### Monitoring traffic to unallocated IP space One approach looks for failed connection attempts against unallocated IP space. First, network traffic is captured to map out the network to identify network assets as well as unallocated IP space. The map is then used to determine if connection attempts are being made to the unallocated IP space. ### Monitoring for sequentially transmitted traffic Another approach passively inspects network traffic with application protocol analyzers observing network activity characteristics such as volume of packets sent/ received, TCP session attributes, and connection information between hosts (start time, source/destination host, services, etc.). Then using pattern matching to identify traffic which appears to be probing for network hosts. ## Considerations * Implementations that rely on analysis of unallocated IP address space increase in their complexity with network size and decentralized network infrastructure. * Inventory of unallocated IP space should should be continuously updated to mitigate the risk of false positives. * IPv6 also introduces challenges including IPv6 traffic bypassing IPv4 specific protection systems (ex. firewalls and IDS) and complexity in managing both IPv6 and IPv4 addresses.
synonym: Network Scan Detection

Console Output Function
type: Class
subclass of: Subroutine
definition: Outputs characters to a computer console.

Container Build Tool
type: Class
subclass of: Software Packaging Tool
definition: A software build tool that creates a container (e.g., Docker container) for deployment.

Container Image
type: Class
subclass of: File
subclass of: Software Package
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A container is a standard unit of software that packages up code and all its dependencies so the application runs quickly and reliably from one computing environment to another. A Docker container image is a lightweight, standalone, executable package of software that includes everything needed to run an application: code, runtime, system tools, system libraries and settings. Container images become containers at runtime and in the case of Docker containers - images become containers when they run on Docker Engine. Available for both Linux and Windows-based applications, containerized software will always run the same, regardless of the infrastructure. Containers isolate software from its environment and ensure that it works uniformly despite differences for instance between development and staging.

Container Image Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Asset Vulnerability Enumeration
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Container Image
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Container Image
kb-reference: Reference - Container Image Analysis
d3fend-id: D3-CIA
definition: Analyzing a Container Image with respect to a set of policies.
kb-article: ## How it works Container images are standalone collections of the executable code and content that are used to populate a container environment. They are usually created by either building a container from scratch or by building on top of an existing image pulled from a repository. Throughout the container build workflow, images should be scanned to identify: - outdated libraries, - known vulnerabilities, - or misconfigurations, such as insecure ports or permissions. Scanning should also provide the flexibility to disregard false positives for vulnerability detection where knowledgeable cybersecurity professionals have deemed alerts to be inaccurate. One approach to implementing image scanning is to use an admission controller to block deployments if the image does not comply with the organization's security policies. An admission controller is a Container Orchestration feature that can intercept and process requests to the Container Orchestration API prior to persistence of the object, but after the request is authenticated and authorized. A webhook can be implemented to scan any image before it is deployed in the orchestrator. This admission controller ## Considerations * Image scanning is key to ensuring deployed containers are secure. * Using trusted repositories to build containers is a critical part of the container build workflow. * This technique does not necessarly prevent the build process to add insecure or unsecured files to the Image.
synonym: Container Image Scanning

Container Orchestration Software
type: Class
subclass of: Service Application
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A d3f:Software which manages and coordinates running one or more d3f:ContainerProcess.

Container Process
type: Class
subclass of: Application Process
definition: A running instance of a d3f:ContainerImage

Container Runtime
type: Class
subclass of: Service Application
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: runs
  some values from: Container Image
type: NamedIndividual
runs: Container Image
definition: A software layer between d3f:ContainerProcess and d3f:Kernel which often mediates the invocation of d3f:SystemCall

Control Catalog
type: Class
subclass of: Catalog
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-member
  some values from: External Control
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: version
  some values from: Datatype
    union of: integer
    union of: string
definition: A control catalog is a complete list of protective measures for systems, organizations, or individuals for subject domains (e.g., security and privacy.)

Control Correlation Identifier Catalog
type: Class
subclass of: Control Catalog
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-member
  some values from: CCI Control
definition: A control correlation identifier (CCI) catalog provides a catalog of CCIs for a given release date.

Convolutional Neural Network
type: Class
subclass of: Deep Neural Network Classification
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-CNN
definition: A class of artificial neural network most commonly applied to analyze visual imagery.CNNs use a mathematical operation called convolution in place of general matrix multiplication in at least one of their layers.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Convolutional neural network. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network)

Copy Memory Function
type: Class
subclass of: Subroutine
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: copies
  some values from: Memory Block
type: NamedIndividual
copies: Memory Block
definition: Copies a memory block from one location to another.

Copy Token
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: copies
  some values from: Access Token
type: NamedIndividual
type: System Call
copies: Access Token

Correlation
type: Class
subclass of: Descriptive Statistics
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-COR
definition: Correlation is the degree to which two or more quantities are linearly associated.
kb-article: Wolfram MathWorld. (n.d.). Correlation. [Link](https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Correlation.html)

Correlation Clustering
type: Class
subclass of: High-dimension Clustering
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-CC
definition: Correlation clustering provides a method for clustering a set of objects into the optimum number of clusters without specifying that number in advance.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Correlation clustering. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_clustering)

Cramer's V
type: Class
subclass of: Correlation
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-CV
definition: Cramér's V (sometimes referred to as Cramér's phi and denoted as φc) is a measure of association between two nominal variables, giving a value between 0 and +1 (inclusive) and is based on Pearson's chi-squared statistic.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Cramér's V. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cram%C3%A9r%27s_V)
synonym: Cramer's Phi

Create File
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: File
type: NamedIndividual
creates: File
definition: System call to create a new file on a file system. Some operating systems implement this functionality as part of their d3f:OpenFile system call.

Create Process
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: executes
  some values from: Process
type: NamedIndividual
executes: Process
definition: A process spawn refers to a function that loads and executes a new child process.The current process may wait for the child to terminate or may continue to execute asynchronously. Creating a new subprocess requires enough memory in which both the child process and the current program can execute. There is a family of spawn functions in DOS, inherited by Microsoft Windows. There is also a different family of spawn functions in an optional extension of the POSIX standards. Fork-exec is another technique combining two Unix system calls, which can effect a process spawn.
definition: Creates a process.
definition: Executes a process.
alternative label: Execute Process
alternative label: Process Spawn
alternative label: Spawn Process

Create Socket
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Pipe
type: NamedIndividual
creates: Pipe
definition: A create socket system call creates an endpoint for communication and returns a file descriptor that refers to that endpoint.

Create Thread
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Thread
type: NamedIndividual
creates: Thread
definition: Threads are an execution model that exists independently from a language, as well as a parallel execution model. They enable a program to control multiple different flows of work that overlap in time.

Credential
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: authenticates
  some values from: User Account
type: NamedIndividual
authenticates: User Account
definition: A credential is a physical/tangible object, a piece of knowledge, or a facet of a person's physical being that enables an individual access to a given physical facility or computer-based information system. Typically, credentials can be something a person knows (such as a number or PIN), something they have (such as an access badge), something they are (such as a biometric feature), something they do (measurable behavioral patterns) or some combination of these items. This is known as multi-factor authentication. The typical credential is an access card or key-fob, and newer software can also turn users' smartphones into access devices.

Credential Access Technique
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Technique
subclass of: Offensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Credential
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Credential Access
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-access
  some values from: Password File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-invoke
  some values from: Create Process
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Credential
enables: Credential Access
may-access: Password File
may-invoke: Create Process

Credential Compromise Scope Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: User Behavior Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Credential
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Credential
kb-reference: Reference - CAR-2015-07-001: All Logins Since Last Boot - MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-SystemsAndMethodsForDetectingCredentialTheft SymantecCorp
d3fend-id: D3-CCSA
definition: Determining which credentials may have been compromised by analyzing the user logon history of a particular system.
kb-article: ## How it works #### Memory Credentials may be stored in memory for a variety of reasons; on Windows, they may be stored in lsass.exe. Once a credential dumper like mimikatz runs and dumps the memory of lsass.exe, the credentials of every account logged on since boot are potentially compromised. When such an event occurs, this analytic will give the forensic context to identify compromised users. Those users could potentially be used in later events for additional logons. #### Hard disk Operating System may cache a certain number of credentials onto the hard disk to use as a source of truth if it cannot contact the credential server. In many versions of Microsoft Windows, the 10 most recent are cached by default; this setting can be changed in the Microsoft Management Console's Local Security Policy: ```Computer Configuration -> Windows Settings -> Local Policy -> Security Options -> Interactive Logon: Number of previous logons to cache -> 0``` Here we are not concerned with the alteration of the credentials but the fact that they might be read. If the attacker has physical access to the machine they are unlikely to be stopped from reading files on the filesystem. "In the event that the domain controller is unavailable Windows will check the last password hashes that has been cached in order to authenticate the user with the system. These password hashes are cached in the following registry setting: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SECURITY\Cache Mimikatz can retrieve these hashes if the following command is executed: lsadump::cache" [1] The Registry Hive, HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SAM, which is stored in the supporting files %systemroot%\System32\Config\{Sam,sam.log,sam.sav}, contains the SAM file. DC: This is stored in %systemroot%\ntds\ntds.dit. (https://www.ultimatewindowssecurity.com/blog/default.aspx?d=10/2017) Sometimes memory, which contains credentials, could get on the hard disk. Like with hiberfil.sys in Windows. Equivalent on Linux In Linux, an attacker could read the /etc/s…

Credential Eviction
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Evict
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Evict
d3fend-id: D3-CE
definition: Credential Eviction techniques disable or remove compromised credentials from a computer network.

Credential Hardening
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Harden
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Harden
d3fend-id: D3-CH
definition: Credential Hardening techniques modify system or network properties in order to protect system or network/domain credentials.

Credential Management System
type: Class
subclass of: Service Application
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Credential Management, also referred to as a Credential Management System (CMS), is an established form of software that is used for issuing and managing credentials as part of public key infrastructure (PKI).

Credential Revoking
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Eviction
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: deletes
  some values from: Credential
type: NamedIndividual
deletes: Credential
kb-reference: Reference-RevokingaPreviouslyIssuedVerifiableCredential-Microsoft
d3fend-id: D3-CR
definition: Deleting a set of credentials permanently to prevent them from being used to authenticate.
kb-article: ## How it works Management servers with enterprise policies for account management provide the ability remove permissions, accounts, or credentials. Compromised credentials should be revoked to prevent further malicious activity.

Credential Rotation
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Hardening
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: regenerates
  some values from: Credential
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Password and Key Rotation - SSH
regenerates: Credential
d3fend-id: D3-CRO
definition: Expiring an existing set of credentials and reissuing a new valid set
kb-article: ## How it works Management servers with enterprise policies for account management provide the ability to change or reset passwords for accounts. Some organizations rotate credentials periodically to limit the risk of stolen credentials. ## Considerations - When responding to an incident, severity of compromise should be considered to determine what credentials to what accounts should be regenerated - If proactively rotating credentials periodically, several factors should be considered to determine the frequency. Also introduces some risk including promoting the creation of weak passwords and poor storage practices for employees and presents challenges in proper tracking.

Credential Transmission Scoping
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Hardening
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: restricts
  some values from: Credential
type: NamedIndividual
restricts: Credential
d3fend-id: D3-CTS
definition: Limiting the transmission of a credential to a scoped set of relying parties.
synonym: Phishing Resistant Authentication

Cryptographic Key
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information
definition: In cryptography, a key is a piece of information (a parameter) that determines the functional output of a cryptographic algorithm. For encryption algorithms, a key specifies the transformation of plaintext into ciphertext, and vice versa for decryption algorithms. Keys also specify transformations in other cryptographic algorithms, such as digital signature schemes and message authentication codes.

Custom Archive File
type: Class
subclass of: Archive File
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A custom archive file is an archive file conforming to a custom format; that is, an archive file that does not conform to a common standard.

Cyber Sensor
type: Class
subclass of: Sensor

CycleGAN
type: Class
subclass of: Image-to-Image Translation GAN
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-CYC
definition: The Cycle Generative Adversarial Network (CycleGAN) is an approach to training a deep convolutional neural network for image-to-image translation tasks by mapping between input and output images using unpaired dataset.
kb-article: ## References Esri. (n.d.). How CycleGAN Works. [Link](https://developers.arcgis.com/python/guide/how-cyclegan-works/)

D3FEND Catalog Thing
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Thing
alternative label: D3FEND Vendor Registry Thing

D3FEND Core
type: Class

D3FEND Thing
type: Class
type: NamedIndividual
definition: D3FEND things are concepts defined in the core D3FEND Framework.

D3FEND Use Case
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Use Case Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-audience
  some values from: Target Audience
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-goal
  some values from: Use Case Goal
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-prerequisite
  some values from: Use Case Prerequisite
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-procedure
  some values from: Use Case Procedure

D3FEND Use Case Thing
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Thing

DBSCAN
type: Class
subclass of: Density-based Clustering
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-DBS
definition: A density-based clustering algorithm that works on the assumption that clusters are dense regions in space separated by regions of lower density.
kb-article: ## References Analytics Vidhya. (2020, September 15). How DBSCAN Clustering Works: A Comprehensive Guide with Implementations in Python. [Link](https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2020/09/how-dbscan-clustering-works/#:~:text=DBSCAN%20is%20a%20density%2Dbased,points%20into%20a%20single%20cluster.)

DHCP Network Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
definition: DHCP Network Traffic is network traffic related to the DHCP protocol, used by network nodes to negotiate and configure either IPv4 or IPv6 addresses.

DHCP Server
type: Class
subclass of: Server
definition: A Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server is a type of server that assigns IP addresses to computers. DHCP servers are used to assign IP addresses to computers and other devices automatically. The DHCP server is responsible for assigning the unique IP address to each device.

DNN-based Clustering
type: Class
subclass of: ANN-based Clustering
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-DBC
definition: DNNs serve for clustering as mappings to better representations. The features of these representations can be drawn from different layers of the network or even from several layers.
kb-article: ## References OpenReview. (n.d.). Unsupervised Clustering using Pseudo Ensemble Models. [Link](https://openreview.net/pdf?id=B1eT9VMgOX)

DNS Allowlisting
type: Class
subclass of: Network Isolation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: blocks
  some values from: Outbound Internet DNS Lookup Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
blocks: Outbound Internet DNS Lookup Traffic
kb-reference: Reference - DNS Whitelist (DNSWL) Email Authentication Method Extension
d3fend-id: D3-DNSAL
definition: Permitting only approved domains and their subdomains to be resolved.
synonym: DNS Whitelisting

DNS Denylisting
type: Class
subclass of: Network Isolation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: blocks
  some values from: DNS Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
blocks: DNS Network Traffic
kb-reference: Reference-UseDNSPolicyForApplyingFiltersOnDNSQueries
d3fend-id: D3-DNSDL
definition: Blocking DNS Network Traffic based on criteria such as IP address, domain name, or DNS query type.
kb-article: ## How it works Rules are implemented that filter DNS queries using criteria such as: - Client subnet - Type of network protocol used in query - Fully qualified domain name (FQDN) of record in the query - DNS Server IP address that received the DNS request - Type of DNS record being queried - Time of day the query is received - Size of the response For example, a DNS policy can be created for blocking DNS queries for FQDNs that have been identified as unauthorized. ## Considerations - Implementation considerations for DNS filtering policies to avoid over-blocking or under-blocking domains. - Continuous maintenance of unauthorized domain lists is needed to keep up to date with possible site content changes. - File sharing or content delivery networks may require other filtering techniques that are more fine-grained (URL blocking). - Access to malicious websites or other network resources directly by IP instead of by DNS record, or after alteration of local DNS hosts file, may not result in DNS network traffic.
synonym: DNS Blacklisting

DNS Lookup
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Event
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A Domain Name System (DNS) lookup is a record returned from a DNS resolver after querying a DNS name server. Typically considered an A or AAAA record, where a domain name is resolved to an IPv4 or IPv6 address, respectively.

DNS Network Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
definition: DNS network traffic is network traffic related to queries and responses involving the Domain Name System. DNS traffic can involve clients, servers such as relays or resolvers. This includes only network traffic conforming to standard DNS protocol; not custom protocols.

DNS Record
type: Class
subclass of: Record
definition: A Domain Name System (DNS) record is a record of information returned to clients seeking to find computers, services, and other resources connected to the Internet or a private network. Record information is stored on a domain name server so it can respond to DNS queries from clients.There are a variety of record types, depending on the client's information needs. Common types include Start of Authority, IP addresses, SMTP mail exchangers, name servers, reverse DNS lookup pointers, etc.

DNS Server
type: Class
subclass of: Server
definition: A Domain Name System (DNS) name server is a kind of name server. Domain names are one of the two principal namespaces of the Internet. The most important function of DNS servers is the translation (resolution) of human-memorable domain names and hostnames into the corresponding numeric Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, the second principal name space of the Internet which is used to identify and locate computer systems and resources on the Internet. (en). More generally, a name server is a computer application that implements a network service for providing responses to queries against a directory service. It translates an often humanly meaningful, text-based identifier to a system-internal, often numeric identification or addressing component. This service is performed by the server in response to a service protocol request.

DNS Traffic Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Outbound Internet DNS Lookup Traffic
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: DNS Lookup
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Outbound Internet DNS Lookup Traffic
kb-reference: Reference - Heuristic botnet detection - Palo Alto Networks Inc
kb-reference: Reference - Method and system for detecting algorithm-generated domains - VECTRA NETWORKS Inc
kb-reference: Reference-PredictingDomainGenerationAlgorithmsWithLongShort-TermMemoryNetworks
kb-reference: Reference-SinkholingBadNetworkDomainsByRegisteringTheBadNetworkDomainsOnTheInternet PaloAltoNetworksInc
may-contain: DNS Lookup
d3fend-id: D3-DNSTA
definition: Analysis of domain name metadata, including name and DNS records, to determine whether the domain is likely to resolve to an undesirable host.
kb-article: ## How it works This technique can be accomplished in a number of ways. * One example analytic determines whether or not a domain name was generated with an algorithm. Domain generation algorithms (DGAs) are sometimes used to create a domain name automatically that will resolve to C2 infrastructure, without directly coding the domains in question into the malicious code. * Another method analyzes information about domains that have been visited, including whether a domain name is longer than a common length, if a dynamic DNS domain was visited, if a fast-flux domain was visited, and if a recently created domain was visited. These factors are used to develop a score and if that score is over a certain threshold, an alert is generated. * Collected malware samples can be executed in a virtual environment to identify network domains that are connected to during execution. The network domains are then generated into signatures to identity bad domains for other hosts. This technique does not check for content hosted at the domain. ## Considerations * DNS produces a large amount of traffic which can be resource-intensive to analyze in real time. * If a server is compromised, for example, as part of a watering hole attack, but the DNS information pointing to that server is not altered, this technique would not catch such an incident.
synonym: Domain Name Analysis

Data Artifact Server
type: Class
subclass of: Artifact Server
definition: A data artifact server provides access services to content in a content repository. The content repository or content store is a database of digital content with an associated set of data management, search and access methods allowing application-independent access to the content, rather like a digital library, but with the ability to store and modify content in addition to searching and retrieving. The content repository acts as the storage engine for a larger application such as a content management system or a document management system, which adds a user interface on top of the repository's application programming interface.

Data Dependency
type: Class
subclass of: Dependency
type: NamedIndividual
synonym: Transactional Dependency

Data Exchange Mapping
type: Class
subclass of: System Mapping
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: maps
  some values from: Data Dependency
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Catia UAF Plugin
kb-reference: Reference-UnifiedArchitectureFrameworkUAF
maps: Data Dependency
d3fend-id: D3-DEM
definition: Data exchange mapping identifies and models the organization's intended design for the flows of the data types, formats, and volumes between systems at the application layer.
synonym: Data Flow Mapping
synonym: Information Exchange Mapping

Data Inventory
type: Class
subclass of: Asset Inventory
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: inventories
  some values from: Database
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: inventories
  some values from: Document File
type: NamedIndividual
inventories: Database
inventories: Document File
kb-reference: Reference - Data processing and scanning systems for generating and populating a data inventory
d3fend-id: D3-DI
definition: Data inventorying identifies and records the schemas, formats, volumes, and locations of data stored and used on the organization's architecture.
synonym: Data Discovery
synonym: Data Inventorying

Data Link Link
type: Class
subclass of: Logical Link
definition: A communication link between two network devices connected directly at the physical layer and on the same network segment; i.e., an OSI Layer 2 link.
synonym: Data Link Layer Link
synonym: Layer-2 Link
synonym: Link Layer Link

Database
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A database is an organized collection of data, generally stored and accessed electronically from a computer system. Where databases are more complex they are often developed using formal design and modeling techniques.

Database File
type: Class
subclass of: File
type: NamedIndividual

Database Query
type: Class
subclass of: Command
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A specific query expressed in SQL, SPARQL, or similar language against a database.

Database Query String Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Process Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Database Query
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Database Query
kb-reference: Reference-SystemAndMethodForInternetSecurity CylanceInc
d3fend-id: D3-DQSA
definition: Analyzing database queries to detect [SQL Injection](https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/66.html).
kb-article: ## How it works Some implementations use software hooks to intercept function calls related to database query operations. Other implementations might intercept or collect network traffic. The database query string is then extracted and analyzed with various methods, for example: * Detecting specific administrative SQL commands * Anomalous sequences of commands when compared to a statistical baseline. * Anomalous commands for a given user role. ## Considerations Some capabilities sanitize queries before permitting them to be transmitted to the database. This incurs risks such altering data in an undesired way or breaking application functionality.

Database Server
type: Class
subclass of: Server
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Database
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Database
definition: A database server is a server which uses a database application that provides database services to other computer programs or to computers, as defined by the client-server model. Database management systems (DBMSs) frequently provide database-server functionality, and some database management systems (such as MySQL) rely exclusively on the client-server model for database access (while others e.g. SQLite are meant for using as an embedded database). For clarification, a database server is simply a server that maintains services related to clients via database applications.
alternative label: Network Database Resource

Datalog
type: Class
subclass of: Logic Programming
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-DAT
definition: Datalog is a declarative logic programming language that is a syntactically a subset of Prolog.
kb-article: ## How it works Datalog generally uses a bottom-up rather than top-down evaluation model. This difference yields significantly different behavior and properties from Prolog. It is often used as a query language for deductive databases. Datalog has been applied to problems in data integration, networking, program analysis, and more. ## References 1. Datalog. (2023, April 20). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datalog)

Dead Code Elimination
type: Class
subclass of: Application Hardening
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Dead code elimination
d3fend-id: D3-DCE
definition: Removing unreachable or "dead code" from compiled source code.
kb-article: ## How it works Dead code is code that is considered unreachable by normal program execution. Dead code can be created by adding code under a condition that never evaluates to true. Dead code should be removed since this type of code can produce unexpected results, if accidentally or maliciously forced to execute. Dead code identification is typically performed by algorithms that implement program flows analysis looking for unreachable code. The dead code is eliminated by instructing compilers to remove the code through compiler flags, i.e., '-fdce' is used for Dead Code Elimination. ## Considerations Code can also be deemed unreachable for certain run-time conditions. Different deployed systems and environments may contain some code that is unreachable for the given environment. This technique does not consider run-time conditions for unreachable code.

Deceive
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Tactic
type: NamedIndividual
type: Defensive Tactic
definition: The deceive tactic is used to advertise, entice, and allow potential attackers access to an observed or controlled environment.
display-order: 3
display-priority: 0

Decision Tree
type: Class
subclass of: Classification
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-DT
definition: Decision tree learning is a supervised learning approach used in statistics, data mining, and machine learning. In this formalism, a classification or regression decision tree is used as a predictive model to draw conclusions about a set of observations.
kb-article: ## How it works A decision tree starts with a root node, which does not have any incoming branches. The outgoing branches from the root node then feed into the internal nodes, also known as decision nodes. Based on the available features, both node types conduct evaluations to form homogenous subsets, which are denoted by leaf nodes, or terminal nodes. The leaf nodes represent all the possible outcomes within the dataset. ## Considerations While the basic underlying model is that of a decision tree, the decision tree node criteria, and the method for identifying splits varies significantly depending on the learning algorithm selected (e.g., CART, ID3, C4.5, C5.0, CHAID, MARS.) Extensions like linear and logistic trees can add additional expressiveness as well. ## Key Test Considerations - **Machine Learning**: - **Verify the dataset quality**: Check the data to make sure it is free of errors. Quantify the degree of missing values, outliers, and noise in the data collection. If the data quality is low, it may be difficult or impossible to create models and systems with the desired performance. - **Verify development datasets are representative**: of expected operational environment and data collection means. Compare distributions of dataset features and labels with exploratory data analysis and assess the difference in tests on training data and tests on evaluation data (where the evaluation data must be drawn from a representative dataset.) - **Use a variety of data sets**: where available and applicable, to reflect different operating and environment conditions that are likley to be be encountered. - **Use software libraries**: and tools built for ML where possible, so that the underlying code is verified by prior use.** - **Diagnose model errors with domain SMEs**: Have problem domain SMEs investigate model errors for conditions for which the model may underperform and suggest refinements. - **Classification**: - **Use Standard Classification Performance Measures*…

Decision Tree Regression
type: Class
subclass of: Regression Analysis Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-DTR
definition: Decision Trees Regression is asupervised learning method with the goal to create a model that predicts the value of a target variable by learning simple decision rules inferred from the data features
kb-article: ## References scikit-learn. (n.d.). Decision Trees. [Link](https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/tree.html#tree)

Decoy Artifact
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: Digital Artifact
type: NamedIndividual
may-contain: Digital Artifact
definition: A decoy is an imitation digital artifact in any sense of a digital artifact, object, or phenomenon that is intended to deceive a cyber attacker's surveillance devices or mislead their evaluation. Examples include fake files, accounts, hosts (honeypots), and network segments (honeynets).
alternative label: Decoy
alternative label: Decoy Object
alternative label: Lure
alternative label: Trap

Decoy Environment
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Deceive
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: manages
  some values from: Decoy Artifact
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Deceive
manages: Decoy Artifact
d3fend-id: D3-DE
definition: A Decoy Environment comprises hosts and networks for the purposes of deceiving an attacker.
kb-article: ## Technique Overview Systems in a decoy environment are typically configured so that some detectable means of communication does not have any legitimate business purpose. Any communication via these means should be logged and analyzed to find potential indicators of compromise for a possible past or future attack against other systems.
synonym: Honeypot

Decoy File
type: Class
subclass of: Decoy Object
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: spoofs
  some values from: File
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Open source intelligence deceptions - Illusive Networks Ltd
kb-reference: Reference-SystemAndAMethodForIdentifyingThePresenceOfMalwareAndRansomwareUsingMini-trapsSetAtNetworkEndpoints FidelisCybersecuritySolutionsInc
kb-reference: Reference-SystemAndMethodsThereofForPreventingRansomwareFromEncryptingDataElementsStoredInAMemoryOfAComputer-basedSystem PaloAltoNetworksInc
kb-reference: Reference-SupplyChainCyber-deception Cymmetria,Inc.
spoofs: File
d3fend-id: D3-DF
definition: A file created for the purposes of deceiving an adversary.
kb-article: ## How it works The decoy file is made available as a local or network resource. Accesses to the file may be monitored. The files may be configurations, documents, executables, or other file types. ## Considerations Properties of the file such as cryptographic checksums, file creation date, file modified date, file size, file owner etc may be modified to improve the credibility of the file. ## Example * A CSV file with decoy user credentials is placed on a system. The system or network is then monitored to detect any accesses to the decoy files.

Decoy Network Resource
type: Class
subclass of: Decoy Object
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: spoofs
  some values from: Network Resource
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Automatically generating network resource groups and assigning customized decoy policies thereto - Illusive Networks Ltd
kb-reference: Reference - Deception-Based Responses to Security Attacks - Crowdstrike Inc
kb-reference: Reference - Dynamic selection and generation of a virtual clone for detonation of suspicious content within a honey network - Palo Alto Networks Inc
kb-reference: Reference-SystemAndMethodForIdentifyingThePresenceOfMalwareUsingMini-trapsSetAtNetworkEndpoints FidelisCybersecuritySolutionsInc
spoofs: Network Resource
d3fend-id: D3-DNR
definition: Deploying a network resource for the purposes of deceiving an adversary.
kb-article: ## How it works Decoy network resources are deployed to web application servers, network file shares, or other network based sharing services. A "honeypot" may serve a variety of decoy network resources. ## Considerations * Developing a deployment and placement strategy for the decoy network resource. * Personnel responsible for creation of decoy networks should consider the potential for resource exhaustion through denial of service attacks. ## Examples * Honeypots are typically used to mimic a known system with fake vulnerabilities. This may attract attackers to the honeypot. * Decoy accounts are also used to scan for attempted logins. The decoy accounts can provide security analysts with the attacker's potential intents and strategies. * Tarpits are used to monitor unallocated IP space for unauthorized network activity.

Decoy Object
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Deceive
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Deceive
d3fend-id: D3-DO
definition: A Decoy Object is created and deployed for the purposes of deceiving attackers.
kb-article: ## Technique Overview Decoy objects are typically configured with detectable means of communication but do not have any legitimate business purpose. Any communication via or to these objects should be logged and analyzed to find potential indicators of compromise for a possible past or future attack against other systems.
synonym: Lure

Decoy Persona
type: Class
subclass of: Decoy Object
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: spoofs
  some values from: User
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Decoy Personas for Safeguarding Online Identity Using Deception - MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-DecoyAndDeceptiveDataObjectTechnology Cymmetria,Inc.
spoofs: User
d3fend-id: D3-DP
definition: Establishing a fake online identity to misdirect, deceive, and or interact with adversaries.
kb-article: ## How it works A false online identity is created for the purposes of interacting with adversaries in a direct or indirect manner. This includes the associated email addresses, social media accounts, and other online communication profiles. ## Considerations * Include phone numbers and online social profiles as well as automatically or manually responding to contact made to the persona to improve realism. * Continuous updating and managing the decoy personas and online activity streams to ensure personas do not become stale and outdated.

Decoy Public Release
type: Class
subclass of: Decoy Object
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Mock attack cybersecurity training system and methods - WOMBAT SECURITY TECHNOLOGIES Inc
d3fend-id: D3-DPR
definition: Issuing publicly released media to deceive adversaries.
kb-article: ## How it works Publicly released media includes press release, videos, or other marketing collateral. The media may include URLs, points of contact, or other identifiers to entice interaction from adversaries. ## Considerations * Information used in decoy public released media must contain enough realism to deceive and provide interaction from adversaries. * Continuous development, creation, and distribution of media and identifiers are needed to ensure adversary interaction continues over time. * Decoy public releases could be placed on platforms with different degrees of ownership, including entirely enterprise-owned infrastructure, IaaS, and SaaS (including social applications). Platforms that are not entirely enterprise-owned may be more likely to gather information

Decoy Session Token
type: Class
subclass of: Decoy Object
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: spoofs
  some values from: Access Token
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Decoy and deceptive data object technology - Cymmetria Inc
spoofs: Access Token
d3fend-id: D3-DST
definition: An authentication token created for the purposes of deceiving an adversary.
kb-article: ## How it works Usage of decoy session tokens may be monitored to track attacker behavior or otherwise control the beliefs of the attacker. ## Considerations * Interaction and activity with the decoy session token must be constantly monitored and analyzed to detect unauthorized activity. * Session tokens are typically short-lived and therefore the decoy must be continuously updated to provide the appearance of it being used in the production environment. * Automated tools can assist with maintenance and updates by automatically adjusting the decoy session token and environment to mimic the production environment.

Decoy User Credential
type: Class
subclass of: Decoy Object
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: spoofs
  some values from: Credential
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Decoy and deceptive data object technology - Cymmetria Inc
kb-reference: Reference - Decoy Network-Based Service for Deceiving Attackers - Amazon Technologies
kb-reference: Reference-SystemAndMethodForIdentifyingThePresenceOfMalwareUsingMini-trapsSetAtNetworkEndpoints FidelisCybersecuritySolutionsInc
spoofs: Credential
d3fend-id: D3-DUC
definition: A Credential created for the purpose of deceiving an adversary.
kb-article: ## How it works A detection analytic is developed to determine when a user uses decoy credentials. Subsequent actions by that user may be monitored or controlled by the defender. A credential may be: * Domain username and password * Local system username and password ## Considerations * Decoy credentials should be integrated with a larger decoy environment to ensure that when decoy credentials are compromised, the credentials are used to interact with a decoy asset that is being monitored. * Continuous maintenance and updates are needed to ensure the legitimacy of the larger decoy environment and specifically the assets that utilize the decoy credentials.

Deep Convolutional GAN
type: Class
subclass of: Image Synthesis GAN
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-DCG
definition: Deep Convolutional GAN (DCGAN) uses convolutional and convolutional-transpose layers in the generator and discriminator, respectively.
kb-article: ## References Analytics Vidhya. (2021). Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network (DCGAN) for Beginners. [Link](https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2021/07/deep-convolutional-generative-adversarial-network-dcgan-for-beginners/)
synonym: DCGAN

Deep Neural Network Classification
type: Class
subclass of: Artificial Neural Network Classification
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-DNNC
definition: A deep neural network (DNN) is an artificial neural network (ANN) with multiple layers between the input and output layers. There are different types of neural networks but they always consist of the same components: neurons, synapses, weights, biases, and functions. These components as a whole function similarly to a human brain, and can be trained like any other ML algorithm
kb-article: ## References Deep learning. Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_learning).

Deep Q-learning
type: Class
subclass of: Q-Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-DQL
definition: Uses a deep convolutional neural network, with layers of tiled convolutional filters to mimic the effects of receptive fields.
kb-article: ## References Q-learning. Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-learning#Deep_Q-learning).

Default User Account
type: Class
subclass of: User Account
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Default accounts are those that are built-into an OS, such as the Guest or Administrator accounts on Windows systems or default factory/provider set accounts on other types of systems, software, or devices.

Defense Evasion Technique
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Technique
subclass of: Offensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Defense Evasion
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Defense Evasion

Defensive Tactic
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enabled-by
  some values from: Defensive Technique
definition: a plan for attaining a particular goal

Defensive Technique
type: Class
subclass of: Action
subclass of: Capability Feature
subclass of: D3FEND Thing
subclass of: Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Defensive Tactic
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: kb-reference
  some values from: Technique Reference
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: d3fend-id
  some values from: string
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: date
  some values from: dateTime
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A method which makes a computer system more difficult to attack.
display-baseurl: /technique/
synonym: Countermeasure Technique
synonym: Defensive Capability Feature
synonym: Technical Security Control

Defensive Technique Assessment
type: Class
subclass of: Feature Assessment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: assesses
  some values from: Defensive Technique Claim
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: counters
  some values from: Offensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: confidence
  some values from: integer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: rating
  all values from: Datatype
    one of: 0
    one of: 1
    one of: 2
    one of: 3
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: stage
  all values from: Datatype
    one of: Deceive
    one of: Detect
    one of: Evict
    one of: Harden
    one of: Isolate
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: rating
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: stage
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on data range: string
definition: Assessing how well a capability implementation's capability feature functions as a countermeasure.

Defensive Technique Claim
type: Class
subclass of: Capability Feature Claim
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: cites
  some values from: Information Content Entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: claims
  some values from: Defensive Technique
alternative label: Countermeasure Claim

Delete File
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: deletes
  some values from: File
type: NamedIndividual
deletes: File
definition: Remove a file from a machine.

Density-based Clustering
type: Class
subclass of: Cluster Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-DBC
definition: Density-based clustering connects areas of high example density into clusters. This allows for arbitrary-shaped distributions as long as dense areas can be connected.
kb-article: ## References Google Developers. (n.d.). Clustering algorithms. [Link](https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/clustering/clustering-algorithms)

Density-weighted Method
type: Class
subclass of: Active Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-DWM
definition: An Actvie Learning technique that uses a density estimate meta-parameter to avoid sampling sparsely populated regions of the feature space and can be based parametrically or from a parameter free model.
kb-article: ## References Intro to Active Learning. inovex Blog. [Link](https://www.inovex.de/de/blog/intro-to-active-learning/).

Deontic Logic
type: Class
subclass of: Modal Logic
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-DL
definition: Deontic logic addresses the modality of obligations and norms; i.e., the modality of morality.
kb-article: ## References 1. Deontic logic. (2023, June 4). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_logic#Deontic_logic)

Dependency
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: dependent
  some values from: D3FEND Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: provider
  some values from: D3FEND Thing
type: NamedIndividual
dependent: D3FEND Thing
provider: D3FEND Thing
definition: A dependency is the relationship of relying on or being controlled by someone or something else. This class reifies dependencies that correspond to the object property depends-on.

Description Logic
type: Class
subclass of: Symbolic AI
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-DL
definition: A description logic (DL) is a form of logic usually more expressive than propositional logic but less expressive than first-order logic.
kb-article: ## How it works The core reasoning problems for description logics (DLs) are (usually) decidable, and efficient decision procedures have been designed and implemented for these problems. There are general, spatial, temporal, spatiotemporal, and fuzzy description logics, and each description logic features a different balance between expressive power and reasoning complexity by supporting different sets of mathematical constructors. DLs are used in artificial intelligence to describe and reason about the relevant concepts of an application domain (known as terminological knowledge). It is of particular importance in providing a logical formalism for ontologies and the Semantic Web: the Web Ontology Language (OWL) and its profiles are based on DLs. ## References 1. Description logic. (2023, April 16). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Description_logic)

Descriptive Statistics
type: Class
subclass of: Statistical Method
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-DS
definition: Descriptive statistics provide simple summaries about the sample and about the observations that have been made.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Descriptive statistics. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_statistics)

Deserialization Function
type: Class
subclass of: Subroutine
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Function with an input of serialized data which deserializes that data, usually with data parsing methods.

Desktop Computer
type: Class
subclass of: Personal Computer
definition: A desktop computer is a personal computer designed for regular use at a single location on or near a desk or table due to its size and power requirements. The most common configuration has a case that houses the power supply, motherboard (a printed circuit board with a microprocessor as the central processing unit (CPU), memory, bus, and other electronic components, disk storage (usually one or more hard disk drives, solid state drives, optical disc drives, and in early models a floppy disk drive); a keyboard and mouse for input; and a computer monitor, speakers, and, often, a printer for output. The case may be oriented horizontally or vertically and placed either underneath, beside, or on top of a desk.

Detect
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Tactic
type: NamedIndividual
type: Defensive Tactic
definition: The detect tactic is used to identify adversary access to or unauthorized activity on computer networks.
display-order: 1
display-priority: 0

Developer Application
type: Class
subclass of: User Application
definition: An application used to develop computer software including applications used for software construction, analysis, testing, packaging, or management.

Dial Up Modem
type: Class
subclass of: Modem
definition: A dial-up modem transmits computer data over an ordinary switched telephone line that has not been designed for data use. This contrasts with leased line modems, which also operate over lines provided by a telephone company, but ones which are intended for data use and do not impose the same signaling constraints. The modulated data must fit the frequency constraints of a normal voice audio signal, and the modem must be able to perform the actions needed to connect a call through a telephone exchange, namely: picking up the line, dialing, understanding signals sent back by phone company equipment (dial tone, ringing, busy signal,) and on the far end of the call, the second modem in the connection must be able to recognize the incoming ring signal and answer the line.

Digital Artifact
type: Class
subclass of: Artifact
subclass of: D3FEND Core
subclass of: Digital Object
type: NamedIndividual
definition: An information-bearing artifact (object) that is, or is encoded to be used with, a digital computer system. This concept is broad to include the literal instances of an artifact, or an implicit summarization of changes to or properties of other artifacts.
display-baseurl: /dao/artifact/
synonym: Digital Asset

Digital Event
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Thing

Digital Fingerprint
type: Class
subclass of: Identifier
definition: A digital signature uniquely identifies data and has the property that changing a single bit in the data will cause a completely different message digest to be generated.

Digital Information
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Artifact

Digital Information Bearer
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Artifact

Digital Object
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Thing
definition: A digital object is the top-level class for an object that exists in a digital environment. The digital object may be virtual or physical.

Digital System
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
subclass of: System
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A digital system is a group of interacting or interrelated digital artifacts that act according to a set of rules to form a unified whole. A digital system, surrounded and influenced by its environment, is described by its boundaries, structure and purpose and expressed in its functioning. Systems are the subjects of study of systems theory.

Dimension Reduction
type: Class
subclass of: Unsupervised Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-DR
definition: Dimensionality reduction is a key technique within unsupervised learning. It compresses the data by finding a smaller, different set of variables that capture what matters most in the original features, while minimizing the loss of information.
kb-article: ## References O'Reilly Media. (n.d.). Chapter 7. Machine Learning and Security: Protecting Systems with Data and Algorithms. [Link](https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/machine-learning-and/9781492073048/ch07.html)

Directory
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: File
type: NamedIndividual
may-contain: File
definition: In computing, a directory is a file system cataloging structure which contains references to other computer files, and possibly other directories. On many computers, directories are known as folders, or drawers to provide some relevancy to a workbench or the traditional office file cabinet.

Directory Service
type: Class
subclass of: Network Service
type: NamedIndividual
definition: In computing, directory service or name service maps the names of network resources to their respective network addresses. It is a shared information infrastructure for locating, managing, administering and organizing everyday items and network resources, which can include volumes, folders, files, printers, users, groups, devices, telephone numbers and other objects. A directory service is a critical component of a network operating system. A directory server or name server is a server which provides such a service. Each resource on the network is considered an object by the directory server. Information about a particular resource is stored as a collection of attributes associated with that resource or object.

Discovery Technique
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Technique
subclass of: Offensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Discovery
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Discovery

Discriminant Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Multivariate Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-DA
definition: Discriminant analysis attempts to establish whether a set of variables can be used to distinguish between two or more groups of cases.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Multivariate statistics. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivariate_statistics)

Disk Encryption
type: Class
subclass of: Platform Hardening
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: encrypts
  some values from: Storage
type: NamedIndividual
encrypts: Storage
kb-reference: Reference - LUKS1 On-Disk Format SpecificationVersion 1.2.3
d3fend-id: D3-DENCR
definition: Encrypting a hard disk partition to prevent cleartext access to a file system.

Display Adapter
type: Class
subclass of: Output Device
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A graphics card (also called a display card, video card, display adapter, or graphics adapter) is an expansion card which generates a feed of output images to a display device (such as a computer monitor). Frequently, these are advertised as discrete or dedicated graphics cards, emphasizing the distinction between these and integrated graphics. At the core of both is the graphics processing unit (GPU), which is the main part that does the actual computations, but should not be confused with the video card as a whole, although "GPU" is often used to refer to video cards.
alternative label: Display Card
alternative label: Graphics Adapter
alternative label: Video Card

Display Device Driver
type: Class
subclass of: Hardware Driver
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: drives
  some values from: Display Adapter
type: NamedIndividual
drives: Display Adapter
definition: A device driver for a display adapter.

Display Server
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A display server or window server is a program whose primary task is to coordinate the input and output of its clients to and from the rest of the operating system, the hardware, and each other. The display server communicates with its clients over the display server protocol, a communications protocol, which can be network-transparent or simply network-capable. The display server is a key component in any graphical user interface, specifically the windowing system.
alternative label: Window Server

Distribution-based Clustering
type: Class
subclass of: Cluster Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-DBC
definition: Distribution-based clustering creates and groups data points based on their likely hood of belonging to the same probability distribution (Gaussian, Binomial, etc.) in the data.
kb-article: ## References AnalytixLabs. (n.d.). Types of Clustering Algorithms. [Link](https://www.analytixlabs.co.in/blog/types-of-clustering-algorithms/#:~:text=Distribution-Based)

Distribution Properties
type: Class
subclass of: Descriptive Statistics
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-DP
definition: The properties derived from a probability distribution.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Probability distribution. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_distribution)

Divisive Clustering
type: Class
subclass of: Hierarchical Clustering
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-DC
definition: A divisive clustering approach is a hierarchical, top-down approach to clustering a dataset.

Document
type: Class
subclass of: Information Content Entity
definition: A document is a written, drawn, presented or recorded representation of thoughts.

Document File
type: Class
subclass of: File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: Executable Script
type: NamedIndividual
may-contain: Executable Script
definition: A document is a written, drawn, presented or recorded representation of thoughts. An electronic document file is usually used to describe a primarily textual file, along with its structure and design, such as fonts, colors and additional images.

Domain Account Monitoring
type: Class
subclass of: User Behavior Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: monitors
  some values from: Domain User Account
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Audit User Account Management
monitors: Domain User Account
d3fend-id: D3-DAM
definition: Monitoring the existence of or changes to Domain User Accounts.

Domain Name
type: Class
subclass of: Identifier
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: identifies
  some values from: IP Address
type: NamedIndividual
identifies: IP Address
definition: A domain name is an identification string that defines a realm of administrative autonomy, authority or control within the Internet. Domain names are formed by the rules and procedures of the Domain Name System (DNS). Any name registered in the DNS is a domain name.Domain names are used in various networking contexts and application-specific naming and addressing purposes. In general, a domain name represents an Internet Protocol (IP) resource, such as a personal computer used to access the Internet, a server computer hosting a web site, or the web site itself or any other service communicated via the Internet. In 2015, 294 million domain names had been registered.

Domain Name Reputation Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Identifier Reputation Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Domain Name
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Domain Name
kb-reference: Reference - Database for receiving, storing and compiling information about email messages
kb-reference: Reference - Finding phishing sites
d3fend-id: D3-DNRA
definition: Analyzing the reputation of a domain name.

Domain Registration
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: Domain Name
type: NamedIndividual
may-contain: Domain Name
definition: A domain registration, or domain name registration data, is the relevant registration data from Internet resources such as domain names, IP addresses, and autonomous system numbers. Registration data is typically retrieved by means of either the Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP) or its predecessor, the WHOIS protocol.
alternative label: Domain Name Registration Data

Domain Trust Policy
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Hardening
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: restricts
  some values from: Directory Service
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: restricts
  some values from: Domain Account
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - How trust relationships work for resource forests in Azure Active Directory Domain Services
restricts: Directory Service
restricts: Domain Account
d3fend-id: D3-DTP
definition: Restricting inter-domain trust by modifying domain configuration.

Domain User Account
type: Class
subclass of: User Account
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A domain user account in Microsoft Windows (2000) defines that user's access to a logical group of network objects (computers, users, devices) that share the same Active Directory databases; that is, a user's access to a domain.

Driver Load Integrity Checking
type: Class
subclass of: Platform Hardening
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: authenticates
  some values from: Hardware Driver
type: NamedIndividual
authenticates: Hardware Driver
kb-reference: Reference - Integrity assurance through early loading in the boot phase - Crowdstrike Inc
kb-reference: Reference-ProtectedComputingEnvironment MicrosoftTechnologyLicensingLLC
d3fend-id: D3-DLIC
definition: Ensuring the integrity of drivers loaded during initialization of the operating system.
kb-article: ## How it works This technique can be accomplished in a number of ways: * A kernel level security agent installed on a host machine ensures that the driver associated with the agent is first in the initialization order. A dependent DLL associated with the driver is configured to be processed before other dependent DLLs and executes a number of operations to ensure the driver associated with the security agent is initialized first. * Kernel components can be signed by a certificate obtained by a third party to verify the source of the component and whether it has been modified. When signed, the component will include a signature block implemented as a hash value of the component header and can also include a certificate chain. The signature and certificate data are typically added before the kernel component is distributed to the public. ## Considerations * The private keys to sign certificates as reputable companies have been stolen in the past -- in cases such as where certificates from Adobe, Realtek, and JMicron have been used to sign malicious executables. (Source: https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/cybercrime-exploits-digital-certificates/#gref) * Trusted Root Certificate Authorities have been compromised, yielding the ability to use the compromised keys to generate certificates with an arbitrary company name. * It may not be difficult for an attacker to start an organization which can obtain a signed certificate. * A root certificate authority (CA) whose certificate is trusted in the verification logic could generate incorrect certificates, if they are lax or have ulterior motives.

Dyna-Q
type: Class
subclass of: Model-based Reinforcement Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-DQ
definition: A Dyna-Q agent combines acting, learning, and planning.
kb-article: ## References CompNeuro Neuromatch Academy Tutorials. [Link](https://compneuro.neuromatch.io/tutorials/W3D4_ReinforcementLearning/student/W3D4_Tutorial4.html)

Dynamic Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: File Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Document File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Executable File
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Document File
analyzes: Executable File
kb-reference: Reference - Malware analysis system - Palo Alto Networks Inc
kb-reference: Reference-UseOfAnApplicationControllerToMonitorAndControlSoftwareFileAndApplicationEnvironments SophosLtd
d3fend-id: D3-DA
definition: Executing or opening a file in a synthetic "sandbox" environment to determine if the file is a malicious program or if the file exploits another program such as a document reader.
kb-article: ## How it works Analyzing the interaction of a piece of code with a system while the code is being executed in a controlled environment such as a sandbox, virtual machine, or simulator. This exposes the natural behavior of the piece of code without requiring the code to be disassembled. ## Considerations * Malware often detects a fake environment, then changes its behavior accordingly. For example, it could detect that the system clock is being sped up in an effort to get it to execute commands that it would normally only execute at a later time, or that the hardware manufacturer of the machine is a virtualization provider. * Malware can attempt to determine if it is being debugged, and change its behavior accordingly. * For maximum fidelity, the simulated and real environments should be as similar as possible because the malware could perform differently in different environments. * Sometimes the malware behavior is triggered only under certain conditions (on a specific system date, after a certain time, or after it is sent a specific command) and can't be detected through a short execution in a virtual environment. ## Implementations * [Cuckoo Sandbox](https://cuckoosandbox.org)
synonym: Malware Detonation
synonym: Malware Sandbox

Dynamic Analysis Tool
type: Class
subclass of: Code Analyzer
definition: Dynamic program analysis is the analysis of computer software that is performed by executing programs on a real or virtual processor.

Email
type: Class
subclass of: Document File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: URL
type: NamedIndividual
may-contain: File
may-contain: URL
definition: An email, or email message, is a document that is sent between computer users across computer networks.

Email Attachment
type: Class
subclass of: Document File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: attached-to
  some values from: Email
type: NamedIndividual
attached-to: Email
definition: An email attachment is a computer file sent along with an email message. One or more files can be attached to any email message, and be sent along with it to the recipient. This is typically used as a simple method to share documents and images.

Email Filtering
type: Class
subclass of: Inbound Traffic Filtering
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: filters
  some values from: Email
type: NamedIndividual
filters: Email
kb-reference: Reference-SystemAndMethodForProvidingAnonymousRemailingAndFilteringOfElectronicMail Nokia
d3fend-id: D3-EF
definition: Filtering incoming email traffic based on specific criteria.
kb-article: ## How it works Mail filters can be implemented to scan inbound email messages at the initial SMTP connection stage to detect and reject email containing spam and malware. This technique is distinct from d3f:EmailDeletion because it prevents an email from reaching an user's inbox. This technique can also be used for outbound email traffic. ## Considerations * The effectiveness of mail filters depend on the completeness of the filter policies

Email Removal
type: Class
subclass of: File Removal
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: deletes
  some values from: Email
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-access
  some values from: Mail Server
type: NamedIndividual
deletes: Email
kb-reference: Reference-SystemAndMethodForScanningRemoteServicesToLocateStoredObjectsWithMalware
may-access: Mail Server
d3fend-id: D3-ER
definition: The email removal technique deletes email files from system storage.
kb-article: ## How it works Email removal is a technique that can be used to prevent a user from executing malware or responding to phishing attempts. Security software or users themselves may detect malicious or suspicious email in a local or remote mail folder email and then employ this technique. ## Considerations For email that needs to be removed, an infosec organization may choose to take additional follow-up actions (such as blocking the sources or notifying providers), rather than only relying on email deletion. For the case where users detect likely suspicious email files, the organization should consider implementing a means for reporting these emails to their infosec organization. Email files may propagate through many storage systems across the an organization's systems over time, so early detection and blocking helps avoid residual, latent stores of malicous email content in the enterprise.
synonym: Email Deletion

Email Rule
type: Class
subclass of: Application Rule
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A configuration of an email application which is used to apply logical or data processing functions to data processed by the email application.

Embedded Computer
type: Class
subclass of: Client Computer
definition: An embedded computer is a computer system -- a combination of a computer processor, computer memory, and input/output peripheral devices-that has a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including electrical or electronic hardware and mechanical parts. Because an embedded system typically controls physical operations of the machine that it is embedded within, it often has real-time computing constraints. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today. Ninety-eight percent of all microprocessors manufactured are used in embedded systems.
alternative label: Embedded System

Emulated File Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: File Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Document File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Executable File
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Document File
analyzes: Executable File
kb-reference: Reference - Network-level polymorphic shellcode detection using emulation
d3fend-id: D3-EFA
definition: Emulating instructions in a file looking for specific patterns.

Enclave
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: Local Area Network
type: NamedIndividual
may-contain: Local Area Network
definition: Network enclaves consist of standalone assets that do not interact with other information systems or networks. A major difference between a DMZ or demilitarized zone and a network enclave is a DMZ allows inbound and outbound traffic access, where firewall boundaries are traversed. In an enclave, firewall boundaries are not traversed. Enclave protection tools can be used to provide protection within specific security domains. These mechanisms are installed as part of an Intranet to connect networks that have similar security requirements.
alternative label: Network Enclave

Encrypted Credential
type: Class
subclass of: Credential
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A credential that is encrypted.

Encrypted Password
type: Class
subclass of: Encrypted Credential
subclass of: Password

Encrypted Tunnels
type: Class
subclass of: Network Isolation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: isolates
  some values from: Intranet Network
type: NamedIndividual
isolates: Intranet Network
kb-reference: Reference-SecurityArchitectureForTheInternetProtocol
d3fend-id: D3-ET
definition: Encrypted encapsulation of routable network traffic.

Endpoint Health Beacon
type: Class
subclass of: Operating System Monitoring
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: monitors
  some values from: Network Node
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Intrusion detection using a heartbeat - Sophos Ltd
monitors: Network Node
d3fend-id: D3-EHB
definition: Monitoring the security status of an endpoint by sending periodic messages with health status, where absence of a response may indicate that the endpoint has been compromised.
kb-article: ## How it works Endpoints are configured to periodically generate and transmit a secure heartbeat that is delivered on a configured schedule and provides endpoint status information. Status information can include software details (version, configuration, etc), endpoint identification (MAC, IP address, machine ID) or other hardware/software configuration information. Interruption of the heartbeat can signal that the endpoint has been compromised. ## Considerations * Security of heartbeat messages to ensure message integrity * Disappearance of the heartbeat could simply mean that the endpoint is powered off or intentionally disconnected from the network. Therefore other criteria may need to be used to accurately detect endpoint compromise. * Attacker presence on the machine may leave the heartbeat intact. * An attacker may determine the format of the heartbeat and continue to send it even after the machine is compromised.
synonym: Endpoint Health Telemetry

Endpoint Sensor
type: Class
subclass of: Cyber Sensor
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A sensor application installed on a endpoint (platform) to collect information on platform components.

Ensemble Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Machine Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-EL
definition: In statistics and machine learning, ensemble methods use multiple learning algorithms to obtain better predictive performance than could be obtained from any of the constituent learning algorithms alone
kb-article: ## References Ensemble learning. Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_learning).

Epistemic Logic
type: Class
subclass of: Modal Logic
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-EL
definition: Epistemic logic addresses modalities of knowledge; i.e., the certainty of sentences.
kb-article: ## References 1. Epistemic logic. (2023, June 4). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_logic#Epistemic_logic)
synonym: Epistemic Modal Logic

Equivalence Matching
type: Class
subclass of: Logical Rules
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-EM
definition: Equivalence matching is matching two values, which may be bound to variables, to see if they are equivalent.
kb-article: ## How it works Equality is a relationship between two quantities or, more generally two mathematical expressions, asserting that the quantities have the same value, or that the expressions represent the same mathematical object. Programming languages can have multiple senses of equality that may include, but are not limited to: - Identity: The objects are identical; often indicated by having values indicating the same logical address. - Equality: The values of the expessions and properties are equivalent when evaluated; they do not need to have the same logical address. ## References 1. Equality (mathematics). (2023, May 31). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_(mathematics)] 2. Types of Equality. (2007, March 2). In _WikiWikiWeb_. [Link](https://wiki.c2.com/?TypesOfEquality)

Estimation
type: Class
subclass of: Inferential Statistics
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-EST
definition: Estimation represents ways or a process of learning and determining the population parameter based on the model fitted to the data.
kb-article: ## References Pennsylvania State University. (n.d.). Statistical Inference and Estimation. [Link](https://online.stat.psu.edu/stat504/lesson/statistical-inference-and-estimation)

Eval Function
type: Class
subclass of: Subroutine
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Subroutine
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Subroutine
definition: Takes inputs of strings and evaluations them as expressions.

Event Log
type: Class
subclass of: Log
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Event logs record events taking place in the execution of a system in order to provide an audit trail that can be used to understand the activity of the system and to diagnose problems. They are essential to understand the activities of complex systems, particularly in the case of applications with little user interaction (such as server applications).

Evict
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Tactic
type: NamedIndividual
type: Defensive Tactic
definition: The eviction tactic is used to remove an adversary from a computer network.
display-order: 4
display-priority: 0

Eviction Latency
type: Class
subclass of: Latency

Exact Matching
type: Class
subclass of: Equivalence Matching
subclass of: Numeric Pattern Matching
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-EM
definition: Exact matching for numeric types is just the simple test for mathematical equivalence of the values being matched.
kb-article: ## References 1. Equality (mathematics). (2023, May 31). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_(mathematics)]
synonym: Numeric Equivalence Matching

Exception Handler
type: Class
subclass of: Subroutine
definition: An exception handler is a code segment that processes an exception.

Exception Handler Pointer Validation
type: Class
subclass of: Application Hardening
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: validates
  some values from: Pointer
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference-SAFESEH ImageHasSafeExceptionHandlers MicrosoftDocs
validates: Pointer
d3fend-id: D3-EHPV
definition: Validates that a referenced exception handler pointer is a valid exception handler.
kb-article: ## How It Works When a process encounters an exception, it calls an exception handler to deal with the exception. The method by which this exception handler is determined varies by the operating system. The exception handler is called, even if it is the default exception handler to terminate the program and display a message that the program stopped working. In the case that no valid exception handler is found, the program would fail to proceed as normal and could be programmed to terminate. In Windows, the address of the exception registration record is stored at the very start of the the Thread Information Block; the GS register points to this structure. The exception registration record contains two pointers: a pointer to the next exception registration record should this handler fail to handle the exception, and a pointer to the handler. A buffer overflow can overwrite the saved return pointer with an invalid location to execute memory; this often triggers the exception handler chain, which could also be corrupted by the buffer overflow. Although Process Exception Handler Validation does not make sure that the exception handler pointer or the code at the exception handler was unaltered, or that the exception handler code is secure, this technique does ensure that the pointer is at least an exception handler that could be called by the program. With Process Exception Handler Validation, before the handler is called, it checks the exception handler against a source of valid exception handlers. If the requested handler is not in this list, other techniques such as those in Process Eviction might be invoked, such as Process Termination to end the current process, or Executable Blacklisting to blacklist the potentially vulnerable or malfunctioning executable. ### Runtime valid exception handler source generation The source of valid exception handlers could be generated at runtime, with the risk of the information that is used to determine the validity of exception ha…
synonym: Exception Handler Validation

Exec
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: executes
  some values from: Executable Binary
type: NamedIndividual
executes: Executable Binary

Executable Allowlisting
type: Class
subclass of: Execution Isolation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: blocks
  some values from: Executable File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: restricts
  some values from: Create Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Platform Hardening
blocks: Executable File
kb-reference: Reference - Enhancing Network Security By Preventing User-Initiated Malware Execution - MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-ComputingApparatusWithAutomaticIntegrityReferenceGenerationAndMaintenance Tripwire,Inc.
restricts: Create Process
d3fend-id: D3-EAL
definition: Using a digital signature to authenticate a file before opening.
kb-article: ## How it works This technique is generic and there are numerous ways to compute and authenticate digital signatures. A digital certificate is generated from a private/public key pair issued by a certificate authority (CA). A hash of the file is encrypted using the private key. When the file is downloaded by another user, the user's system uses the public key to decrypt the hash and a new hash is created of the downloaded file. The hash decrypted by the public key is compared to the new hash and if there is a mismatch, further techniques, such as file deletion, file quarantine, or **Executable Blacklisting** may be invoked. This technique may be invoked when deciding whether to execute a file. ## Considerations Organizations which download or create high volumes of software make management complex, in particular engineering or scientific organizations.
synonym: File Signature Authentication

Executable Binary
type: Class
subclass of: Executable File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Image Code Segment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Image Data Segment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-interpret
  some values from: Executable Script
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Image Code Segment
contains: Image Data Segment
may-interpret: Executable Script
definition: An executable binary contains machine code instructions for a physical CPU. D3FEND also considers byte code for a virtual machine to be binary code. This is in contrast to executable scripts written in a scripting language.

Executable Denylisting
type: Class
subclass of: Execution Isolation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: blocks
  some values from: Executable File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: restricts
  some values from: Create Process
type: NamedIndividual
blocks: Executable File
kb-reference: Reference - Method and apparatus for increasing the speed at which computer viruses are detected - McAfee LLC
kb-reference: Reference-ContentExtractorAndAnalysisSystem Bit9Inc,CarbonBlackInc
restricts: Create Process
d3fend-id: D3-EDL
definition: Blocking the execution of files on a host in accordance with defined application policy rules.
kb-article: ## How it works #### Criteria A policy-enforcing application can register an application for denylisting based on conditions including the following: * File attributes * file name * file path * file hash * file publisher, as obtained from the digital signature * permissions of the file * File malware scan (eg. Windows SmartScreen) * User-File combination This may be done to prevent execution of applications which are: * an old version with known vulnerabilities * without a valid license, which could cause legal issues * in a directory that is accessible to low-privileged users, that could be accessed by a malware dropper * known trojan horse programs * too open in their permissions, possibly set to run as a user other than the originator or allowing execution when they should not be * a match to the hash of other known malware * are detected as undesirable based on a file scan runtime behavior System administrators will customize the rules for the given environment. #### Backend The policy-enforcing program may work by running in kernel mode, and [intercepting] [system calls which execute a process]. ## Considerations * If denylisting is done by filename, filepath, or hash, these mechanisms may be a worthy first line of defense and detection, but could still be evaded by an attacker. * Continuous management is needed to keep the denylist up to date, whether it is based on hash, publisher, behavior, or any other digital artifact. * Although denylists based on attributes such as file path and virus scan could defend against some threats which they have not been explicitly coded to block, denylists may not provide protection from new, unknown, or zero day attacks. ## Examples On a Windows machine the Windows Defender Application Control (WDAC) policy enforcement is run in the kernel and allows for restricting applications.
synonym: Executable Blacklisting

Executable File
type: Class
subclass of: File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Subroutine
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Subroutine
definition: In computing, executable code or an executable file or executable program, sometimes simply an executable, causes a computer "to perform indicated tasks according to encoded instructions," as opposed to a data file that must be parsed by a program to be meaningful. These instructions are traditionally machine code instructions for a physical CPU. However, in a more general sense, a file containing instructions (such as bytecode) for a software interpreter may also be considered executable; even a scripting language source file may therefore be considered executable in this sense. The exact interpretation depends upon the use; while the term often refers only to machine code files, in the context of protection against computer viruses all files which cause potentially hazardous instruction
alternative label: Executable

Executable Script
type: Class
subclass of: Executable File
type: NamedIndividual
definition: An executable script is written in a scripting language and interpreted at run time. This is in contrast with an executable binary, which contains machine code instructions for a physical CPU or byte code for a virtual machine.

Execution Isolation
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Isolate
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Isolate
d3fend-id: D3-EI
definition: Execution Isolation techniques prevent application processes from accessing non-essential system resources, such as memory, devices, or files.

Execution Technique
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Technique
subclass of: Offensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Execution
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Execution

Exfiltration Technique
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Technique
subclass of: Offensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Exfiltration
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Exfiltration

Expectation-maximization Clustering
type: Class
subclass of: Distribution-based Clustering
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-EMC
definition: An unsupervised clustering algorithm and extends to NLP applications like Latent Dirichlet Allocation, the Baum-Welch algorithm for Hidden Markov Models, and medical imaging.
kb-article: ## References Towards Data Science. (n.d.). Expectation Maximization Explained. [Link](https://towardsdatascience.com/expectation-maximization-explained-c82f5ed438e5#:~:text=Expectation%20Maximization%20(EM)%20is%20a,Markov%20Models%2C%20and%20medical%20imaging.)

Expected Error Reduction
type: Class
subclass of: Active Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-EER
definition: Expected Error Reduction (EER) follows similar ideas as EMC, but again looks at the model output instead of the model itself and also takes the other data into account. In particular, a sample x is considered useful, if we can expect that knowing the label will reduce the future error on unseen samples
kb-article: ## References Intro to Active Learning. inovex Blog. [Link](https://www.inovex.de/de/blog/intro-to-active-learning/).

Expected Model Change
type: Class
subclass of: Active Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-EMC
definition: Supervised learning establishes a relationship between the known input and output variables to conduct a predictive analysis.
kb-article: nal Consiterations ## References Intro to Active Learning. inovex Blog. [Link](https://www.inovex.de/de/blog/intro-to-active-learning/).

External Content Inclusion Function
type: Class
subclass of: Subroutine
type: NamedIndividual
definition: External content, strings or data, are inserted into a local document (e.g. xml document) as if it were a native part of that document.

External Control
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: member-of
  some values from: Control Catalog
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: semantic-relation
  some values from: Defensive Technique

External Knowledge Base
type: Class
subclass of: Information Content Entity
subclass of: Technique Reference
pref-label: External Knowledge Base

External Threat Model Thing
type: Class

Fast Symbolic Link
type: Class
subclass of: Symbolic Link
subclass of: Unix Link
disjoint with: Slow Symbolic Link
definition: Fast symbolic links, allow storage of the target path within the data structures used for storing file information on disk (e.g., within the inodes). This space normally stores a list of disk block addresses allocated to a file. Thus, symlinks with short target paths are accessed quickly. Systems with fast symlinks often fall back to using the original method if the target path exceeds the available inode space.
alternative label: Fast Symlink

Feature Assessment
type: Class
subclass of: Assessment

File
type: Class
subclass of: Resource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: File Section
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: URL
type: NamedIndividual
contains: File Section
may-contain: URL
definition: A file maintained in computer-readable form.

File Access Pattern Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Process Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Local Resource Access
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Local Resource Access
kb-reference: Reference - File-modifying malware detection - Crowdstrike Inc
d3fend-id: D3-FAPA
definition: Analyzing the files accessed by a process to identify unauthorized activity.
kb-article: ## How it works File modifying malware such as wipers and ransomware are detected by identifying file access patterns that are associated with a malicious process. Examples of file access patterns include accessing a large number of files, accessing multiple file types, files being accessed located in multiple locations in a directory, and copying a file and encrypting the contents of that file into a copy. ## Considerations Certain file access actions may not be statistically different from authorized activity.

File Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Detect
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: File
enables: Detect
d3fend-id: D3-FA
definition: File Analysis is an analytic process to determine a file's status. For example: virus, trojan, benign, malicious, trusted, unauthorized, sensitive, etc.
kb-article: ## Technique Overview Some techniques use file signatures or file metadata to compare against historical collections of malware. Files may also be compared against a source of ground truth such as cryptographic signatures. Examining files for potential malware using pattern matching against file contents/file behavior. Binary code may be dissembled and analyzed for predictive malware behavior, such as API call signatures. Analysis might occur within a protected environment such as a sandbox or live system.

File Carving
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: File Transfer Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: File Transfer Network Traffic
kb-reference: Reference - Computer Worm Defense System and Method - FireEye Inc
d3fend-id: D3-FC
definition: Identifying and extracting files from network application protocols through the use of network stream reassembly software.
kb-article: ## How it works Protocol stream reassembly software recreates a directional byte stream by analyzing captured network packets. Once the stream is reassembled pattern matching is applied to determine if it contains a file of interest. Files of interest range from executable, archive, or document file formats. Once the file is captured, it is then processed with standard File Analysis Techniques. Example network protocols include HTTP, SMTP, FTP, HTTP/2, and TLS/HTTP/Dropbox. ## Considerations - This is an error prone process due to the intricacies of network protocols and network packet capture. For example reassembly may be done in real-time or streaming fashion, or packets may be written to disk, then bulk processed. The packets may arrive out of order, with fragmentation, duplicates, or re-transmissions. The reassembly software must compensate for the imperfect packet stream in order to recreate the well formed file which was transmitted. - File type identification can be a difficult process which can be exploited by adversaries.

File Content Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: File Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Cyber vaccine and predictive-malware-defense methods and systems
d3fend-id: D3-FCOA
definition: Employing a pattern matching algorithm to statically analyze the content of files.
kb-article: ## How it works Analyzing a piece of code without it being executed in a sandbox, virtual machine, or simulator. Patterns or signatures in the file can indicate whati kind of software it is, including whether it is malware.

File Content Rules
type: Class
subclass of: File Content Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Computational modeling and classification of data streams - Crowdstrike Inc
kb-reference: Reference - Detecting script-based malware - Crowdstrike Inc
kb-reference: Reference - Distributed meta-information query in a network - Bit 9 Inc
kb-reference: Reference-SystemAndMethodsThereofForLogicalIdentificationOfMaliciousThreatsAcrossAPluralityOfEnd-pointDevicesCommunicativelyConnectedByANetwork PaloAltoNetworksIncCyberSecdoLtd
d3fend-id: D3-FCR
definition: Employing a pattern matching rule language to analyze the content of files.
kb-article: ## How it works Rules, often called signatures, are used for both generic and targeted malware detection. The rules are usually expressed in a domain specific language (DSL), then deployed to software that scans files for matches. The rules are developed and broadly distributed by commercial vendors, or they are developed and deployed by enterprise security teams to address highly targeted or custom malware. Conceptually, there are public and private rule sets. Both leverage the same technology, but they are intended to detect different types of cyber adversaries. ## Considerations * Patterns expressed in the DSLs range in their complexity. Some scanning engines support file parsing and normalization for high fidelity matching, others support only simple regular expression matching against raw file data. Engineers must make a trade-off in terms of: * The fidelity of the matching capabilities in order to balance high recall with avoiding false positives, * The computational load for scanning, and * The resilience of the engine to deal with adversarial content presented in different forms-- content which in some cases is designed to exploit or defeat the scanning engines. * Signature libraries can become large over time and impact scanning performance. * Some vendors who sell signatures have to delete old signatures over time. * Simple signatures against raw content cannot match against encoded, encrypted, or sufficiently obfuscated content. ## Implementations * YARA * ClamAV
synonym: File Content Signatures
synonym: File Signatures

File Creation Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: System Call Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Create File
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Create File
kb-reference: Reference - CAR-2019-07-002: Lsass Process Dump via Procdump - MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2020-09-001:ScheduledTask-FileAccess MITRE
d3fend-id: D3-FCA
definition: Analyzing the properties of file create system call invocations.

File Encryption
type: Class
subclass of: Platform Hardening
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: encrypts
  some values from: File
type: NamedIndividual
encrypts: File
kb-reference: Reference - Method for file encryption
d3fend-id: D3-FE
definition: Encrypting a file using a cryptographic key.
kb-article: ## How it Works Files are encrypted using either a single key for both encryption and decryption or separate keys. Single key encryption is symmetric encryption and using two key distinct keys is asymmetric encryption. ### Symmetric Cryptography Symmetric encryption uses the same cryptographic key for both the encryption and decryption a file. Managing keys at scale sometimes uses asymmetric key exchange protocols such as Diffie-Hellman can be used to share the symmetric cryptographic key with the others. ### Asymmetric Cryptography Asymmetric encryption is typically accomplished using public and private key certificates based on the X.509 standard. Files are encrypted using the public key and decrypted using their private key. Asymmetric encryption is typically slower than symmetric encryption and not widely used for large file encryption, but is popular for key wrapping, key exchanges, and digital signatures. ## Considerations - Continuous monitoring to ensure private keys are not compromised and the certificate authority (CA) is trusted. - Secure transfer of private keys between multiple devices.

File Eviction
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Evict
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Evict
d3fend-id: D3-FEV
definition: File eviction techniques evict files from system storage.

File Hash
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Fingerprint
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: identifies
  some values from: File
type: NamedIndividual
identifies: File

File Hash Reputation Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Identifier Reputation Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: File Hash
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: File Hash
kb-reference: Reference-Reputation of an entity associated with a content item
d3fend-id: D3-FHRA
definition: Analyzing the reputation of a file hash.

File Hashing
type: Class
subclass of: File Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Munin
d3fend-id: D3-FH
definition: Employing file hash comparisons to detect known malware.
kb-article: ## How it works This technique requires a list of hashes to compare a file against. ## Considerations Performance on large files or very large numbers of files.

File Integrity Monitoring
type: Class
subclass of: Platform Monitoring
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: File
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: File
kb-reference: Reference - File Integrity Monitoring in Microsoft Defender for Cloud - Microsoft
kb-reference: Reference-Tripwire
d3fend-id: D3-FIM
definition: Detecting any suspicious changes to files in a computer system.
kb-article: ## How it Works There are a number of tools in Windows and Unix that can monitor specific files in a system and generate alerts if any artifacts have been created, modified, or removed. They accomplish this by comparing the current artifacts to a previous snapshot. Unix - Unix systems have a file integrity checker tool called tripwire. Tripwire first initializes a database that serves as a basis for comparison and can then scan the system to compare the state of the current file system against the initial baseline database. Additionally, users can define policies that specify potential violations. Windows - In Microsoft Azure, file integrity monitoring can be enabled which can track file and registry key creation, removals, and modifications of specific files. ## Considerations Files can change constantly due to the non-static nature of a computer system. File Integrity Monitoring works best when pointed at a narrow scope of critical files to limit the number of unneccessary files that may be modified over the course of normal use. The accuracy and precision of defined policies also affect the efficacy of this technique.

File Path Open Function
type: Class
subclass of: Subroutine
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Open File
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: File
invokes: Open File
definition: Has an input of a file path, and opens a file handle for reading or writing.

File Removal
type: Class
subclass of: File Eviction
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: deletes
  some values from: File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-access
  some values from: File Server
type: NamedIndividual
deletes: File
kb-reference: Reference - How Does Antivirus Quarantine Work? - Safety Detectives
may-access: File Server
d3fend-id: D3-FR
definition: The file removal technique deletes malicious artifacts or programs from a computer system.
kb-article: ## How it works Adversaries may place files or programs into a computer's file system to perform malicious actions. As part of the eviction process, these files and programs should be removed to prevent further compromise or reinfection. Examples of malicious types of files are malware which is directly harmful and content files with the intent to deceive users (e.g., phishing.) On Windows systems, antivirus (AV) software should be used to safely and permanently remove malicious files. AV software may first quarantine a suspected malicious file, which is the process of moving a file from its original location to a new location and makes changes so that it cannot be executed. Users can then verify that the file is not benign and then permanently delete it. ## Considerations When it is determined that a file should be removed for security purposes, the organization--or systems implementing an organization's policies--may determine that the file should not simply be deleted from the enterprise's mission systems, but be quarantined to a secure system by an approved mechanism, so as to allow follow-up investigation by security staff. On Windows systems, deleting a file in File Explorer does not permanently delete a file - it sends it to the Recycle Bin instead. The Recycle Bin must be emptied, or alternative steps must be performed to remove files completely. Even then, in some cases the data may persist in disk, so data shredder tools may be needed to completely wipe a file. Thus, AV tools are recommended.
synonym: File Deletion

File Section
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A file section is one of the portions of a file in which the file is regarded as divided and where together the file sections constitute the whole file.
alternative label: File Part

File Server
type: Class
subclass of: Server
type: NamedIndividual
definition: The term server highlights the role of the machine in the traditional client-server scheme, where the clients are the workstations using the storage. A file server does not normally perform computational tasks or run programs on behalf of its client workstations. File servers are commonly found in schools and offices, where users use a local area network to connect their client computers.

File Share Service
type: Class
subclass of: Network Service
definition: A file sharing service (or file share service) provides the ability to share data across a network.

File System
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Directory
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: File System Link
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: File System Metadata
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Directory
contains: File
contains: File System Link
contains: File System Metadata
definition: In computing, a file system or filesystem is used to control how data is stored and retrieved. Without a file system, information placed in a storage medium would be one large body of data with no way to tell where one piece of information stops and the next begins. By separating the data into pieces and giving each piece a name, the information is easily isolated and identified. Taking its name from the way paper-based information systems are named, each group of data is called a "file". The structure and logic rules used to manage the groups of information and their names is called a "file system".

File System Link
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A file system link associates a name with a file on a file system. Most generally, this may be a direct reference (a hard link) or an indirect one (a soft link).

File System Metadata
type: Class
subclass of: Metadata
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Metadata about the files and directories in a file system. For example file name, file length, time modified, group and user ids, and other file attributes.

File System Sensor
type: Class
subclass of: Endpoint Sensor
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: monitors
  some values from: File
type: NamedIndividual
monitors: File
definition: Collects files and file metadata on an endpoint.

File Transfer Network Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
definition: File transfer network traffic is network traffic related to file transfers between network nodes..This includes only network traffic conforming to standard file transfer protocols, not custom transfer protocols.

Finger Print Scanner Input Device
type: Class
subclass of: Image Scanner Input Device
definition: A fingerprint sensor is an electronic device used to capture a digital image of the fingerprint pattern. The captured image is called a live scan. This live scan is digitally processed to create a biometric template (a collection of extracted features) which is stored and used for matching. Many technologies have been used including optical, capacitive, RF, thermal, piezoresistive, ultrasonic, piezoelectric, and MEMS.
alternative label: Fingerprint Sensor

Firewall
type: Class
subclass of: Network Node
definition: In computing, a firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. A firewall typically establishes a barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted external network, such as the Internet. Firewalls are often categorized as either network firewalls or host-based firewalls. Network firewalls filter traffic between two or more networks and run on network hardware. Host-based firewalls run on host computers and control network traffic in and out of those machines. This definition refers to network firewalls.
alternative label: Network Firewall

Firmware
type: Class
subclass of: Software
type: NamedIndividual
definition: In electronic systems and computing, firmware is a type of software that provides control, monitoring and data manipulation of engineered products and systems. Typical examples of devices containing firmware are embedded systems (such as traffic lights, consumer appliances, remote controls and digital watches), computers, computer peripherals, mobile phones, and digital cameras. The firmware contained in these devices provides the low-level control program for the device.

Firmware Behavior Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Platform Monitoring
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Firmware
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Firmware
kb-reference: Reference - Firmware Behavior Analysis ConFirm
kb-reference: Reference - Firmware Behavior Analysis VIPER
d3fend-id: D3-FBA
definition: Analyzing the behavior of embedded code in firmware and looking for anomalous behavior and suspicious activity.
kb-article: ## How it works Firmware behavior analysis provides protections by ensuring that installed firmware has not been tampered with or modified. Firmware analysis applies to mutable firmware and immutable read-only memory (ROMs). Firmware in deployed network devices is typically not analyzed and monitored for vulnerabilities and thus is subject to potential attacks. This technique makes use of known and measured behavioral attributes, including timing attributes, of analyzed firmware on deployed devices. A behavioral method that employs known timing measurements may use the timing results from a challenge and response protocol to detect the presence of malware in embedded firmware. Firmware device timing measurements are made, specific to the installed device, and are used in the verifying function. The original firmware image is modified by injecting a monitoring software component into the embedded firmware code. The injected software components will allow for a software root of trust, the challenge and response protocol, to be implement in the firmware. A challenge-response is issued and includes a nonce so that replays are not allowed. The firmware will calculate a checksum over all of memory, including the nonce, and return the result. The verification system will compare the computed checksum and the time it took for the computation of the checksum to determine if the firmware has been modified. ## Considerations * The firmware code will need to be modified to include the behavioral monitoring functionality. * This technique is sensitive to the device the embedded firmware is hosted on and it is expected that the devices and firmware will need to be profiled and analyzed to determine timing estimation. * This technique is not expected to be one hundred percent correct as you would expect in a hardware root of trust solution and may require some tuning.
synonym: Firmware Timing Analysis

Firmware Embedded Monitoring Code
type: Class
subclass of: Platform Monitoring
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Firmware
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Firmware
kb-reference: Reference - Firmware Embedded Monitoring Code Red Balloon
kb-reference: Reference - Firmware Embedded Monitoring Code Symbiotes
d3fend-id: D3-FEMC
definition: Monitoring code is injected into firmware for integrity monitoring of firmware and firmware data.
kb-article: ## How it works Firmware in deployed network devices is typically not monitored for malicious changes. This technique provides a method to embed a software security component into the deployed firmware which provides a near real-time monitoring hook. The exception handling code, in the firmware, is typically used to expose any detected vulnerabilities. The injected software components provide a feature similar to intrusion detection systems for the firmware by detecting unauthorized modifications of the embedded firmware. The integrity of static code and firmware data are monitored continuously in the hosted devices. Comparisons are made to monitored elements like firmware memory addresses and data segments. Memory pages are scanned and if a modification is detected the software component may lock the page. This will protect subsequent attempted modifications to the firmware. The software component may utilize the exception handling code and thus be able to disclose the exact address of the modified memory. The injected software components are inserted during the firmware imaging process. The injected software is assumed to have knowledge of both the embedded code and the current execution state of the host program. The injected software will monitor and alert, in near real-time, on potential suspicious activity. The injected code is run alongside of the embedded code in the host. The injected software operates as an independent entity and is not dependent on the host software. Finally, this technique may implement other countermeasure techniques as part of their analytical processes. These should be identified by referencing other countermeasure techniques directly as necessary. ## Considerations * The firmware code will need to be modified and re-hosted on the device. * Exposing monitoring hooks to the injected code may introduce additional risk.

Firmware Sensor
type: Class
subclass of: Endpoint Sensor
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: monitors
  some values from: Firmware
type: NamedIndividual
monitors: Firmware
definition: Collects information on firmware installed on an Endpoint.

Firmware Verification
type: Class
subclass of: Platform Monitoring
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: verifies
  some values from: Firmware
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Firmware Verification Eclypsium
kb-reference: Reference - Firmware Verification Trapezoid
kb-reference: Reference-PlatformFirmwareResiliencyGuidelines NIST
verifies: Firmware
d3fend-id: D3-FV
definition: Cryptographically verifying firmware integrity.
kb-article: ## How it works Cryptographic hash values are computed for system and peripheral firmware. The hash values are compared against precomputed hash values for the identified firmware. A hash value mismatch may indicate that the firmware may have been tampered with or updated with a non-current release indicating a misconfiguration for the system. ## Considerations * Requires cryptographically computed hash values of firmware * Requires storage of precomputed firmware hash values

First-order Logic
type: Class
subclass of: Predicate Logic
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-FOL
definition: First-order logic is a collection of formal systems used in mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science. First-order logic uses quantified variables over non-logical objects, and allows the use of sentences that contain variables.
kb-article: ## How it works For propositions such as "Socrates is a man", one can have expressions in the form "there exists x such that x is Socrates and x is a man", where "there exists" is a quantifier, while x is a variable. This distinguishes it from propositional logic, which does not use quantifiers or relations. The term "first-order" distinguishes first-order logic from higher-order logic, in which there are predicates having predicates or functions as arguments, or in which quantification over predicates, functions, or both, are permitted. ## Considerations - Advantages: -- First-order logic is more expressive than propositional logic; one can talk about objects and their properties, relations between objects. -- First-order logic is able to make use of variables and quantifiers (e.g., "for all" and "exists".) -- First-order logic supports power forms of reasoning, such as inferring the properties of an unknown object from the properties of known objects. - Disadvantages: -- First-order logic is more difficult to learn and use than propositional logic, due to its greater complexity. -- First-order logic is also less tractable than propositional logic in many cases; reasoning about quantifiers and variables adds complexity. -- First-order logic can be difficult to apply in practice, due to the need to find appropriate axioms and rules for each application. ### Verification Approach - Automated theorem provers can assist in formal verification, performing automated reasoning over system modeled in first-order logic and explore a complete space of system behaviors - First-order logic may be more expressive than necessary for many types of problems and may be more difficult to verify by SMEs. - Theorem provers based in FOL are capable of use in software verification tasks, but an SMT solver such as Z3 might be more appropriate. - Defining a set of competency questions (i.e., query use cases for a first-order logic ontology) can help scope the logic required for a complete…
synonym: FOL
synonym: First-order Predicate Calculus
synonym: Quantificational Logic

First-stage Boot Loader
type: Class
subclass of: Boot Loader
definition: The very first routine run in order to load the operating system.

Flash Memory
type: Class
subclass of: Secondary Storage
definition: Flash memory is an electronic non-volatile computer memory storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed.

Forecasting
type: Class
subclass of: Analytical Purpose

Forward Proxy Server
type: Class
subclass of: Proxy Server
definition: An forward (or open) proxy is a proxy server that is accessible by any Internet user. Generally, a proxy server only allows users within a network group (i.e. a closed proxy) to store and forward Internet services such as DNS or web pages to reduce and control the bandwidth used by the group. With an open proxy, however, any user on the Internet is able to use this forwarding service.

Forward Resolution Domain Denylisting
type: Class
subclass of: DNS Denylisting
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: blocks
  some values from: Outbound Internet DNS Lookup Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
blocks: Outbound Internet DNS Lookup Traffic
kb-reference: Reference-UseDNSPolicyForApplyingFiltersOnDNSQueries
d3fend-id: D3-FRDDL
definition: Blocking a lookup based on the query's domain name value.
kb-article: ## How it works Policies are created that filter DNS queries using fully qualified domain name (FQDN) of record in the query. A DNS policy can be created for blocking DNS queries from FQDNs that have been identified as unauthorized. ## Considerations Continuous maintenance of unauthorized domain lists is needed to keep up to date as updates occur.
synonym: Forward Resolution Domain Blacklisting

Forward Resolution IP Denylisting
type: Class
subclass of: DNS Denylisting
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: blocks
  some values from: Inbound Internet DNS Response Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
blocks: Inbound Internet DNS Response Traffic
kb-reference: Reference-UseDNSPolicyForApplyingFiltersOnDNSQueries
d3fend-id: D3-FRIDL
definition: Blocking a DNS lookup's answer's IP address value.
kb-article: ## How it works This technique prevents a client from learning IP addresses deemed to be potentially malicious, which would have been delivered via forward resolution responses. Responses to forward resolution requests (that is, requests where a domain is sent and IP(s) are returned) are collected, and the IP address(es) included as a response are examined. If the IP address(es) are in a range included in the blacklist, then the response is dropped and not forwarded to the client. The DNS lookup can be blocked by either dropping the network traffic with an inline device, or modifying the value of the response sent by the DNS server. To transparently prevent client applications from hanging on a request, it is common practice to replace malicious values with addresses in the range 127.0.0.0/8 or the address of a honeypot maintained by the network administrators. ## Considerations * This technique does not prevent the client from contacting the blacklisted IP, only from learning about this IP address via a nameserver lookup request. * DNS Response traffic can be transmitted over many different protocols, which presents a challenge to implementing methods to extract all DNS answer IP address value(s). * DNS has historically used UDP port 53, with TCP port 53 instead used for responses over 512 bytes or after a lack of response over UDP. * Usage of new protocols to provide confidentiality for DNS traffic, such as DoH (DNS over HTTPS) and DoT (DNS over TLS), complicates collection of the IP address(es) in DNS responses. These protocols have often been enabled in browser settings transparently after a browser update, with DNS requests proxied over one of these cryptographic protocols through a specified host. * This technique must be implemented logically between the application that receives the response and the server which sent the response. * DNS responses sent in an encrypted manner, such as those using DoH or DoT, will require interception of the TLS connections in …
synonym: Forward Resolution IP Blacklisting

Free Memory
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: deletes
  some values from: Memory Block
type: NamedIndividual
deletes: Memory Block

Fuzzy Logic
type: Class
subclass of: Symbolic AI
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-FL
definition: Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic in which the truth value of variables may be any real number between 0 and 1.
kb-article: ## How it works It is employed to handle the concept of partial truth, where the truth value may range between completely true and completely false.[1] By contrast, in Boolean logic, the truth values of variables may only be the integer values 0 or 1. ## References 1. Fuzzy logic. (2023, May 28). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_logic)

GPT
type: Class
subclass of: Transformer-based Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-GPT
definition: Generative pre-trained transformers (GPT) are a type of large language model (LLM) and a prominent framework for generative artificial intelligence.
kb-article: ## References Generative pre-trained transformer. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer)
synonym: Generative Pre-trained Transformer

Gated Recurrent Unit
type: Class
subclass of: Recurrent Neural Network
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-GRU
definition: The GRU is like a long short-term memory (LSTM) with a forget gate, but has fewer parameters than LSTM, as it lacks an output gate. GRU's performance on certain tasks of polyphonic music modeling, speech signal modeling and natural language processing was found to be similar to that of LSTM
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (2021, September 20). Gated Recurrent Unit. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gated_recurrent_unit)

Media Generation
type: Class
subclass of: Analytical Purpose

Generative Adversarial Network
type: Class
subclass of: Unsupervised Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-GAN
definition: Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) are an approach to generative modeling using deep learning methods, such as convolutional neural networks.
kb-article: ## References Brownlee, J. (2019). What Are Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)? Machine Learning Mastery. [Link](https://machinelearningmastery.com/what-are-generative-adversarial-networks-gans/)
synonym: GAN

Geometric Mean
type: Class
subclass of: Central Tendency
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-GM
definition: The nth root of the product of the data values, where there are n of these. This measure is valid only for data that are measured absolutely on a strictly positive scale.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Central tendency. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_tendency)

Get Open Sockets
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enumerates
  some values from: Pipe
type: NamedIndividual
enumerates: Pipe

Get Open Windows
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
type: NamedIndividual

Get Running Processes
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enumerates
  some values from: Process
type: NamedIndividual
enumerates: Process

Get Screen Capture
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
type: NamedIndividual

Get System Config Value
type: Class
subclass of: System Config System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: reads
  some values from: System Configuration Database Record
type: NamedIndividual
reads: System Configuration Database Record

Get System Network Config Value
type: Class
subclass of: Get System Config Value
type: NamedIndividual

Get System Time
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A system call that gets the system time. For POSIX.1 systems, time() invokes a call to get the system time.

Get Thread Context
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: queries
  some values from: Thread
type: NamedIndividual
queries: Thread

Global User Account
type: Class
subclass of: Domain User Account
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A type of user account in Microsoft Windows (NT) that has a domain-wide scope.defines that user's access to a logical group of network objects (computers, users, devices) that share the same Active Directory databases; that is, a user's access to the domain.

Goal
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Core

Goodman and Kruskal's Gamma
type: Class
subclass of: Rank Correlation
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-GAKG
definition: Goodman-Kruskal $\\gamma$ is a measure of rank correlation between x and y and is given by $(n_c -n_d) / (n_c + n_d)$, where $n_c$ is the number of concordant pairs of the observations and $n_d$ is the number of discordant pairs.
kb-article: ## References 1. Wolfram Research. (2012). GoodmanKruskalGamma. Wolfram Language function. [Link](https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/GoodmanKruskalGamma.html) 1. Goodman and Kruskal's gamma. (2022, Nov 23). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodman_and_Kruskal%27s_gamma]

Gradient-Boosted Decision Tree
type: Class
subclass of: CART
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-GBDT
definition: A gradient-boosted decision tree is, as in other bagging and boosting methods, a method where the relatively 'weak' machine learning model (a decision tree) is used in an ensemble to form a 'strong' machine learning model.
kb-article: ## Reference 1. Google. (28 Sep 2023). Gradient Boosted Decision Trees. [Link](https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/decision-forests/intro-to-gbdt).

Graph-based Clustering
type: Class
subclass of: Cluster Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-GBC
definition: Graph-based Clustering is a form of clustering where data is represented with graphs to identify clusters. We include Connection-based Clustering in this class.
kb-article: ## References 1. Jagota, A. (13 Dec 2020). Density-based and Graph-based Clustering. towardsdatascience.com. [Link](https://towardsdatascience.com/density-based-and-graph-based-clustering-a1f0d45ff5fb) 1. Connectivity-Based Clustering. Sarang, P. (2023) in Thinking Data Science. The Springer Series in Applied Machine Learning. Springer, Cham. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-02363-7_10).
synonym: Connection-based Clustering

Graph-based Semi-supervised Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Semi-supervised Transductive Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-GBSSL
definition: Graph-based Semi-Supervised Learning (GSSL) methods aim to classify unlabeled data by learning the graph structure and labeled data jointly.
kb-article: ## References Yang, S., Pan, L., & Cheng, J. (2021). Graph-based Semi-Supervised Learning Methods for Imbalanced Data Classification. [Link](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031320321002132?viewFullText=true).

Graphical User Interface
type: Class
subclass of: User Interface
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A graphical user interface (GUI) is a type of user interface that allows users to interact with electronic devices through graphical icons and visual indicators such as secondary notation, instead of text-based user interfaces, typed command labels or text navigation. GUIs were introduced in reaction to the perceived steep learning curve of command-line interfaces (CLIs), which require commands to be typed on a computer keyboard.
alternative label: GUI

Graphics Card Firmware
type: Class
subclass of: Peripheral Firmware
definition: Firmware that is installed on computer graphics card.
alternative label: Video Card Firmware

Graphics Processing Unit
type: Class
subclass of: Processor
synonym: GPU

Grid-CNN
type: Class
subclass of: Convolutional Neural Network
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-GC
definition: A class of neural networks that specializes in processing data that has a grid-like topology, such as an image.
kb-article: ## References Talukdar, P. (2020, June 10). Convolutional Neural Networks Explained. Towards Data Science. [Link](https://towardsdatascience.com/convolutional-neural-networks-explained-9cc5188c4939)

Grid-based Clustering
type: Class
subclass of: High-dimension Clustering
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-GBC
definition: Divides the entire data space into a finite number of cells reducing the complexity of the data and focuses on the cells rather than the data.
kb-article: ## References TechVidvan. (n.d.). Clustering in Machine Learning Tutorial. [Link](https://techvidvan.com/tutorials/clustering-in-machine-learning/)

Group Policy
type: Class
subclass of: Access Control Configuration
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Group Policy is a feature of the Microsoft Windows NT family of operating systems that controls the working environment of user accounts and computer accounts. Group Policy provides the centralized management and configuration of operating systems, applications, and users' settings in an Active Directory environment. A version of Group Policy called Local Group Policy ("LGPO" or "LocalGPO") also allows Group Policy Object management on standalone and non-domain computers.

Grouping
type: Class
subclass of: Summarizing

Guidance
type: Class
subclass of: Policy

Guideline Reference
type: Class
subclass of: Policy Reference
pref-label: Guideline

HTML File
type: Class
subclass of: Document File
definition: A document file encoded in HTML.The HyperText Markup Language, or HTML is the standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser. It can be assisted by technologies such as Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and scripting languages such as JavaScript. Web browsers receive HTML documents from a web server or from local storage and render the documents into multimedia web pages. HTML describes the structure of a web page semantically and originally included cues for the appearance of the document.

Hard Disk Firmware
type: Class
subclass of: Peripheral Firmware
definition: Firmware that is installed on a hard disk device.
alternative label: Hard Drive Firmware

Hard Link
type: Class
subclass of: File System Link
definition: In computing, a hard link is a directory entry that associates a name with a file on a file system. All directory-based file systems must have at least one hard link giving the original name for each file. The term "hard link" is usually only used in file systems that allow more than one hard link for the same file. Multiple hard links -- that is, multiple directory entries to the same file -- are supported by POSIX-compliant and partially POSIX-compliant operating systems, such as Linux, Android, macOS, and also Windows NT4 and later Windows NT operating systems.

Harden
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Tactic
type: NamedIndividual
type: Defensive Tactic
definition: The harden tactic is used to increase the opportunity cost of computer network exploitation. Hardening differs from Detection in that it generally is conducted before a system is online and operational.
display-order: 0
display-priority: 0

Hardware-based Process Isolation
type: Class
subclass of: Execution Isolation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: isolates
  some values from: Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: restricts
  some values from: Create Process
type: NamedIndividual
isolates: Process
kb-reference: Reference-VirtualizedProcessIsolation AdvancedMicroDevicesInc
kb-reference: Reference-ApproachesForSecuringAnInternetEndpointUsingFine-grainedOperatingSystemVirtualization Bromium,Inc.
kb-reference: Reference-IsolationOfApplicationsWithinAVirtualMachine Bromium,Inc.
restricts: Create Process
d3fend-id: D3-HBPI
definition: Preventing one process from writing to the memory space of another process through hardware based address manager implementations.
kb-article: ## How it works Process isolation, in this context, is address space separation controlled by a security function that limits the communication between processes so that one process cannot directly modify the executing code of another process. For example with virtual address space: * Process A address space is different from process B address space, which prevents process A from writing to process B Hardware process isolation is commonly implemented through Direct Memory Access (DMA) which collaborates with a Memory Management Unit (MMU), or Input-Output Memory Management Unit (IOMMU). These hardware controls are deployed directly on processors to aid hosts or enclaves in process isolation. * DMA - Direct memory access allows memory access to occur independently of the program currently run by the microprocessor. DMA allows for I/O devices to directly read from and write to memory, or it can be used to efficiently copy blocks of memory. During DMA transfers, the microprocessor can execute an unrelated program. * MMU - A memory management unit acts as an access control and is responsible for performing the translation of virtual memory addresses to physical memory addresses. The MMU allocates each process its own virtual memory space. * IOMMU - An input-output memory management unit is used to allocate each I/O device its own virtual address space to the underlying physical addresses. IOMMU allows devices that do not support long memory addresses to address the entire memory space. ## Considerations * Private hosts may be vulnerable to DMA attack if they have a PCI or PCI Express port that connects attached devices directly to physical address space. ## Implementations: * Intel Virtualization Technology for Directed I/O (Intel VT-d) * Firecracker
synonym: Virtualization

Hardware Component Inventory
type: Class
subclass of: Asset Inventory
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: inventories
  some values from: Hardware Device
type: NamedIndividual
inventories: Hardware Device
kb-reference: Reference - Advanced device matching system
d3fend-id: D3-HCI
definition: Hardware component inventorying identifies and records the hardware items in the organization's architecture.
kb-article: ## How it works Administrators collect information on hardware devices such as peripherals, NICs, processors, and memory devices that are components of the computers in their architecture using a variety of administrative and management tools that query for this information. In some cases, where such queries are not supported or provide specific information of interest, an administrator may also collect this information through remote adminstration tools and system commands, either manually or using scripts. ## Considerations * Scanning and probing techniques using mapping tools can result in side effects to information technology (IT) and operational technology (OT) systems. * An adversary conducting network enumeration may engage in activities that parallel normal hardware inventorying activities, but would require escalating to admin privileges for most of the operations requiting administrative tools ## Examples * Bus discovery * Admin-scripted PCI Bus inventory using ssh and pciutils * Application-layer discovery * Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) collects MIB information * Web-based Enterprise Management (WBEM) collects CIM information * Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) * Windows Management Infrastructure (MI)
synonym: Hardware Component Discovery
synonym: Hardware Component Inventorying

Hardware Device
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
subclass of: Physical Artifact
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Hardware devices are the physical artifacts that constitute a network or computer system. Hardware devices are the physical parts or components of a computer, such as the monitor, keyboard, computer data storage, hard disk drive (HDD), graphic cards, sound cards, memory (RAM), motherboard, and so on, all of which are tangible physical objects. By contrast, software is instructions that can be stored and run by hardware. Hardware is directed by the software to execute any command or instruction. A combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing system.

Hardware Driver
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: drives
  some values from: Hardware Device
type: NamedIndividual
drives: Hardware Device
definition: In computing, a device driver (commonly referred to simply as a driver) is a computer program that operates or controls a particular type of device that is attached to a computer. A driver provides a software interface to hardware devices, enabling operating systems and other computer programs to access hardware functions without needing to know precise details of the hardware being used. A driver communicates with the device through the computer bus or communications subsystem to which the hardware connects. When a calling program invokes a routine in the driver, the driver issues commands to the device. Once the device sends data back to the driver, the driver may invoke routines in the original calling program. Drivers are hardware dependent and operating-system-specific. They usually provide the interrupt handling required for any necessary asynchronous time-dependent hardware interface.
alternative label: Device Driver

Harmonic Mean
type: Class
subclass of: Central Tendency
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-HM
definition: The reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals of the data values. This measure too is valid only for data that are measured absolutely on a strictly positive scale.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Central tendency. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_tendency)

Heap Segment
type: Class
subclass of: Process Segment
definition: The heap segment (or free store) is a large pool of memory from which dynamic memory requests of a process are allocated and satisfied.

Heterogeneous Asymmetric Feature-based Transfer Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Heterogeneous Transfer Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-HAFBTL
definition: Asymmetric transformation mapping transforms the source feature space to align with that of the target or the target to that of the source. This, in effect, bridges the feature space gap and reduces the problem into a homogeneous transfer problem when further distribution differences need to be corrected.
kb-article: ## References Wang, Q., Mao, K. Z., Wang, B., & Guan, J. (2017). Big data clustering by hybrid optimization algorithm. Journal of Big Data, 4(1), 25. [Link](https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40537-017-0089-0).

Heterogeneous Feature-based Transfer Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Heterogeneous Transfer Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-HFBTL
definition: Symmetric transformation takes both the source feature space Xs and target feature space Xt and learns feature transformations as to project each onto a common subspace Xc for adaptation purposes. This derived subspace becomes a domain-invariant feature subspace to associate cross-domain data, and in effect, reduces marginal distribution differences.
kb-article: ## References Wang, Q., Mao, K. Z., Wang, B., & Guan, J. (2017). Big data clustering by hybrid optimization algorithm. Journal of Big Data, 4(1), 25. [Link](https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40537-017-0089-0).

Heterogeneous Transfer Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Transfer Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-HTL
definition: Heterogeneous transfer learning is characterized by the source and target domains having differing feature spaces, but may also be combined with other issues such as differing data distributions and label spaces.
kb-article: ## References Wang, Q., Mao, K. Z., Wang, B., & Guan, J. (2017). Big data clustering by hybrid optimization algorithm. Journal of Big Data, 4(1), 25. [Link](https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40537-017-0089-0).

Hierarchical Clustering
type: Class
subclass of: Cluster Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-HC
definition: Hierarchical clustering (also called hierarchical cluster analysis or HCA) is a method of cluster analysis that seeks to build a hierarchy of clusters.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (2021, August 10). Hierarchical clustering. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_clustering) html)

Hierarchical Domain Denylisting
type: Class
subclass of: Forward Resolution Domain Denylisting
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference-UseDNSPolicyForApplyingFiltersOnDNSQueries
d3fend-id: D3-HDDL
definition: Blocking the resolution of any subdomain of a specified domain name.
kb-article: ## How it works This technique is used to block DNS queries from related domains and subdomains that are unauthorized. Hierarchical domain blacklisting considers the blacklisting of second level domains and additional sub-domains and specific hosts for a given query value. A denylist is maintained that contains DNS names and corresponding subdomains, including wildcards, that should be blocked for a given lookup. ## Considerations * The denylist of domain names will have to be maintained and will need to be kept up to date * Other domains that resolve to the domain of interest for blocking (CNAME, etc). * Denylists should have identified maintenance cycles to ensure lists are not stale.
synonym: Hierarchical Domain Blacklisting

High-dimension Clustering
type: Class
subclass of: Cluster Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-HDC
definition: The cluster analysis of data with anywhere from a few dozen to many thousands of dimensions.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Clustering high-dimensional data. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clustering_high-dimensional_data)

Higher-order Logic
type: Class
subclass of: Predicate Logic
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-HOL
definition: Higher-order logic is a form of predicate logic that is distinguished from first-order logic by additional quantifiers and, sometimes, stronger semantics. Higher-order logics with their standard semantics are more expressive, but their model-theoretic properties are less well-behaved than those of first-order logic.
kb-article: ## References 1. Higher-order logic. (2023, May 13). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher-order_logic)
synonym: HOL

Histogramming
type: Class
subclass of: Summarizing

Homogenous Transfer Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Transfer Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-HTL
definition: In homogeneous transfer learning, the feature spaces of the source and target domains is of the same dimension (Ds = Dt) while the data of both domains is represented by the same attributes (Xs = Xt) and labels (Ys = Yt). Thus, homogeneous transfer learning aims to bridge the gap in the data distributions experienced during cross-domain transfer.
kb-article: ## References Khalil, K., Asgher, U., & Ayaz, Y. (2022). Novel fNIRS study on homogeneous symmetric feature-based transfer learning for brain-computer interface. Scientific Reports, 12, 3198. [Link](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-06805-4).

Homoglyph Denylisting
type: Class
subclass of: Forward Resolution Domain Denylisting
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Detection of Malicious IDNHomoglyph Domains
d3fend-id: D3-HDL
definition: Blocking DNS queries that are deceptively similar to legitimate domain names.
kb-article: ## How it works Homoglyph domain blacklisting considers the domain and subdomain structure of a lookup and compares the named components to blacklisted named components. The blacklisted named components are typically crafted modifications of known good domains, e.g., gooogle.com versus google.com. The blacklisted domains typically resemble trusted domains, but have been altered slightly to deceive users. The blacklisted named components also include consideration for fonts or Unicode characters that can make certain characters appear very similar (zero vs capital O and the letter l vs the number one). The blacklisted domains under certain fonts will appear to be a trusted domain. ## Considerations * Maintaining the currency of the list can be a challenge especially with newly registered domain entries. * Blacklists should have identified maintenance cycles to ensure lists are not stale.
synonym: Homoglyph Blacklisting

Homoglyph Detection
type: Class
subclass of: Identifier Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Email
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: URL
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Email
analyzes: URL
kb-reference: Reference - Computer-implemented methods and systems for identifying visually similar text character strings - Greathorn Inc
kb-reference: Reference-SystemAndMethodForDetectingHomoglyphAttacksWithASiameseConvolutionalNeuralNetwork EndgameInc
d3fend-id: D3-HD
definition: Comparing strings using a variety of techniques to determine if a deceptive or malicious string is being presented to a user.
kb-article: ## How it works A homoglyph, in this context, is a deceptive string or word which looks like a trusted word, but is composed of different characters, for example: goooogle.com versus google.com. This is commonly found in phishing and typo squatting attacks where a human exploiting through a social engineering campaign. ## Considerations * In very large environments processing DNS queries can be computationally expensive due to the amount of traffic that is generated * Legitimate companies and products use non-dictionary words in their names that could result in many false positives

Host
type: Class
subclass of: Network Node
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Application
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Operating System
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: runs
  some values from: Operating System
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Application
contains: Operating System
runs: Operating System
definition: A host is a computer or other device, typically connected to a computer network. A network host may offer information resources, services, and applications to users or other nodes on the network. A network host is a network node that is assigned a network layer host address. Network hosts that participate in applications that use the client-server model of computing, are classified as server or client systems. Network hosts may also function as nodes in peer-to-peer applications, in which all nodes share and consume resources in an equipotent manner.
alternative label: Network Host

Host-based Firewall
type: Class
subclass of: System Software
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A software firewall which controls network inbound and outbound network traffic to the host computer.

Host Configuration Sensor
type: Class
subclass of: Endpoint Sensor
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: monitors
  some values from: Application Configuration
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: monitors
  some values from: Operating System Configuration
type: NamedIndividual
monitors: Application Configuration
monitors: Operating System Configuration
definition: Collects the configuration data on an endpoint.

Host Group
type: Class
subclass of: Access Control Group
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Host
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Host
definition: A collection of Hosts used to allow operations such as access control to be applied to the entire group.

Host Reboot
type: Class
subclass of: Host Shutdown
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: terminates
  some values from: Process
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Near-Memory & In-Memory Detection of Fileless Malware
terminates: Process
d3fend-id: D3-HR
definition: Initiating a host's reboot sequence to terminate all running processes.
kb-article: ## How It Works Host reboot can either be initiated in the physical presence of the device using the power functions or remotely using the provided user interface or an installed EDR agent (with the available function). This process may allow for the removal of specific types of malware, such as fileless malware, and can also prevent further damage, for example, if the system is part of a botnet. ## Considerations - If the attacker has achieved persistence techniques, this technique may not be effective - Compromised systems may not respond to remote commands to shutdown or reboot, requiring physical intervention. - Shutting down a system will usually result in the memory losing its state which can be useful in forensic activities so this should be considered when deciding to shutdown. - Shutting down or rebooting systems may disrupt access to computer resources for legitimate users.

Host Shutdown
type: Class
subclass of: Process Eviction
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: terminates
  some values from: Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Process Termination
kb-reference: Reference - Near-Memory & In-Memory Detection of Fileless Malware
terminates: Process
d3fend-id: D3-HS
definition: Initiating a host's shutdown sequence to terminate all running processes.
kb-article: ## How It Works Host shutdown can either be initiated in the physical presence of the device using the power functions or remotely using the provided user interface or an installed EDR agent (with the available function). This process may allow for the removal of specific types of malware, such as fileless malware, and can also prevent further damage, for example, if the system is part of a botnet. ## Considerations - If the attacker has achieved persistence techniques, this technique may not be effective - Compromised systems may not respond to remote commands to shutdown or reboot, requiring physical intervention. - Shutting down a system will usually result in the memory losing its state which can be useful in forensic activities so this should be considered when deciding to shutdown. - Shutting down systems may disrupt access to computer resources for legitimate users.

Hostname
type: Class
subclass of: Identifier
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: identifies
  some values from: Host
type: NamedIndividual
type: Domain Name
identifies: Host
definition: In computer networking, a hostname (archaically nodename) is a label that is assigned to a device connected to a computer network and that is used to identify the device in various forms of electronic communication, such as the World Wide Web. Hostnames may be simple names consisting of a single word or phrase, or they may be structured.
alternative label: Nodename

Human Input Device Firmware
type: Class
subclass of: Peripheral Firmware
definition: Firmware that is installed on an HCI device such as a mouse or keyboard.

Hybrid-based Transfer Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Homogenous Transfer Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-HBTL
definition: This method creates an asymmetric mapping from the target to the source and takes into account bias issues of cross-domain correspondences.
kb-article: ## References Day, O., & Khoshgoftaar, T.M. (2017). A survey on heterogeneous transfer learning. Journal of Big Data, 4(1), 29. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-017-0089-0).

Hypothesis Testing
type: Class
subclass of: Inferential Statistics
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-HT
definition: A statistical hypothesis test is a method of statistical inference used to decide whether the data at hand sufficiently support a particular hypothesis. Hypothesis testing allows us to make probabilistic statements about population parameters.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Statistical hypothesis testing. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing)

ID3
type: Class
subclass of: Decision Tree
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-ID3
definition: ID3 stands for Iterative Dichotomiser 3 and is named such because the algorithm iteratively (repeatedly) dichotomizes(divides) features into two or more groups at each step.
kb-article: ## Addtional Consiterations ID3 is the basis of C4.5, and is best used in natural language processing. ## References Decision Trees for Classification: ID3 Algorithm Explained. Towards Data Science. [Link](https://towardsdatascience.com/decision-trees-for-classification-id3-algorithm-explained-89df76e72df1).

IO Port Restriction
type: Class
subclass of: Execution Isolation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: filters
  some values from: Input Device
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: filters
  some values from: Removable Media Device
type: NamedIndividual
filters: Input Device
filters: Removable Media Device
kb-reference: Reference - Computer motherboard having peripheral security functions
kb-reference: Reference - Method and system for controlling communication ports
kb-reference: Reference-USBFilterForHubMaliciousCodePreventionSystem
d3fend-id: D3-IOPR
definition: Limiting access to computer input/output (IO) ports to restrict unauthorized devices.
kb-article: ## How It works Software-based restriction uses agent software installed on a computer system. The agent software monitors all IO port system traffic. The agent software is configurable to limit the use of certain devices connected to IO ports. The restriction software can also be configured to limit the access to files and applications on external storage devices connected to IO ports. Hardware-based restriction can also be employed to limit access to IO ports. For example, a hardware USB filter device that is placed between the host system and the external devices can filter IO port connections based on configurable rules. When new devices are connected to the USB filter the type of device is determined. Using an allow list a connection determination is made for the device. Some implementations detect when a device is connected in order to authorize the connection against a list of approved devices, in some cases by device type. For example, if the device is determined to be a storage device, then the contained files and executables are examined to more accurately identify the device type. Types of restrictions that may be applied: - Device connection - Device command filtering - Device file system read or write restrictions ## Considerations * Agent software will need to be installed on host systems * Configurations for allow/deny for devices and files will need to be maintained

IP Address
type: Class
subclass of: Identifier
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: identifies
  some values from: Network Node
type: NamedIndividual
identifies: Network Node
definition: An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.An IP address serves two main functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) defines an IP address as a 32-bit number. However, because of the growth of the Internet and the depletion of available IPv4 addresses, a new version of IP (IPv6), using 128 bits for the IP address, was standardized in 1998. IPv6 deployment has been ongoing since the mid-2000s.

IPC Network Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic
definition: IPC network traffic is network traffic related to inter-process communication (IPC) between network nodes..This includes only network traffic conforming to a standard IPC protocol; not custom protocols.

IPC Traffic Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Intranet IPC Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Intranet IPC Network Traffic
kb-reference: Reference-SMBCopyAndExecution MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-SMBEventsMonitoring MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-SMBSessionSetups MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-SMBWriteRequest-NamedPipes MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-SMBWriteRequest MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-SecuritySystemWithMethodologyForInterprocessCommunicationControl CheckPointSoftwareTechInc
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2015-04-001:RemotelyScheduledTasksViaAT MITRE
d3fend-id: D3-IPCTA
definition: Analyzing standard inter process communication (IPC) protocols to detect deviations from normal protocol activity.
kb-article: ## How it works Inter process communication enables applications or threads to share data. This can involve one or more computers. Monitoring IPC in your environment can reveal abnormal or malicious activity. IPC can occur within a single computer or between multiple computers remotely through network protocols. Thus there are multiple ways to collect and monitor these exchanges between processes. A network protocol analyzer may monitor and parse SMB network traffic to record system activity. A host based monitoring agent may monitor IPC activity contained within a single host to look for deviations from standard usages. ### Examples * SMB * Zeromq * Java RMI API ## Considerations * IPC can generate substantial amounts of data, and it may not be feasible to collect all of it. * IPC may occur over loopback interfaces or direct memory access granted by the operating system.
synonym: IPC Analysis

IP Phone
type: Class
subclass of: Personal Computer
definition: A VoIP phone or IP phone uses voice over IP technologies for placing and transmitting telephone calls over an IP network, such as the Internet, instead of the traditional public switched telephone network (PSTN). Digital IP-based telephone service uses control protocols such as the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), Skinny Client Control Protocol (SCCP) or various other proprietary protocols.
alternative label: VoIP Phone

IP Reputation Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Identifier Reputation Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: IP Address
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: IP Address
kb-reference: Reference - Database for receiving, storing and compiling information about email messages
kb-reference: Reference - Finding phishing sites
d3fend-id: D3-IPRA
definition: Analyzing the reputation of an IP address.

Identifier
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information
type: NamedIndividual
definition: An identifier is a name that identifies (that is, labels the identity of) either a unique object or a unique class of objects, where the "object" or class may be an idea, physical [countable] object (or class thereof), or physical [noncountable] substance (or class thereof). The abbreviation ID often refers to identity, identification (the process of identifying), or an identifier (that is, an instance of identification). An identifier may be a word, number, letter, symbol, or any combination of those.
alternative label: ID

Identifier Activity Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Identifier Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Identifier
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Identifier
kb-reference: Reference-ThePyramidOfPain-DavidBianco
d3fend-id: D3-IAA
definition: Taking known malicious identifiers and determining if they are present in a system.
kb-article: ## How it works Identifier activity analysis is the process of taking identifiers--typically known malicious identifiers--and determining the artifacts that have interacted with those identifiers. There are many open and closed source repositories of identifiers that represent indicators of compromise. For example, VirusTotal contains hash signatures of malware and IP Addresses used by threat actors. Defenders can search for these indicators of compromise their own systems to gain context on activity around an identifier. ## Considerations Indicator activity analysis is a good way to gain high precision analysis, but adversaries can modify their own signatures such as hashes quickly to evade detection. This is related to David Bianco’s Pyramid of Pain - Indicators on the lower level (hash values, IP addresses domain names) are easy for adversaries to change. Identifier activity data of interest for analysis with the identifier might include, but is not limited to: * network traffic activity where the identifier was used to identify communicating entities or referred to in the communication * process activity referencing the identifier, especially for resource access * file activity referencing the identifier * registry settings referencing the identifier

Identifier Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Detect
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Detect
d3fend-id: D3-ID
definition: Analyzing identifier artifacts such as IP address, domain names, or URL(I)s.

Identifier Reputation Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Identifier Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Finding phishing sites
d3fend-id: D3-IRA
definition: Analyzing the reputation of an identifier.

Image-to-Image Translation GAN
type: Class
subclass of: Generative Adversarial Network
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-ITITG
definition: Image-to-image translation is the task of transferring styles and characteristics from one image domain to another.
kb-article: ## References MathWorks. (n.d.). Get Started with GANs for Image-to-Image Translation. [Link](https://www.mathworks.com/help/images/get-started-with-gans-for-image-to-image-translation.html)

Image Code Segment
type: Class
subclass of: Image Segment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Subroutine
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Subroutine
definition: An image code segment, also known as a text segment or simply as text, is a portion of an object file that contains executable instructions. The term "segment" comes from the memory segment, which is a historical approach to memory management that has been succeeded by paging. When a program is stored in an object file, the code segment is a part of this file; when the loader places a program into memory so that it may be executed, various memory regions are allocated (in particular, as pages), corresponding to both the segments in the object files and to segments only needed at run time. For example, the code segment of an object file is loaded into a corresponding code segment in memory.
see also: Process Code Segment

Image Data Segment
type: Class
subclass of: Image Segment
type: NamedIndividual
definition: An image data segment (often denoted .data) is a portion of an object file that contains initialized static variables, that is, global variables and static local variables. The size of this segment is determined by the size of the values in the program's source code, and does not change at run time. This segmenting of the memory space into discrete blocks with specific tasks carried over into the programming languages of the day and the concept is still widely in use within modern programming languages.
see also: Process Data Segment

Image Scanner Input Device
type: Class
subclass of: Video Input Device
definition: An image scanner -- often abbreviated to just scanner, is a device that optically scans images, printed text, handwriting or an object and converts it to a digital image. Commonly used in offices are variations of the desktop flatbed scanner where the document is placed on a glass window for scanning. Hand-held scanners, where the device is moved by hand, have evolved from text scanning "wands" to 3D scanners used for industrial design, reverse engineering, test and measurement, orthotics, gaming and other applications. Mechanically driven scanners that move the document are typically used for large-format documents, where a flatbed design would be impractical.
alternative label: Scanner

Image Segment
type: Class
subclass of: Binary Segment
subclass of: File Section
definition: Image segments are distinct partitions of an object file. Both data and code segments are examples of image segments.
see also: Object File

Image Synthesis GAN
type: Class
subclass of: Generative Adversarial Network
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-ISG
definition: Image synthesis thorugh the application of Generative Adversarial Networks.
kb-article: ## References Zhang, Q., Wang, H., Lu, H., Won, D., & Yoon, S. W. (2018). Medical Image Synthesis with Generative Adversarial Networks for Tissue Recognition. 2018 IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI), 199-207. doi: 10.1109/ICHI.2018.00030. [Link](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8419363)

Impact Technique
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Technique
subclass of: Offensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Impact
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Impact

Impersonate User
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: forges
  some values from: User Account
type: NamedIndividual
type: System Call
forges: User Account

Import Library Function
type: Class
subclass of: Subroutine
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: loads
  some values from: Shared Library File
type: NamedIndividual
loads: Shared Library File
definition: Loads an external software library to enable the invocations of its methods.

In-memory Password Store
type: Class
subclass of: Password Store
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A password store held in memory.

Inbound Internet DNS Response Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Inbound Internet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Inbound internet DNS response traffic is DNS response traffic from a host outside a given network initiated on an incoming connection to a host inside that network.

Inbound Internet Mail Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Inbound Internet Network Traffic
subclass of: Inbound Network Traffic
subclass of: Mail Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Inbound internet mail traffic is network traffic that is: (a) coming from a host outside a given network via an incoming connection to a host inside that same network, and (b) using a standard protocol for email.

Inbound Internet Network Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Inbound Network Traffic
subclass of: Internet Network Traffic
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Network Traffic
definition: Inbound internet traffic is network traffic from a host outside a given network initiated on an incoming connection to a host inside that network.

Inbound Network Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Inbound traffic is network traffic originating from another host (client), to the host of interest (server).

Inbound Session Volume Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Inbound Internet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Inbound Internet Network Traffic
kb-reference: Reference - Detecting DDoS Attack Using Snort
kb-reference: Reference - Identifying a denial-of-service attack in a cloud-based proxy service - Cloudfare Inc.
kb-reference: Reference - Method and system for UDP flood attack detection - Riorey LLC
kb-reference: Reference-ProtectingAgainstDistributedDenialOfServiceAttacks-CiscoTechnologyInc.
kb-reference: Reference-ProtectingAgainstDistributedNetworkFloodAttacks-JuniperNetworksInc.
d3fend-id: D3-ISVA
definition: Analyzing inbound network session or connection attempt volume.
kb-article: ## How it works Network appliances are configured to alert on certain packets that typically are involved in DoS attacks. Typical packets include ICMP packets and SYN requests that are commonly used to flood networks. A sampling period is used to define a time window in which collected counts of the identified packets can be measured. If the collected number of packets exceeds a predefined limit then an alert is generated. ## Considerations Scalability as volume of attacks increase; single servers may not have the memory and storage resources to handle high volumes of network traffic.

Inbound Traffic Filtering
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic Filtering
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: filters
  some values from: Inbound Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
filters: Inbound Network Traffic
kb-reference: Reference - Active firewall system and methodology - McAfee LLC
kb-reference: Reference - Automatically generating rules for connection security - Microsoft
kb-reference: Reference - FWTK - Firewall Toolkit
kb-reference: Reference - Firewall for interent access - Secure Computing LLC
kb-reference: Reference - Firewall for processing a connectionless network packet - National Security Agency
kb-reference: Reference - Firewall for processing connection-oriented and connectionless datagrams over a connection-oriented network - National Security Agency
kb-reference: Reference - Firewalls that filter based upon protocol commands - Intel Corp
kb-reference: Reference - Method for controlling computer network security - Checkpoint Software Technologies Ltd
kb-reference: Reference - Network firewall with proxy - Secure Computing LLC
d3fend-id: D3-ITF
definition: Restricting network traffic originating from untrusted networks destined towards a private host or enclave.
kb-article: ## How it works Inbound Traffic, in this context, is network traffic originating from an untrusted network towards a private host or enclave. For example: * An untrusted network host connecting to a internal commercial portal, shopping.example.com * An external mail server connecting to an internal mail server, mail.example.com Filtering policies are developed by administrators to meet business requirements and limit connectivity. These policies are implemented on edge devices such as firewalls, routers, and intrusion prevention systems. Examples of filters: * Blocking incoming traffic from spoofed internally facing IP addresses * Blocking specific ports and services from establishing connections * Limiting specific IP ranges from connecting to the network * Dynamic inbound filtering (Hole punching, STUN, NAT-T) ## Considerations * Business requirements typically drive the development of filtering rulesets * Protocols using non-standard ports may circumvent filtering technology, which does not detect application protocol based on traffic content ## Implementations * OpenWRT (Embedded) * Netfilter (Linux) * Windows Firewall * pf(BSD)

Indirect Branch Call Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Process Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Indirect Branching Calls
d3fend-id: D3-IBCA
definition: Analyzing vendor specific branch call recording in order to detect ROP style attacks.
kb-article: ## How it works This technique is used to detect an attacker attempting to exploit and execute code on a target system's call stack using return-oriented programming (ROP). Modern processors that have the ability to maintain a list of the branching calls, e.g., Intel's Last Branch Recording (LBR), can be used to track and analyze indirect branching calls that are indicative of malicious activity. In order to reduce the number of indirect branch calls to analyze to a manageable set it is assumed that malicious ROP activity will involve the use of system calls. The technique observes indirect branch calls that are part of paths that lead to system calls, all others are ignored. Branching calls chained together is often referred to as gadgets and gadgets are often used in ROP attacks. Indirect branch calls that involve a transfer from user-space to kernel-space are of interest for this technique. Identification of potential ROP exploit execution includes: - Inspecting the LBR when a system function call is made - The LBR is configured to return only instruction of interest (ret, indirect jmp, indirect calls) - Behavior is analyzed for - Ret instructions that appear to target areas not preceded by the call sites - Sequences of small code fragments that appear to be chained through the indirect branching calls (gadgets) - Of interest are returns that appear to not render control back after calls - Typical ret-call are paired - gadgets will appear to have ret followed by instruction of next instruction of the following gadget ## Considerations * May be operating system dependent since specific system calls are used to scope branching behavoir * Processors need to support access to a Last Branch Recording list feature * The size of the LBR stack can limit the expected size of the analyzed execution stack * If processor does not support LBR then overhead costs for the analysis can be significant

Inferential Statistics
type: Class
subclass of: Statistical Method
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-IS
definition: Statistical inference is the process of using data analysis to infer properties of an underlying distribution of probability.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Statistical inference. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_inference)

Information Content Entity
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Catalog Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: archived-at
  some values from: anyURI
isDefinedBy: BFO, Cyc equiv, SUMO equiv, [Ontology Works] equiv

Init Script
type: Class
subclass of: Executable Script
definition: An init script (or initialization script) is an executable script that initializes the an application, a process, or a service's state. Examples include scripts run at boot by Unix or Windows, or those run to initialize a shell.
alternative label: Initialization Script

Initial Access Technique
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Technique
subclass of: Offensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Initial Access
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Initial Access

Input Device
type: Class
subclass of: Hardware Device
subclass of: Local Resource
type: NamedIndividual
definition: In computing, an input device is a piece of equipment used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system such as a computer or information appliance. Examples of input devices include keyboards, mouse, scanners, digital cameras, joysticks, and microphones. Input devices can be categorized based on:

Input Device Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Operating System Monitoring
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Input Device
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Input Device
kb-reference: Reference-www.biometric-solutions.com keystroke-dynamics
kb-reference: Reference-ContinuousAuthenticationByAnalysisOfKeyboardTypingCharacteristics BradfordUniv.,UK
d3fend-id: D3-IDA
definition: Operating system level mechanisms to prevent abusive input device exploitation.
kb-article: ## How it works Input Device Hardening techniques filter certain commands, or disable related operating system functionality. ### Analytics All of these values can be analyzed and compared to a baseline: * Amount of input * Duration of a single input * Durations between inputs * Value of input Context can also include: * User which is logged in, to include attributes such as physical location of the user * Date and time * System which is processing the input * Source device of input, to include its properties (eg. manufacturer), configuration (eg. keyboard layout) and behavioral attributes of this device (eg. first use) * Source system of input (local or remote system) * Other hardware devices attached to the system ### Actions Actions can include: * Disabling the source device * Sending an alert * Locking the current session (eg. system screen lock, or returning to an authentication screen in a web app) and requiring one or more methods of authentication to continue * Administratively disabling credentials for the account or the entire account -- the technique *Account Locking* ### Examples A malicious input device sends many keystrokes with approximately the same delay between each. This does not match the normal cadence of input, and the device is disabled. Input to type the session user's name takes abnormally longer for each keystroke. The system is locked to the password prompt screen. A system receives key press events from two different devices -- one device sends keystrokes after the other has been idle for a long time. A system receives physical input in a user session, while that user has sent input from a device located out of the country in the past hour. Network traffic is suddenly routed through a new external device, and nearly the same volume of network traffic is subsequently sent out the previously existing interface. The new external device is disabled, and an alert is raised to investigate the network configuration for a potential compromise. ##…

Input Function
type: Class
subclass of: Subroutine
definition: Generic function that receives input from an untrusted source.

Instance-based Transfer Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Homogenous Transfer Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-IBTL
definition: Instance-based transfer learning methods try to reweight the samples in the source domain in an attempt to correct for marginal distribution differences. These reweighted instances are then directly used in the target domain for training.
kb-article: ## References Georgian Impact Blog. (n.d.). Transfer Learning Part 1. [Link](https://medium.com/georgian-impact-blog/transfer-learning-part-1-ed0c174ad6e7#:~:text=Homogeneous%20Transfer%20Learning-,1.,the%20target%20domain%20for%20training).

Instant Messaging Client
type: Class
subclass of: Collaborative Software
definition: Client software used to engage in Instant Messaging, a type of online chat that offers real-time text transmission over the Internet. A LAN messenger operates in a similar way over a local area network. Short messages are typically transmitted between two parties, when each user chooses to complete a thought and select "send". Some IM applications can use push technology to provide real-time text, which transmits messages character by character, as they are composed. More advanced instant messaging can add file transfer, clickable hyperlinks, Voice over IP, or video chat.

Integrated Honeynet
type: Class
subclass of: Decoy Environment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: spoofs
  some values from: Intranet Network
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference-SynchronizingAHoneyNetworkConfigurationToReflectATargetNetworkEnvironment PaloAltoNetworksInc
spoofs: Intranet Network
d3fend-id: D3-IHN
definition: The practice of setting decoys in a production environment to entice interaction from attackers.
kb-article: ## How it works Integrated honeynets use full production environments connected to the enterprise network, that utilize computing resources or software that attract attackers, and allow full interaction and access that provides a complete view of an attack. ## Considerations An attacker with control of a system on an Integrated Honeynet could: * try to attack other connected hosts on the network, its IP range of internal hosts not properly configured to react to connections from machines on the integrated honeynet, or position behind the firewall. * exploit its position by eavesdropping on network traffic If an attacker manages to stop the processes used to log an attack without setting off any alarms. [1] 1. Honeypots for Windows, Roger Grimes, 2005

Integration Test Execution Tool
type: Class
subclass of: Test Execution Tool
definition: An integration test execution tool automatically performs integration testing. Integration testing (sometimes called integration and testing, abbreviated I&T) is the phase in software testing in which individual software modules are combined and tested as a group.

Internet Article
type: Class
subclass of: News Article
type: NamedIndividual
type: Reference Type

Internet Article Reference
type: Class
subclass of: Technique Reference
pref-label: Internet Article
alternative label: Internet Blog Reference

Internet DNS Lookup
type: Class
subclass of: DNS Lookup
definition: An internet Domain Name System (DNS) lookup is a DNS lookup made from a host on a network that is resolved after querying a DNS name server hosted on a different network.

Internet File Transfer Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: File Transfer Network Traffic
subclass of: Internet Network Traffic
definition: Internet file transfer network traffic is network traffic related to file transfers between network nodes that crosses a boundary between networks. This includes only network traffic conforming to standard file transfer protocols, not custom transfer protocols.

Internet Network
type: Class
subclass of: Network
definition: A network of multiple, connected networks. Internetworking is the practice of connecting a computer network with other networks through the use of gateways that provide a common method of routing information packets between the networks. The resulting system of interconnected networks are called an internetwork, or simply an internet. Internetworking is a combination of the words inter ("between") and networking; not internet-working or international-network.
alternative label: Interconnected Network
alternative label: Internet
alternative label: Internetwork

Internet Network Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Internet network traffic is network traffic that crosses a boundary between networks. [This is the general sense of inter-networking; It may or may not cross to or from the Internet]

Interprocess Communication
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
type: NamedIndividual
definition: In computer science, inter-process communication or inter-process communication (IPC) refers specifically to the mechanisms an operating system provides to allow processes it manages to share data. Typically, applications can use IPC categorized as clients and servers, where the client requests data and the server responds to client requests. Many applications are both clients and servers, as commonly seen in distributed computing. Methods for achieving IPC are divided into categories which vary based on software requirements, such as performance and modularity requirements, and system circumstances, such as network bandwidth and latency.

Interquartile Range
type: Class
subclass of: Variability
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-IR
definition: The interquartile range (IQR) is a measure of statistical dispersion, which is the spread of the data and is defined as the difference between the 75th and 25th percentiles of the data.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Interquartile range. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interquartile_range)
synonym: IQR

Interval Estimation
type: Class
subclass of: Estimation
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-IE
definition: Interval estimation is the use of sample data to estimate an interval of possible values of a parameter of interest.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Interval estimation. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_estimation)

Intranet Administrative Network Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Administrative Network Traffic
subclass of: Intranet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Intranet administrative network traffic is administrative network traffic that does not cross a given network's boundaries and uses a standard administrative protocol.

Intranet DNS Lookup
type: Class
subclass of: DNS Lookup
definition: An Intranet Domain Name System (DNS) lookup is a DNS lookup made from a host on a network that is resolved after querying a DNS name server hosted on a that same network.

Intranet File Transfer Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: File Transfer Network Traffic
subclass of: Intranet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Intranet file transfer traffic is file transfer traffic that does not cross a given network's boundaries and uses a standard file transfer protocol.

Intranet IPC Network Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: IPC Network Traffic
subclass of: Intranet Network Traffic
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: File
type: NamedIndividual
may-contain: File
definition: Intranet IPC network traffic is network traffic that does not cross a given network's boundaries and uses a standard inter-process communication (IPC) networking protocol.

Intranet Multicast Network Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Intranet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Intranet IPC network traffic is multicast network traffic that does not cross a given network's boundaries.

Intranet Network
type: Class
subclass of: Network
type: NamedIndividual
definition: An intranet is a private network accessible only to an organization's staff or delegates. Generally a wide range of information and services from the organization's internal IT systems are available that would not be available to the public from the Internet. A company-wide intranet can constitute an important focal point of internal communication and collaboration, and provide a single starting point to access internal and external resources. In its simplest form an intranet is established with the technologies for local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs).

Intranet Network Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Intranet network traffic is network traffic traversing that does not traverse a given network's boundaries.

Intranet RPC Network Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Intranet Network Traffic
subclass of: RPC Network Traffic
definition: Intranet RPC network traffic is network traffic that does not cross a given network's boundaries and uses a standard remote procedure call (e.g., RFC 1050) protocol.

Intranet Web Network Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Intranet Network Traffic
subclass of: Web Network Traffic
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: File
type: NamedIndividual
may-contain: File
definition: Intranet web network traffic is network traffic that does not cross a given network's boundaries and uses a standard web protocol.

Intrinsically Semi-supervised Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Semi-Supervised Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-ISSL
definition: These methods directly optimize an objective function with components for labeled and unlabeled samples and do not rely on any intermediate steps or supervised base learners. Basically, these methods are extension of existing supervised methods to include the effect of unlabeled data samples in the objective function.
kb-article: ## References Beginner's Guide to Semi-Supervised Learning. Jashish Blog. [Link](http://jashish.com.np/blog/posts/beginners-guide-to-semi-supervised-learning/).

Intrusion Detection System
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
definition: An intrusion detection system (IDS) is a device or software application that monitors a network or systems for malicious activity or policy violations. Any intrusion activity or violation is typically reported either to an administrator or collected centrally using a security information and event management (SIEM) system. A SIEM system combines outputs from multiple sources and uses alarm filtering techniques to distinguish malicious activity from false alarms.
alternative label: IDS

Intrusion Prevention System
type: Class
subclass of: Intrusion Detection System
definition: Intrusion prevention systems (IPS), also known as intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS), are network security appliances that monitor network or system activities for malicious activity. The main functions of intrusion prevention systems are to identify malicious activity, log information about this activity, report it and attempt to block or stop it. Intrusion prevention systems are considered extensions of intrusion detection systems because they both monitor network traffic and/or system activities for malicious activity. The main differences are, unlike intrusion detection systems, intrusion prevention systems are placed in-line and are able to actively prevent or block intrusions that are detected. IPS can take such actions as sending an alarm, dropping detected malicious packets, resetting a connection or blocking traffic from the offending IP address. An IPS also can correct cyclic redundancy check (CRC) errors, defragment packet streams, mitigate TCP sequencing issues, and clean up unwanted transport and network layer options.
alternative label: IDPS
alternative label: IPS
alternative label: Intrusion Detection and Prevention System

Isolate
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Tactic
type: NamedIndividual
type: Defensive Tactic
definition: The isolate tactic creates logical or physical barriers in a system which reduces opportunities for adversaries to create further accesses.
display-order: 2
display-priority: 0

Java Archive
type: Class
subclass of: Archive File
subclass of: Software Package
definition: A JAR (Java ARchive) is a package file format typically used to aggregate many Java class files and associated metadata and resources (text, images, etc.) into one file for distribution.

JavaScript Blob
type: Class
subclass of: Binary Large Object
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A JavaScript Blob is a Blob that was created by a JavaScript Blob() constructor call or equivalent function.

Job Function Access Pattern Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: User Behavior Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Authorization
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Authorization
kb-reference: Reference - Anomaly Detection Using Adaptive Behavioral Profiles - Securonix Inc
d3fend-id: D3-JFAPA
definition: Detecting anomalies in user access patterns by comparing user access activity to behavioral profiles that categorize users by role such as job title, function, department.
kb-article: ## How it works Peer group analysis identifies functionally similar groups of actors (users or resources) based on categorizations such as job title, organizational hierarchy, or other attribute that indicates similarity of job function. Current user access activity is then compared to the appropriate peer group behavior profile to identify anomalies. ## Considerations Potential for false positives from anomalies that are not associated with malicious activity.

Job Schedule
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Scheduled Job
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modified-by
  some values from: Job Scheduler Software
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Scheduled Job
modified-by: Job Scheduler Software
definition: A job schedule contains specification of tasks to be executed at particular times or time intervals. The schedule is a plan that enacted by a task scheduling process. In Windows, the schedule can be accessed at 'C:\Windows\System32\Tasks' or in the registry. In Linux, the schedule is located at '/etc/crontab'
synonym: Task Schedule

Job Scheduler Software
type: Class
subclass of: System Service Software
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Scheduled Job
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Job Schedule
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Scheduled Job
type: NamedIndividual
creates: Scheduled Job
modifies: Job Schedule
modifies: Scheduled Job
definition: A job scheduler software is operating system software that when run executes scheduled tasks (time-scheduling in the sense of wall clock time; not operating system scheduling of processes for multitasking). Processes running such software are task scheduler processes. In Windows, Scheduled Tasks are created and managed by the Task Scheduler. In Unix-like OSes, the `cron` utitility serves a similar role.
synonym: Task Scheduler Software
see also: Scheduled Task

Journal Article
type: Class
subclass of: Academic Article

K-Center Clustering
type: Class
subclass of: Graph-based Clustering
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-KCC
definition: K-center Clustering is a type of clustering based on an combinatorial optimization methods. It clusters a set of points so as to minimize the maximum intercluster distance.
kb-article: ## How it works An example K-center Clustering problem is to mimimize the number of points in a set that are necessary so that a every other point in the set is within some fixed distance of those points. For instance, given n cities with specified distances, one wants to build k warehouses in different cities and minimize the maximum distance of a city to a warehouse. ## Considerations - **Scalability**: Exact solutions are NP-hard. However, algorithms that have been proven effective and create no more than 2x the optimal set of clusters can run in O(kn) proportional to k*n where k is the minimum number of clusters and n is the number of data points being clustered. ## Key Test Considerations - **Unsupervised Learning**: - **Number of Clusters**: The Gonzalez (Gon) algorithm guarantees creating no more than twice the optimal number of clusters, where the optimal number is the minimum number of clusters to minimize total distance between representative points in the clusters [1]. - **Cluster Analysis**: - **Rand Index and Adjusted Rand Index**: Given ground truth set of class labels for the data, the Rand Index is a measure of the similarity between two data clusterings. The Rand Index is the accuracy of determining if a link belongs within a cluster or not. A form of the Rand Index may be defined that is adjusted for the chance grouping of elements, this is the Adjusted Rand Index [5]. - **Adjusted Mutual Information**: Given ground truth set of class labels for the data, Adjusted Mutual Information corrects the effect of agreement solely due to chance between clusterings, similar to the way the Adjusted Rand Index corrects the Rand Index [6]. - **Connection-based Clustering**: - **Choice of Distance Metric**: The outcome can vary significantly depending on the chosen distance metric (e.g., Euclidean, Manhattan). - **Sensitivity**: Connection-based method can be sensitive to outliers, which might affect the quality of the clusters formed. - **K-center Clustering**:…

K-Fold Cross-Validation
type: Class
subclass of: Resampling Ensemble
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-KFCV
definition: Cross-validation is a resampling procedure used to evaluate machine learning models on a limited data sample. The procedure has a single parameter called k that refers to the number of groups that a given data sample is to be split into. As such, the procedure is often called k-fold cross-validation. When a specific value for k is chosen, it may be used in place of k in the reference to the model, such as k=10 becoming 10-fold cross-validation
kb-article: ## References K-Fold Cross-Validation. Machine Learning Mastery. [Link](https://machinelearningmastery.com/k-fold-cross-validation/#:~:text=Cross%2Dvalidation%20is%20a%20resampling,k%2Dfold%20cross%2Dvalidation).

K-Nearest Neighbors
type: Class
subclass of: Classification
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-KNN
definition: The k-nearest neighbors algorithm, also known as KNN or k-NN, is a non-parametric, supervised learning classifier, which uses proximity to make classifications or predictions about the grouping of an individual data point.
kb-article: ## **How it works** The goal of the k-nearest neighbor algorithm is to identify the nearest neighbors of a given query point, so that we can assign a class label to that point. To determine which data points are closest to a given query point, the distance between the query point and the other data points will need to be calculated. The distance measures used can vary depending on the data set or implementation and help inform decision boundaries, which query points into different regions. Then, by defining the k-value (the number of neighbors to be checked to determine the classification of a specific query point), the data can be assigned its class label. For classification problems, a class label is assigned on the basis of a majority vote—i.e. the label that is most frequently represented around a given data point is used (the term “majority vote” is commonly used in literature, however, the technique is more technically considered “plurality voting”). Regression problems use a similar concept as classification problem, but in this case, the average the k nearest neighbors is taken to make a prediction about a classification. The main distinction here is that classification is used for discrete values, whereas regression is used with continuous ones. Unlike other algorithms that explicitly model the problem, such as linear regression, KNN is instance-based. It means that the algorithm doesn't explicitly learn a model. Instead, it memorizes the training instances and uses them as "knowledge" for the prediction phase. It's also worth noting that the KNN algorithm is also part of a family of “lazy learning” models, meaning that it only stores a training dataset versus undergoing a training stage. ## **Considerations** * **Scaling:** Scaling is a problem as KNN is a lazy algorithm and takes up more memory and storage compared to other classification methods. * **Implementation and Hyperparameters:** As KNN only requires a k-value and a distance metric, it is often a…

K-means Clustering
type: Class
subclass of: Centroid-based Clustering
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-KMC
definition: K-means algorithm identifies k number of centroids, and then allocates every data point to the nearest cluster, while keeping the centroids as small as possible.
kb-article: ## References Towards Data Science. (n.d.). Understanding K-means Clustering in Machine Learning. [Link](https://towardsdatascience.com/understanding-k-means-clustering-in-machine-learning-6a6e67336aa1)

Kendall's Rank Correlation Coefficient
type: Class
subclass of: Rank Correlation
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-KRCC
definition: Kendall's $\\tau$ between and is given by $(n_c - n_d) / \\sqrt((n_c+n_d+n_x)(n_c+n_d+n_y)$, where is the number of concordant pairs of observations, is the number of discordant pairs, is the number of ties involving only the variable, and is the number of ties involving only the variable." ;
kb-article: ## References 1. Wolfram Research. (2012). KendallTau. Wolfram Language function. [Link](https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/KendallTau.html) 1. Kendall's Tau. (2023, May 23). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_rank_correlation_coefficient]""",
synonym: Kendall's Tau Coefficient

Kerberos Ticket
type: Class
subclass of: Access Token
type: NamedIndividual
definition: An access ticket/token issued by a Kerberos system.

Kerberos Ticket Granting Service Ticket
type: Class
subclass of: Kerberos Ticket
definition: A Kerberos ticket-granting service (TGS) ticket is given in response to requesting a Kerberos TGS request.
alternative label: TGS Ticket

Kerberos Ticket Granting Ticket
type: Class
subclass of: Kerberos Ticket
subclass of: Ticket Granting Ticket
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A ticket granting ticket issued by a Kerberos system; that is, a ticket that grants a user domain admin access.

Kernel
type: Class
subclass of: System Software
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Kernel Process Table
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: loads
  some values from: Application
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: manages
  some values from: Operating System Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: manages
  some values from: User Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: Hardware Driver
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: Kernel Module
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Kernel Process Table
loads: Application
manages: Operating System Process
manages: User Process
may-contain: Hardware Driver
may-contain: Kernel Module
definition: The kernel is a computer program that constitutes the central core of a computer's operating system. It has complete control over everything that occurs in the system. As such, it is the first program loaded on startup, and then manages the remainder of the startup, as well as input/output requests from software, translating them into data processing instructions for the central processing unit. It is also responsible for managing memory, and for managing and communicating with computing peripherals, like printers, speakers, etc. The kernel is a fundamental part of a modern computer's operating system.

Kernel-based Process Isolation
type: Class
subclass of: Execution Isolation
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Overview of the seccomp sandbox
d3fend-id: D3-KBPI
definition: Using kernel-level capabilities to isolate processes.

Kernel API Sensor
type: Class
subclass of: Endpoint Sensor
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: monitors
  some values from: System Call
type: NamedIndividual
monitors: System Call
definition: Monitors system calls (operating system api functions).

Kernel Module
type: Class
subclass of: Object File
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A loadable kernel module (LKM) is an object file that contains code to extend the running kernel, or so-called base kernel, of an operating system. LKMs are typically used to add support for new hardware (as device drivers) and/or filesystems, or for adding system calls. When the functionality provided by a LKM is no longer required, it can be unloaded in order to free memory and other resources. Most current Unix-like systems and Microsoft Windows support loadable kernel modules, although they might use a different name for them, such as kernel loadable module (kld) in FreeBSD, kernel extension (kext) in macOS,[1] kernel extension module in AIX, kernel-mode driver in Windows NT[2] and downloadable kernel module (DKM) in VxWorks. They are also known as kernel loadable modules (or KLM), and simply as kernel modules (KMOD).
alternative label: LKM
alternative label: Loadable Kernel Module

Kernel Process Table
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A data structure in the kernel which is a table containing all of the information that must be saved when the CPU switches from running one process to another in a multitasking system. It allows the operating system to track all the process's execution status, and contains the For every process managed by the kernel, there is a process control block (PCB) in the process table.

Keyboard Input Device
type: Class
subclass of: Input Device
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A computer keyboard is a typewriter-style device which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys to act as mechanical levers or electronic switches. Following the decline of punch cards and paper tape, interaction via teleprinter-style keyboards became the main input method for computers. A keyboard is also used to give commands to the operating system of a computer, such as Windows' Control-Alt-Delete combination. Although on Pre-Windows 95 Microsoft operating systems this forced a re-boot, now it brings up a system security options screen.
alternative label: Computer Keyboard
alternative label: Keyboard

Kiosk Computer
type: Class
subclass of: Shared Computer
definition: An interactive kiosk is a computer terminal featuring specialized hardware and software that provides access to information and applications for communication, commerce, entertainment, or education. Early interactive kiosks sometimes resembled telephone booths, but have been embraced by retail, food service and hospitality to improve customer service and streamline operations. Interactive kiosks are typically placed in high foot traffic settings such as shops, hotel lobbies or airports.
alternative label: Interactive Kiosk

Kurtosis
type: Class
subclass of: Distribution Properties
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-KUR
definition: The measure of the "fatness" of the tails of a pmf or pdf. The fourth standardized moment of the distribution.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Probability distribution. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_distribution)

Laptop Computer
type: Class
subclass of: Personal Computer
definition: A laptop computer (also laptop), is a small, portable personal computer (PC) with a "clamshell" form factor, typically having a thin LCD or LED computer screen mounted on the inside of the upper lid of the clamshell and an alphanumeric keyboard on the inside of the lower lid. The clamshell is opened up to use the computer. Laptops are folded shut for transportation, and thus are suitable for mobile use. Its name comes from lap, as it was deemed to be placed on a person's lap when being used. Although originally there was a distinction between laptops and notebooks (the former being bigger and heavier than the latter), as of 2014, there is often no longer any difference. Today, laptops are commonly used in a variety of settings, such as at work, in education, for playing games, web browsing
alternative label: Laptop
alternative label: Notebook

Latency
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Thing

Lateral Movement Technique
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Technique
subclass of: Offensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Lateral Movement
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Lateral Movement

Legacy System
type: Class
subclass of: Digital System
type: NamedIndividual
definition: In computing, a legacy system is an old method, technology, computer system, or application program, "of, relating to, or being a previous or outdated computer system," yet still in use. Often referencing a system as "legacy" means that it paved the way for the standards that would follow it. This can also imply that the system is out of date or in need of replacement.
synonym: Legacy Digital System

Levenschtein Matching
type: Class
subclass of: Approximate String Matching
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-LM
definition: The Levenshtein distance (LD) is a metric for measuring the differences between two sequences - or strings. Informally, the LD is the number of individual edits one would have to make to turn one sequence into another.
kb-article: ## References 1. Navarro, G. (2001). A guided tour to approximate string matching. _ACM Computing Surveys_, 33(1), 31-88. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1145/375360.375365)
synonym: Edit Distance

License
type: Class
subclass of: Information Content Entity

Linear Classifier
type: Class
subclass of: Classification
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-LC
definition: A linear classifier is a model that makes a decision to categories a set of data points to a discrete class based on a linear combination of its explanatory variables
kb-article: ## References A Look at the Maths Behind Linear Classification. Towards Data Science. [Link](https://towardsdatascience.com/a-look-at-the-maths-behind-linear-classification-166e99a9e5fb).

Linear Logic Programming
type: Class
subclass of: Logic Programming
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-LLP
definition: Linear logic programming is a form of logic programming that uses linear logic, that is, it emphasizes the use of formulas as resources.
kb-article: ## References 1. Cosmo, R. and Miller D. (2019, May 24). _Linear logic_. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. [Link](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-linear/#LinLogComSci) 2. Linear logic programming. (2023, May 16). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_programming#Linear_logic_programming)

Linear Regression
type: Class
subclass of: Regression Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-LR
definition: Statistical regression method used for predictive analysis by modeling the linear relationship between independent and dependent variables.
kb-article: ## How it works Takes independent variables (i.e. covariate, features, predictors, input variables) and dependent variables (i.e. response, output, “thing to be estimated”) and produces the coefficient(s) and intercept for a linear equation (e.g. (β1, β0) for y = β1x + β0) which predicts the relationship between the independent and independent variables by minimizing a cost function, Mean Squared Error, either directly in the case of univariate linear regression or by gradient descent* in the case of multivariate linear regression. ## Considerations - There are four principal assumptions required for good results using linear regression (the first letters of the four principal assumptions form the "LINE" mnemonic): - Linearity and Additivity - Independent Residuals - Normal Residual Distributions - Equal Variances (i.e. homoscedasticity) - Linear regression is a low variance/high bias model. - Optimizers like Adam, Batch, and Mini-Batch and others are available for certain applications and data sets. - A large learning ratio or training coefficient may lead to divergent behavior of the model and too small of values may lead to long run times and inefficiency. ## Verification Approach - Models are often evaluated by examining one or more of the metrics of R2, Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). - While there is no generally accepted single best performance metric as a criterion, users of linear regression should consider the suitability of one or more of these metrics for assessing the performance of their model. - Use well known data sets to verify model execution. ## Validation Approach - Violating the principal assumptions of linear regression results in poor or misleading results. - Ensure data is truly representative and if there are any known biases. ## References 1. Gawali, Suvarna. “Linear Regression Algorithm to Make Predictions Easily.” Analytics Vidhya, 22 July 2022, https://www.analyticsvid…

Linear Regression Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Regression Analysis Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-LRL
definition: A supervised learning method that builds a linear regression model using training data.
kb-article: ## References - Gawali, Suvarna. “Linear Regression Algorithm to Make Predictions Easily.” Analytics Vidhya, 22 July 2022, https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2021/06/linear-regression-in-machine-learning/. - Nau, Robert. “Statistical Forecasting: Notes On Regression and Time Series Analysis.” Introduction to Linear Regression Analysis, Duke University Fuqua School of Business, 18 Aug. 2020, https://people.duke.edu/~rnau/regintro.htm. - Ng, Ritchie. “Evaluating a Linear Regression Model.” Ritchieng.github.io, 8 Jan. 2023, https://www.ritchieng.com/machine-learning-evaluate-linear-regression-model/. - Bochkarev, Alexei. "A New Typology Design of Performance Metrics to Measure Errors in Machine Learning Regression Algorithms", 2019, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330661543_A_New_Typology_Design_of_Performance_Metrics_to_Measure_Errors_in_Machine_Learning_Regression_Algorithms.

Link
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer

Linux Clone
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Create Process
definition: Creates a child process and provides more precise control over the data shared between the parent and child processes

Linux Clone3
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Create Process
definition: Creates a child process and provides more precise control over the data shared between the parent and child processes. Newer system call.

Linux Clone3 Argument CLONE_THREAD
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Create Thread
definition: A flag parameter to the Clone3 syscall. If set, the child is placed in the same thread group as the calling process.

Linux Clone Argument CLONE_THREAD
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Create Thread
definition: A flag parameter to the Clone syscall. If set, the child is placed in the same thread group as the calling process.

Linux Connect
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Connect Socket
definition: Initiate a connection on a socket.

Linux Creat
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Create File
definition: Equivalent to calling Linux Open with flags equal to O_CREAT|O_WRONLY|O_TRUNC.

Linux Execve
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Exec
definition: Executes a program by replacing the calling process with a new program, with newly initialized stack, heap, and (initialized and uninitialized) data segments. The PID stays the same.

Linux Execveat
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Exec
definition: Execute program relative to a directory file descriptor. Behavior is similar to Linux Execve.

Linux Fork
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Create Process
definition: Creates a child process with unique PID but retains parent PID as Parent Process Identifier (PPID)

Linux Kill Argument SIGKILL
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Terminate Process
definition: Send SIGKILL signal to a process.

Linux Mmap
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Allocate Memory
definition: Map files or devices into memory.

Linux Mmap2
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Allocate Memory
definition: Map files or devices into memory.

Linux Munmap
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Free Memory
definition: Unmap files or devices from memory.

Linux Open Argument O_CREAT
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Create File
definition: Create a regular file.

Linux Open Argument O_RDONLY, O_WRONLY, O_RDWR
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Open File
definition: Opens a file specified by pathname.

Linux OpenAt2 Argument O_CREAT
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Create File
definition: Create a regular file. Extension of Linux Openat.

Linux OpenAt2 Argument O_RDONLY, O_WRONLY, O_RDWR
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Open File
definition: Extension of Linux Openat.

Linux OpenAt Argument O_CREAT
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Create File
definition: Create a regular file. Same functionality as Linux Open but slight differences in parameter.

Linux OpenAt Argument O_RDONLY, O_WRONLY, O_RDWR
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Open File
definition: Same functionality as Linux Open but slight differences in parameter.

Linux Pause Process
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Suspend Process
definition: Causes the calling process to sleep until a signal is delivered that either terminates the process or causes the invocation of a signal-catching function.

Linux Pause Thread
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Suspend Thread
definition: Causes the calling thread to sleep until a signal is delivered that either terminates the thread or causes the invocation of a signal-catching function.

Linux Ptrace Argument PTRACE_ATTACH
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Access Process
definition: Attach to the process specified in pid, making it a tracee of the calling process.

Linux Ptrace Argument PTRACE_CONT
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Resume Process
definition: Restart the stopped tracee process.

Linux Ptrace Argument PTRACE_GETREGS
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Save Registers
definition: Copy the tracee's general-purpose or floating-point registers, respectively, to the address data in the tracer.

Linux Ptrace Argument PTRACE_INTERRUPT
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Suspend Process
definition: Stops a tracee.

Linux Ptrace Argument PTRACE_PEEKTEXT
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Read Memory
definition: Read a word at the address addr in the tracee's memory, returning the word as the result of the ptrace() call.

Linux Ptrace Argument PTRACE_POKETEXT
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Write Memory
definition: Copy the word data to the address addr in the tracee's memory.

Linux Ptrace Argument PTRACE_SETREGS
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Set Registers
definition: Modify the tracee's general-purpose or floating-point registers, respectively, from the address data in the tracer.

Linux Ptrace Argument PTRACE_DETACH
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Resume Process
definition: Restart the stopped tracee as for PTRACE_CONT, but first detach from it.

Linux Ptrace Argument PTRACE_TRACEME
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Trace Process
definition: Indicates that the process is to be traced by its parent.

Linux Read
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Read File
definition: Read from a file descriptor.

Linux Readv
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Read File
definition: Read data into multiple buffers.

Linux Rename
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Move File
definition: Change the name or location of a file

Linux Renameat
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Move File
definition: Change the name or location of a file. Different parameter handling than Linux Rename.

Linux Renameat2
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Move File
definition: Change the name or location of a file. Additional flags argument.

Linux Socket
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Create Socket
definition: Create an endpoint for communication.

Linux Socketcall Argument SYS_CONNECT
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Connect Socket

Linux Socketcall Argument SYS_SOCKET
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Create Socket

Linux Time
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Get System Time
definition: Get time in seconds.

Linux Unlink
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Delete File
definition: Delete a name and possibly the file it refers to.

Linux Unlinkat
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Delete File
definition: Delete a name and possibly the file it refers to. Different parameter handling than Linux Unlink

Linux Vfork
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Create Process
definition: Create child process that temp suspends parent process until it terminates

Linux Write
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Write File
definition: Write to a file descriptor.

Linux Writev
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Write File
definition: Write data into multiple buffers.

Linux _Exit
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Terminate Process
definition: Terminate the calling process.

Local Account Monitoring
type: Class
subclass of: User Behavior Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Local User Account
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Local User Account
kb-reference: Reference - Audit User Account Management
kb-reference: Reference - CAR-2016-04-004: Successful Local Account Login
kb-reference: Reference - OS Query Windows User Collection Code
d3fend-id: D3-LAM
definition: Analyzing local user accounts to detect unauthorized activity.

Local Area Network
type: Class
subclass of: Network
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: Host
type: NamedIndividual
may-contain: Host
definition: A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such as a residence, school, laboratory, university campus or office building and has its network equipment and interconnects locally managed. Ethernet and Wi-Fi are the two most common transmission technologies in use for local area networks. Historical technologies include ARCNET, Token ring, and AppleTalk.
alternative label: LAN

Local Area Network Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Intranet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Intranet local area network (LAN) traffic is network traffic that does not cross a given network's boundaries; where that network is defined as a LAN.

Local Authentication Service
type: Class
subclass of: Authentication Service
subclass of: System Service Software
definition: A local authentication service running on a host can authenticate a user logged into just that local host computer.

Local Authorization Service
type: Class
subclass of: Authorization Service
subclass of: System Service Software
definition: A local authorization service running on a host can authorize a user logged into just that local host computer.

Local File Permissions
type: Class
subclass of: Platform Hardening
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: restricts
  some values from: Directory
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: restricts
  some values from: File
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - File and Folder Permissions
restricts: Directory
restricts: File
d3fend-id: D3-LFP
definition: Restricting access to a local file by configuring operating system functionality.

Local Resource
type: Class
subclass of: Resource
type: NamedIndividual
definition: In computing, a system resource, or simply resource, is any physical or virtual component of limited availability within a computer system. Every device connected to a computer system is a resource. Every internal system component is a resource. Virtual system resources include files (concretely file handles), network connections (concretely network sockets), and memory areas. Managing resources is referred to as resource management, and includes both preventing resource leaks (releasing a resource when a process has finished using it) and dealing with resource contention (when multiple processes wish to access a limited resource).
alternative label: System Resource

Local Resource Access
type: Class
subclass of: Resource Access
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Local Resource
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Local Resource
definition: Ephemeral digital artifact comprising a request of a local resource and any response from that resource.
alternative label: Endpoint Resource Access

Local User Account
type: Class
subclass of: User Account
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A user account on a given host is a local user account for that specific host.

Log
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Core
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A record of events in the order of their occurrence.
alternative label: Chronology

Log File
type: Class
subclass of: File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Log
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Log
definition: A log file is a file that records either events that occur in an operating system or other software runs, or messages between different users of a communication software. Logging is the act of keeping a log. In the simplest case, messages are written to a single log file. A transaction log is a file (i.e., log) of the communications between a system and the users of that system, or a data collection method that automatically captures the type, content, or time of transactions made by a person from a terminal with that system. For Web searching, a transaction log is an electronic record of interactions that have occurred during a searching episode between a Web search engine and users searching for information on that Web search engine. Many operating systems, software frameworks and programs include a logging system. A widely used logging standard is syslog, defined in Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) RFC 5424). The syslog standard enables a dedicated, standardized subsystem to generate, filter, record, and analyze log messages. This relieves software developers of having to design and code their own ad hoc logging systems.

Log Message Function
type: Class
subclass of: Subroutine
definition: Produces an entry in a log.

Logic Programming
type: Class
subclass of: Symbolic AI
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-LP
definition: Logic programming is a programming paradigm which is largely based on formal logic.
kb-article: ## How it works Any program written in a logic programming language is a set of sentences in logical form, expressing facts and rules about some problem domain. Major logic programming language families include Prolog, answer set programming (ASP) and Datalog. In all of these languages, rules are written in the form of clauses: H :- B_1, ..., B_n. ## References 1. Logic programming. (2023, May 29). In _Wikipedia_. [Link]( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_programming)

Logical Link
type: Class
subclass of: Link
type: NamedIndividual

Logical Link Mapping
type: Class
subclass of: Network Mapping
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: maps
  some values from: Logical Link
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: maps
  some values from: Network
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: maps
  some values from: Network Node
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Libre NMS - Network Map Extension
maps: Logical Link
maps: Network
maps: Network Node
d3fend-id: D3-LLM
definition: Logical link mapping creates a model of existing or previous node-to-node connections using network-layer data or metadata.

Logical Rules
type: Class
subclass of: Symbolic Logic
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-LR
definition: A logical rule matches event data or set of values to a conditional expression and results in the determination of a truth value, which may be used to determine the next action or step to take.
kb-article: ## How it works Logic rules define a set of patterns that in some patterns must match input data. If the the conditions are met, then the rule will "fire" and some action will be taken, usually notifying a person or another system that the event being monitored needs further processing or attention. ## Key Test Considerations - **Performance (Accuracy)** Identify instances in data where rule is expected to be triggered. Implement traceability and metrics for individual rule performance. Traceability of cases could be implemented as unit tests or as part of a fine-grained classification performance platform. For simple rule-based matching systems with many rules, individual rules may be unused or may create unusually high false positives (or false negatives relative to expectation. - **Performance (Computational)** Generate model performance measures (see Classification Performance Measures), esp. a confusion matrix for each rule and identify outliers and relative contribution of rule to overall performance. ## References 1. Event condition action. (2019, Nov 21). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_condition_action). 2. Business rule. (2023, April 10). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_rule). 3. YARA. (2023, June 5). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YARA).

Login Session
type: Class
subclass of: Session
type: NamedIndividual
definition: In computing, a login session is the period of activity between a user logging in and logging out of a (multi-user) system. On Unix and Unix-like operating systems, a login session takes one of two main forms: (a) When a textual user interface is used, a login session is represented as a kernel session -- a collection of process groups with the logout action managed by a session leader, and (b) Where an X display manager is employed, a login session is considered to be the lifetime of a designated user process that the display manager invokes.

Logistic Regression
type: Class
subclass of: Regression Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-LR
definition: Logistic regression is estimating the parameters of a logistic model.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Logistic regression. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_regression)

Logistic Regression Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Regression Analysis Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-LRL
definition: A supervised learning method that builds a logistic regression model using training data.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Logistic regression. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_regression)

Logon User
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: authenticates
  some values from: User Account
type: NamedIndividual
authenticates: User Account

Long Short-term Memory
type: Class
subclass of: Recurrent Neural Network
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-LSTM
definition: Unlike standard feedforward neural networks, LSTM has feedback connections. Such a recurrent neural network (RNN) can process not only single data points (such as images), but also entire sequences of data (such as speech or video). This characteristic makes LSTM networks ideal for processing and predicting data
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (2021, September 29). Long short-term memory. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_short-term_memory)

MacOS Keychain
type: Class
subclass of: Password Store
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Keychain is the password management system in macOS, developed by Apple. It was introduced with Mac OS 8.6, and has been included in all subsequent versions of the operating system, now known as macOS. A Keychain can contain various types of data: passwords (for websites, FTP servers, SSH accounts, network shares, wireless networks, groupware applications, encrypted disk images), private keys, certificates, and secure notes.
alternative label: Keychain

Machine Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Analytic Technique
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-ML
definition: Machine learning techniques are computational methods that combine statistics, probability, and optimization to make accurate predictions and/or improve performance.
kb-article: ## References Machine learning." Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning).

Mail Network Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Email
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Email
definition: Mail traffic is network traffic that uses a standard mail transfer protocol.

Mail Server
type: Class
subclass of: Server
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: runs
  some values from: Message Transfer Agent
type: NamedIndividual
runs: Message Transfer Agent
definition: Within the Internet email system, a message transfer agent or mail transfer agent (MTA) or mail relay is software that transfers electronic mail messages from one computer to another using SMTP. The terms mail server, mail exchanger, and MX host are also used in some contexts. Messages exchanged across networks are passed between mail servers, including any attached data files (such as images, multimedia or documents). These servers also often keep mailboxes for email. Access to this email by end users is typically either via webmail or an email client.
alternative label: Email Server Resource
alternative label: MTA
alternative label: MX Host
alternative label: Mail Exchanger
alternative label: Mail transfer agent
alternative label: Message transfer agent

Mail Service
type: Class
subclass of: Network Service
definition: A mail service provides the ability to send and receive mail across a computer network. The mail service runs on message transfer agents (i.e., mail servers) and is accessed by users through an email client.
alternative label: Email Service

Mandatory Access Control
type: Class
subclass of: Kernel-based Process Isolation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: isolates
  some values from: Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: restricts
  some values from: Create Process
type: NamedIndividual
isolates: Process
kb-reference: Reference - Analysis of the Windows Vista Security Model - Symantec Corporation
kb-reference: Reference - Architecture of transparent network security for application containers - Neuvector Inc
restricts: Create Process
d3fend-id: D3-MAC
definition: Controlling access to local computer system resources with kernel-level capabilities.
kb-article: ## How it works Mandatory access control is a non-discretionary access control system because the rules and polices that determine access is determined by a security control authority and not distributed to local users. Access determinations are based on designed access control polices and are not based on local resource owner determinations. Access is typically granted by defining sets of subjects and sets of objects. Subjects are the entities requesting access and objects are the resources that subjects are trying to access. Rules and policies are defined that associate subjects and object permissions and access controls. ### Common MAC implementations #### Security label access control A fine-grained form of mandatory access control is to apply security labels to individual resources, including processes, and the access control decisions are against a particular resource and a given user attempting to gain access. This type of MAC requires that the file system has built-in support for security labels. Access controls are typically implemented through the use of label identifiers for every file system object. Identifier labels are applied to resources and users are assigned a similar access identifier. Users attempting to access a resource will result in the operating system performing an access control check. The access control check will compare the assigned user's credentials to that of the resource or object they are attempting to access. A security context is associated with resources and is used to determine assess. Typical basic access control elements include users, roles and types and together they form a security context which is the basis for the security labels. This type of access control is what is employed in SELinux [2]. This form of MAC is considered the most flexible implementation, but it also is the most complex to deploy across the enterprise. Where multiple virtual machines (VM) are run together this type of access control is typically employ…

Matching
type: Class
subclass of: Analytical Purpose

Mathematical Function
type: Class
subclass of: Subroutine
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Computes mathematical expressions.

Maximum-margin Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Intrinsically Semi-supervised Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-MML
definition: Maximum-margin classifiers attempt to maximize the distance between the given data points and the decision boundary
kb-article: ## References Engelen, S., & Hoos, H. (2020). A survey on semi-supervised learning. Machine Learning, 109(2), 299-337. [Link](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10994-019-05855-6). Support Vector Machines for Machine Learning. [Link](https://machinelearningmastery.com/support-vector-machines-for-machine-learning/#:~:text=The%20distance%20between%20the%20line,called%20the%20Maximal%2DMargin%20hyperplane.)

Mean
type: Class
subclass of: Central Tendency
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-MEA
definition: The sum of all measurements divided by the number of observations in the data set.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Central tendency. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_tendency)

Mean Absolute Deviation
type: Class
subclass of: Average Absolute Deviation
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-MAD
definition: The mean absolute deviation (MAD), also referred to as the "mean deviation" or sometimes "average absolute deviation", is the mean of the data's absolute deviations around the data's mean: the average (absolute) distance from the mean.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Average absolute deviation. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_absolute_deviation)
synonym: MAD

Media Generation
type: Class
subclass of: Media Generation
disjoint with: Simulation

Media Server
type: Class
subclass of: Server
definition: A media server is a computer appliance or an application software that stores digital media (video, audio or images) and makes it available over a network. Media servers range from servers that provide video on demand to smaller personal computers or NAS (Network Attached Storage) for the home.

Median
type: Class
subclass of: Central Tendency
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-MED
definition: The middle value that separates the higher half from the lower half of the data set. The median and the mode are the only measures of central tendency that can be used for ordinal data, in which values are ranked relative to each other but are not measured absolutely.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Central tendency. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_tendency)

Median Absolute Deviation
type: Class
subclass of: Average Absolute Deviation
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-MAD
definition: The median absolute deviation (also MAD) is the median of the absolute deviation from the median.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Average absolute deviation. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_absolute_deviation)

Memory Address
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: addresses
  some values from: Memory Word
type: NamedIndividual
addresses: Memory Word
definition: In computing, a memory address is a reference to a specific memory location used at various levels by software and hardware.

Memory Address Space
type: Class
subclass of: Address Space
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Memory Address
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Memory Address
definition: A memory address space is a space containing memory addresses.

Memory Allocation Function
type: Class
subclass of: Subroutine
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Allocate Memory
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Allocate Memory
definition: Reserves memory for a running process to use.

Memory Block
type: Class
subclass of: Memory Extent
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Memory Word
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: Record
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Memory Word
may-contain: Record
definition: In computing (specifically data transmission and data storage), a block, sometimes called a physical record, is a sequence of bytes or bits, usually containing some whole number of records, having a maximum length; a block size. Data thus structured are said to be blocked. The process of putting data into blocks is called blocking, while deblocking is the process of extracting data from blocks. Blocked data is normally stored in a data buffer and read or written a whole block at a time.

Memory Boundary Tracking
type: Class
subclass of: Operating System Monitoring
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Process Code Segment
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Process Code Segment
kb-reference: Reference - Inferential exploit attempt detection - Crowdstrike Inc
d3fend-id: D3-MBT
definition: Analyzing a call stack for return addresses which point to unexpected memory locations.
kb-article: ## How it works This technique monitors for indicators of whether a return address is outside memory previously allocated for an object (i.e. function, module, process, or thread). If so, code that the return address points to is treated as malicious code. ## Considerations Kernel malware can manipulate memory contents, for example modifying pointers to hide processes, and thereby impact the accuracy of memory allocation information used to perform the analysis.

Memory Extent
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information

Memory Free Function
type: Class
subclass of: Subroutine
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Free Memory
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Free Memory
definition: Releases previously reserved memory associated with a process.

Memory Management Unit
type: Class
subclass of: Processor Component
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Translation Lookaside Buffer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Virtual Address
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: manages
  some values from: Page Table
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: manages
  some values from: Storage
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Translation Lookaside Buffer
creates: Virtual Address
manages: Page Table
manages: Storage
definition: A computer’s memory management unit (MMU) is the physical hardware that handles its virtual memory and caching operations. The MMU is usually located within the computer’s central processing unit (CPU), but sometimes operates in a separate integrated chip (IC).

Memory Management Unit Component
type: Class
subclass of: Hardware Device

Memory Pool
type: Class
subclass of: Memory Extent
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Memory Block
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Memory Block
definition: Memory pools, also called fixed-size blocks allocation, is the use of pools for memory management… preallocating a number of memory blocks with the same size called the memory pool. The application can allocate, access, and free blocks represented by handles at run time.

Memory Protection Unit
type: Class
subclass of: Processor Component
type: NamedIndividual

Memory Word
type: Class
subclass of: Memory Extent
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A memory word is the natural unit of data used by a particular computer processor design; a fixed-size piece of data handled as a unit by the instruction set or the hardware of the processor.

Message Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Detect
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Detect
d3fend-id: D3-MA
definition: Analyzing email or instant message content to detect unauthorized activity.
kb-article: ## Technique Overview Email and messaging are frequently used to deliver malicious content to targets. These enterprise capabilities are used to deliver software exploits or social engineering tricks. If the recipient of a message trusts the sender, attackers can avoid escalating suspicion. Emails and messages are also complex data structures. They contain files and links, and complex data encodings which vary region to region. Thus the defensive techniques used to analyze emails and messages are highly varied ranging from deep content analysis and execution to social network graph-style analytics to analyze trust or risk.
synonym: Electronic Message Analysis
synonym: Email Or Messaging Analysis

Message Authentication
type: Class
subclass of: Message Hardening
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: authenticates
  some values from: User to User Message
type: NamedIndividual
authenticates: User to User Message
kb-reference: Reference - RFC 6376: DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) Signatures - IETF
kb-reference: Reference-SecureMultipurposeInternetMailExtensionsMIME-Version3.1
d3fend-id: D3-MAN
definition: Authenticating the sender of a message and ensuring message integrity.
kb-article: ## How it works ### Digital Signature Digital signatures are used to verifying a message is from the expected sender. In email, Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) protocol is typically used to digitally sign messages. A hash value of the sender's message is created and encrypted with the sender's private key to create a digital signature. The message and the digital signature are sent to the recipient where the sender's public key is used to decrypt the digital signature and compute the hash of the message. The computed hash is compared with the hash from the received message, and any difference in the hash values signify the message did not originate from the sender and has been alerted in transit. ### Message Authentication Code (MAC) MAC is a fixed size string that is appended to a message to provide message authentication and integrity. The sender MAC signing algorithm takes as input a secret symmetric key shared between sender and recipient and the message to calculate a short tag that is appended to the message. The recipient receives the message with the appended tag, and a MAC verification algorithm is run using the symmetric key to verify the message came from the stated sender and ensure the message has not been tampered with. ## Considerations - Public keys associated with digital signatures should be verified by a Certification Authority (CA) to prevent impersonation. The CA verifies the owner of a public key and puts the sender's identity and public key into a certificate that is signed by the CA. - Digital signatures provide non-repudiation where a third party can verify the authenticity of the message using the sender's digital certificate signed by the CA. - Symmetric keys must be exchanged securely via a private channel and management of new symmetric keys are needed for each pair of participants wishing to exchange messages.

Message Encryption
type: Class
subclass of: Message Hardening
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: encrypts
  some values from: User to User Message
type: NamedIndividual
encrypts: User to User Message
kb-reference: Reference-SecureMultipurposeInternetMailExtensionsMIME-Version3.1
d3fend-id: D3-MENCR
definition: Encrypting a message body using a cryptographic key.
kb-article: ## How it works ### Asymmetric Cryptography Asymmetric encryption is typically accomplished using public and private key certificates based on the X.509 standard. The sender encrypts messages using the recipient's public key and the receipt decrypts the message using their private key. Standards that can be used to implement message encryption include S/MIME (Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) and PGP. ### Symmetric Cryptography Symmetric encryption uses the same cryptographic key by both the sender and receiver to encrypt and decrypt a message. Asymmetric key exchange protocols such as Diffie-Hellman can be used to share the cryptographic key with the recipient. ## Considerations - Separate configuration settings to enable message encryption are often needed for each messenger client (e.g. webmail, desktop client, mobile). - Continuous monitoring to ensure private keys are not compromised and the certificate authority (CA) is trusted. - Secure transfer of private keys between multiple devices.

Message Hardening
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Harden
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Harden
d3fend-id: D3-MH
definition: Email or Messaging Hardening includes measures taken to ensure the confidentiality and integrity of user to user computer messages.
synonym: Email Or Messaging Hardening

Message Transfer Agent
type: Class
subclass of: Mail Service
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A message transfer agent or mail transfer agent (MTA) or mail relay is software that transfers electronic mail messages from one computer to another using a client-server application architecture. An MTA implements both the client (sending) and server (receiving) portions of the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
alternative label: MTA
alternative label: Mail Transfer Agent

Metadata
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information
definition: Metadata is "data [information] that provides information about other data". Three distinct types of metadata exist: structural metadata, descriptive metadata, and administrative metadata. Structural metadata is data about the containers of data. For instance a "book" contains data, and data about the book is metadata about that container of data. Descriptive metadata uses individual instances of application data or the data content.

Microcode
type: Class
subclass of: Firmware
definition: Microcode is a computer hardware technique that interposes a layer of organization between the CPU hardware and the programmer-visible instruction set architecture of the computer. As such, the microcode is a layer of hardware-level instructions that implement higher-level machine code instructions or internal state machine sequencing in many digital processing elements.

Microsoft HTML Application
type: Class
subclass of: HTML File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: Executable Script
type: NamedIndividual
may-contain: Executable Script

Mobile Phone
type: Class
subclass of: Personal Computer
definition: A mobile phone, cellular phone, cell phone, cellphone or hand phone, sometimes shortened to simply mobile, cell or just phone, is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area. The radio frequency link establishes a connection to the switching systems of a mobile phone operator, which provides access to the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Modern mobile telephone services use a cellular network architecture and, therefore, mobile telephones are called cellular telephones or cell phones in North America. In addition to telephony, digital mobile phones (2G) support a variety of other services, such as text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short-range wireless communications (infrared,
alternative label: Cellphone
alternative label: Cellular Phone

Modal Logic
type: Class
subclass of: Symbolic AI
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-ML
definition: Modal logic is a collection of formal systems developed to represent statements about necessity and possibility. It plays a major role in philosophy of language, epistemology, metaphysics, and natural language semantics.
kb-article: ## References 1. Modal logic. (2023, June 4). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_logic)

Mode
type: Class
subclass of: Central Tendency
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-MOD
definition: The most frequent value in the data set. This is the only central tendency measure that can be used with nominal data, which have purely qualitative category assignments.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Central tendency. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_tendency)

Model
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Tactic
type: NamedIndividual
type: Defensive Tactic
definition: The model tactic is used to apply security engineering, vulnerability, threat, and risk analyses to digital systems. This is accomplished by creating and maintaining a common understanding of the systems being defended, the operations on those systems, actors using the systems, and the relationships and interactions between these elements.
display-order: -1
display-priority: 1

Model-based Policy Optimization
type: Class
subclass of: Model-based Reinforcement Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-MBPO
definition: Model-based policy optimization (MBPO) is a model-based, online, off-policy reinforcement learning algorithm. For more information on the different types of reinforcement learning agents
kb-article: ## References MBPO Agents. MathWorks. [Link](https://www.mathworks.com/help/reinforcement-learning/ug/mbpo-agents.html).

Model-based Reinforcement Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Reinforcement Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-MBRL
definition: Model-based Reinforcement Learning refers to learning optimal behavior indirectly by learning a model of the environment by taking actions and observing the outcomes that include the next state and the immediate reward. The models predict the outcomes of actions and are used in lieu of or in addition to interaction with the environment to learn optimal policies.
kb-article: ## References Model-Based Reinforcement Learning. In *Encyclopedia of Machine Learning*, pp. 642-644. Springer, 2010. [Link](https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-0-387-30164-8_556#:~:text=Model%2Dbased%20Reinforcement%20Learning%20refers,state%20and%20the%20immediate%20reward).

Model-based Value Iteration
type: Class
subclass of: Model-based Reinforcement Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-MBVI
definition: Value Iteration effectively reducesthe evaluation stage down to a single sweep of the states. Additionally, to improve things further, it combines the Policy Evaluation and Policy Improvement stages into a single update.
kb-article: ## References Policy and Value Iteration. Towards Data Science. [Link](https://towardsdatascience.com/policy-and-value-iteration-78501afb41d2).
synonym: MBVI

Model-free Reinforcement Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Reinforcement Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-MFRL
definition: In reinforcement learning (RL), a model-free algorithm (as opposed to a model-based one) is an algorithm which does not use the transition probability distribution (and the reward function) associated with the Markov decision process (MDP),which, in RL, represents the problem to be solved. The transition probability distribution (or transition model) and the reward function are often collectively called the "model" of the environment (or MDP), hence the name "model-free". A model-free RL algorithm can be thought of as an "explicit" trial-and-error algorithm. An example of a model-free algorithm is Q-learning.
kb-article: ## References Model-free (reinforcement learning). Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-free_(reinforcement_learning)).)

Modem
type: Class
subclass of: Network Node
definition: A modem -- a portmanteau of "modulator-demodulator" -- is a hardware device that converts data into a format suitable for a transmission medium so that it can be transmitted from one computer to another (historically along telephone wires). A modem modulates one or more carrier wave signals to encode digital information for transmission and demodulates signals to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded reliably to reproduce the original digital data. Modems can be used with almost any means of transmitting analog signals from light-emitting diodes to radio. A common type of modem is one that turns the digital data of a computer into modulated electrical signal for transmission over telephone lines and demodulated by another modem at the receiver side to recover the digital data.

Moments
type: Class
subclass of: Distribution Properties
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-MOM
definition: With a probability distribution function, the the first moment is the expected value, the second central moment is the variance, the third standardized moment is the skewness, and the fourth standardized moment is the kurtosis.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Moment (mathematics). [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_(mathematics))

Monitoring
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Thing
definition: the act of observing something (and sometimes keeping a record of it)

Mouse Input Device
type: Class
subclass of: Input Device
definition: A computer mouse (plural mice or mouses) is a hand-held pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of a pointer on a display, which allows a smooth control of the graphical user interface of a computer. In addition to moving a cursor, computer mice have one or more buttons to allow operations such as selection of a menu item on a display. Mice often also feature other elements, such as touch surfaces and scroll wheels, which enable additional control and dimensional input.
alternative label: Computer Mouse

Move File
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: File System Metadata
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: File System Metadata
definition: A system call to rename or move a file. Linux's rename() is an example of this kind of system call. Another way of handling it is to call a copy file system call followed by a delete file system call.
alternative label: Rename File

Moving Average Model
type: Class
subclass of: Time Series Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-MAM
definition: the moving-average model (MA model) is an approach for modeling univariate time series and specifies that the output variable is cross-correlated with a non-identical to itself random-variable.
kb-article: ## Refrences Wikipedia. (n.d.). Moving average model. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_average_model)
synonym: MA Model

Multi-factor Authentication
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Hardening
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: authenticates
  some values from: User Account
type: NamedIndividual
authenticates: User Account
kb-reference: Reference - Method and apparatus for utilizing a token for resource access - Rsa Security Inc.
d3fend-id: D3-MFA
definition: Requiring proof of two or more pieces of evidence in order to authenticate a user.
kb-article: ## How it works When logging into an account users present two or more credentials that fall into different categories: something you know (password or PIN), something you have (smart card or phone), or something you are (fingerprint). ## Considerations MFA configuration steps may vary across accounts and in some cases left up to users to activate and implement.

Multiclass Classification
type: Class
subclass of: Classifying

Multilayer Perceptron Classification
type: Class
subclass of: Artificial Neural Network Classification
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-MPC
definition: A multilayer perceptron (MLP) is a fully connected class of feedforward artificial neural network (ANN).An MLP consists of at least three layers of nodes: an input layer, a hidden layer and an output layer.
kb-article: ## References Multilayer perceptron. Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilayer_perceptron).

Multimedia Document File
type: Class
subclass of: Document File
definition: Digital video files which often contain audio.

Multiple Regression
type: Class
subclass of: Regression Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-MR
definition: Multiple (linear) regression attempts to model the relationship between two or more explanatory variables and a response variable by fitting a linear equation to observed data.
kb-article: ## References Yale University Department of Statistics. (1997-98). Linear regression and multivariate analysis. [Link](http://www.stat.yale.edu/Courses/1997-98/101/linmult.htm)
synonym: Multiple Linear Regression

Multiple Regression Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Regression Analysis Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-MRL
definition: A supervised learning method that builds a multiple regression model using training data.
kb-article: ## References Yale University Department of Statistics. (1997-98). Linear regression and multivariate analysis. [Link](http://www.stat.yale.edu/Courses/1997-98/101/linmult.htm)

Multivariate Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Statistical Method
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-MA
definition: Multivariate statistics encompassed the simultaneous observation and analysis of more than one outcome variable, i.e., multivariate random variables.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Multivariate statistics. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivariate_statistics)

NIST Control
type: Class
subclass of: External Control
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: member-of
  some values from: NIST SP 800-53 Control Catalog

NIST SP 800-53 Control Catalog
type: Class
subclass of: Control Catalog
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-member
  some values from: NIST Control
definition: A NIST SP 800-53 control catalog provides the entire set of security and privacy controls for a version of NIST SP 800-53.

NTFS Hard Link
type: Class
subclass of: Hard Link
subclass of: NTFS Link
definition: An NTFS hard link points to another file, and files share the same MFT entry (inode), in the same filesystem.

NTFS Junction Point
type: Class
subclass of: NTFS Link
subclass of: Symbolic Link
definition: NTFS junction points are are similar to NTFS symlinks but are defined only for directories. Only accepts local absolute paths.
alternative label: Junction Point

NTFS Link
type: Class
subclass of: File
subclass of: File System Link
definition: The NTFS filesystem defines various ways to link files, i.e. to make a file point to another file or its contents. The object being pointed to is called the target. There are three classes of NTFS links: (a) Hard links, which have files share the same MFT entry (inode), in the same filesystem; (b) Symbolic links, which record the path of another file that the links contents should show and can accept relative paths; and (c) Junction points, which are similar to symlinks but defined only for directories and only accepts local absolute paths

NTFS Symbolic Link
type: Class
subclass of: NTFS Link
subclass of: Symbolic Link
definition: An NTFS symbolic link records the path of another file that the links contents should show. Can accept relative paths. SMB networking (UNC path) and directory support added in NTFS 3.1.
alternative label: NTFS Symlink

Naive Bayes Classifier
type: Class
subclass of: Classification
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-NBC
definition: The Naïve Bayes classifier is a supervised machine learning algorithm, which is used for classification tasks, like text classification. It is also part of a family of generative learning algorithms, meaning that it seeks to model the distribution of inputs of a given class or category.
kb-article: ## References Naive Bayes. IBM. [Link](https://www.ibm.com/topics/naive-bayes?mhsrc=ibmsearch_a&mhq=naive%20bayes).

Network
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A network is a group of computers that use a set of common communication protocols over digital interconnections for the purpose of sharing resources located on or provided by the network nodes. The interconnections between nodes are formed from a broad spectrum of telecommunication network technologies, based on physically wired, optical, and wireless radio-frequency methods that may be arranged in a variety of network topologies.
alternative label: Computer Network

Network Card Firmware
type: Class
subclass of: Peripheral Firmware
definition: Firmware that is installed on a network card (network interface controller).
alternative label: Network Controller Firmware

Network Directory Resource
type: Class
subclass of: Network File Share Resource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Directory
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Directory
definition: A directory resource made available from one host to other hosts on a computer network.

Network File Resource
type: Class
subclass of: Network File Share Resource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: File
type: NamedIndividual
contains: File
definition: A computer file resource made available from one host to other hosts on a computer network.

Network File Share Resource
type: Class
subclass of: Network Resource
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A shared file resource, or network file share, is a computer file made available from one host to other hosts on a computer network. Network sharing is made possible by inter-process communication over the network. It includes both files and directories.

Network Flow
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: summarizes
  some values from: Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
summarizes: Network Traffic
definition: A summarization of network transactions between a client and server. It often summarizes bytes sent, bytes received, and protocol flags.

Network Flow Sensor
type: Class
subclass of: Network Sensor
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: monitors
  some values from: Network Flow
type: NamedIndividual
monitors: Network Flow
definition: Monitors network traffic and produces summaries of data flows traversing the network.

Network Init Script File Resource
type: Class
subclass of: Init Script
subclass of: Network File Resource
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A computer file resource made available from one host to other hosts on a computer network that is also an initialization script.

Network Isolation
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Isolate
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Isolate
d3fend-id: D3-NI
definition: Network Isolation techniques prevent network hosts from accessing non-essential system network resources.

Network Link
type: Class
subclass of: Logical Link
definition: A network link is a link within the network layer, which is responsible for packet forwarding including routing through intermediate routers.
synonym: Layer-3 Link
synonym: Network Layer Link

Network Mapping
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Model
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Model
d3fend-id: D3-NM
definition: Network mapping encompasses the techniques to identify and model the physical layer, network layer, and data exchange layers of the organization's network and their physical location, and determine allowed pathways through that network.
display-order: 3

Network Node
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: runs
  some values from: Operating System
type: NamedIndividual
runs: Operating System
definition: In telecommunications networks, a node (Latin nodus, 'knot') is either a redistribution point or a communication endpoint. The definition of a node depends on the network and protocol layer referred to. A physical network node is an electronic device that is attached to a network, and is capable of creating, receiving, or transmitting information over a communications channel. A passive distribution point such as a distribution frame or patch panel is consequently not a node.

Network Node Inventory
type: Class
subclass of: Asset Inventory
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: inventories
  some values from: Network Node
type: NamedIndividual
inventories: Network Node
kb-reference: Reference - IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks - Station and Media Access Control Connectivity Discovery
kb-reference: Reference-QualysNetworkPassiveSensorGettingStartedGuide
kb-reference: Reference-RFC3411-AnArchitectureForDescribingSimpleNetworkManagementProtocolSNMPManagementFrameworks
kb-reference: Reference-Web-BasedEnterpriseManagement
kb-reference: Reference-Windows-Management-Infrastructure
kb-reference: Reference-Windows-Management-Instrumentation
d3fend-id: D3-NNI
definition: Network node inventorying identifies and records all the network nodes (hosts, routers, switches, firewalls, etc.) in the organization's architecture.
kb-article: ## How it works Administrators collect information on network nodes in their architecture using a variety of administrative and management tools that query network devices and nodes for information. In some cases, where such queries are not supported or provide specific information of interest, an administrator may also collect this information through network enumeration methods to include host discovery and scanning for active ports and services. ## Considerations * Scanning and probing techniques using mapping tools can result in side effects to information technology (IT) and operational technology (OT) systems. * An adversary conducting network enumeration may engage in activities that parallel normal network node inventorying activities, but would require escalating to admin privileges for most of the operations requiting administrative tools ## Examples * Link-layer discovery * Link-layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP) * Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) * Application-layer discovery * Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) collects MIB information * Web-based Enterprise Management (WBEM) collects CIM information * Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) * Windows Management Infrastructure (MI)
synonym: System Discovery
synonym: System Inventorying

Network Packet
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A network packet is a formatted unit of data carried by a packet-switched network. Computer communications links that do not support packets, such as traditional point-to-point telecommunications links, simply transmit data as a bit stream. When data is formatted into packets, packet switching is possible and the bandwidth of the communication medium can be better shared among users than with circuit switching.

Network Printer
type: Class
subclass of: Shared Computer
definition: In computing, a network printer is a device that can be accessed over a network which makes a persistent representation of graphics or text, usually on paper. While most output is human-readable, bar code printers are an example of an expanded use for printers. The different types of printers include 3D printer, inkjet printer, laser printer, thermal printer, etc. Note that not all printers are networked and the digital information to be printed must be passed either by removable media or as directly connecting the printer to a computer (e.g., by USB.)

Network Protocol Analyzer
type: Class
subclass of: Network Sensor
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: monitors
  some values from: Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
monitors: Network Traffic
definition: Monitors and parses network protocols to extract values from various network protocol layers.

Network Resource
type: Class
subclass of: Remote Resource
type: NamedIndividual
definition: In computing, a shared resource, or network share, is a computer resource made available from one host to other hosts on a computer network. It is a device or piece of information on a computer that can be remotely accessed from another computer, typically via a local area network or an enterprise intranet, transparently as if it were a resource in the local machine.Network sharing is made possible by inter-process communication over the network.
alternative label: Shared Resource

Network Resource Access
type: Class
subclass of: Resource Access
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Network Resource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Resource
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Network Resource
accesses: Resource
definition: Ephemeral digital artifact comprising a request of a network resource and any response from that network resource.

Network Sensor
type: Class
subclass of: Cyber Sensor

Network Service
type: Class
subclass of: Service Application Process
definition: In computer networking, a network service is an application running at the network application layer and above, that provides data storage, manipulation, presentation, communication or other capability which is often implemented using a client-server or peer-to-peer architecture based on application layer network protocols. Clients and servers will often have a user interface, and sometimes other hardware associated with it.

Network Session
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Network Packet
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Network Packet
definition: A network session is a temporary and interactive information interchange between two or more devices communicating over a network. A session is established at a certain point in time, and then 'torn down' - brought to an end - at some later point. An established communication session may involve more than one message in each direction. A session is typically stateful, meaning that at least one of the communicating parties needs to hold current state information and save information about the session history in order to be able to communicate, as opposed to stateless communication, where the communication consists of independent requests with responses. Network sessions may be established and implemented as part of protocols and services at the application, session, or transport layers of the OSI model.

Network Time Server
type: Class
subclass of: Server
definition: A network time server is a server computer that reads the actual time from a reference clock and distributes this information to its clients using a computer network. The time server may be a local network time server or an internet time server. The time server may also be a stand-alone hardware device. It can use NTP (RFC5905) or other protocols.

Network Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: Domain Name
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: originates-from
  some values from: Physical Location
type: NamedIndividual
may-contain: Domain Name
originates-from: Physical Location
definition: Network traffic or data traffic is the data, or alternatively the amount of data, moving across a network at a given point of time. Network data in computer networks is mostly encapsulated in network packets, which provide the load in the network.
alternative label: Data Traffic

Network Traffic Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Detect
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Detect
d3fend-id: D3-NTA
definition: Analyzing intercepted or summarized computer network traffic to detect unauthorized activity.

Network Traffic Analysis Software
type: Class
subclass of: Developer Application
type: NamedIndividual
type: Digital Artifact
definition: A packet analyzer, also known as packet sniffer, protocol analyzer, or network analyzer, is a computer program or computer hardware such as a packet capture appliance, that can intercept and log traffic that passes over a computer network or part of a network.
alternative label: Network Sniffer

Network Traffic Community Deviation
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Network Traffic
kb-reference: Reference-SystemForImplementingThreatDetectionUsingDailyNetworkTrafficCommunityOutliers VECTRANETWORKSInc
d3fend-id: D3-NTCD
definition: Establishing baseline communities of network hosts and identifying statistically divergent inter-community communication.
kb-article: ## How it works Hosts/users within a computer network are analyzed to identify communities of hosts which frequently communicate. Future communications between communities that don't usually communicate can then be detected. For example, if a community of hosts that communicate in support of a company's finance division suddenly starts to access the code server usually accessed only by engineers, this may indicate unauthorized activity. ## Considerations * Potential for false positives in very dynamic network environments. * Attackers that move low and slow may not differentiate their behavior enough to trigger an alert.

Network Traffic Filtering
type: Class
subclass of: Network Isolation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: filters
  some values from: Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
filters: Network Traffic
kb-reference: Reference - Active firewall system and methodology - McAfee LLC
kb-reference: Reference - Automatically generating rules for connection security - Microsoft
kb-reference: Reference - FWTK - Firewall Toolkit
kb-reference: Reference - Firewall for interent access - Secure Computing LLC
kb-reference: Reference - Firewall for processing a connectionless network packet - National Security Agency
kb-reference: Reference - Firewall for processing connection-oriented and connectionless datagrams over a connection-oriented network - National Security Agency
kb-reference: Reference - Firewalls that filter based upon protocol commands - Intel Corp
kb-reference: Reference - Method for controlling computer network security - Checkpoint Software Technologies Ltd
kb-reference: Reference - Network firewall with proxy - Secure Computing LLC
d3fend-id: D3-NTF
definition: Restricting network traffic originating from any location.

Network Traffic Policy Mapping
type: Class
subclass of: Network Mapping
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: maps
  some values from: Access Control Configuration
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: queries
  some values from: Network Agent
type: NamedIndividual
maps: Access Control Configuration
queries: Network Agent
d3fend-id: D3-NTPM
definition: Network traffic policy mapping identifies and models the allowed pathways of data at the network, tranport, and/or application levels.
synonym: DLP Policy Mapping
synonym: Firewall Mapping
synonym: IPS Policy Mapping
synonym: Web Security Gateway Policy Mapping

Network Vulnerability Assessment
type: Class
subclass of: Network Mapping
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: evaluates
  some values from: Network
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: identifies
  some values from: Vulnerability
type: NamedIndividual
evaluates: Network
identifies: Vulnerability
d3fend-id: D3-NVA
definition: Network vulnerability assessment relates all the vulnerabilities of a network's components in the context of their configuration and interdependencies and can also include assessing risk emerging from the network's design as a whole, not just the sum of individual network node or network segment vulnerabilities.

News Article
type: Class
subclass of: Article

Non-Parametric Tests
type: Class
subclass of: Hypothesis Testing
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-NPT
definition: A non-parametric test relies is used when the underlying distribution of data is non-symmetric (non-normal distribution).
kb-article: ## References Newcastle University. (n.d.). Parametric Hypothesis Tests. [Link](https://www.ncl.ac.uk/webtemplate/ask-assets/external/maths-resources/psychology/non-parametric-hypothesis-tests.html)

Non-Person Entity
type: Class
subclass of: Agent
definition: An entity related to information technology with a digital identity that acts in cyberspace, but is not a human actor. This can include organizations, hardware objects (physical entities/devices), software objects (virtual/logical entities), and information artifacts.
synonym: NPE
isDefinedBy: CNSSI 4009 aka "Committee on National Security Systems (CNSS) Glossary" (March 2, 2002)
see also: NIST 800-63

Non-monotonic Logic
type: Class
subclass of: Symbolic AI
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-NML
definition: Non-monotonic logic is a formal logic whose conclusion relation is not monotonic. In other words, non-monotonic logics are devised to capture and represent defeasible inferences (cf. defeasible reasoning), i.e., a kind of inference in which reasoners draw tentative conclusions, enabling reasoners to retract their conclusion(s) based on further evidence.
kb-article: ## References 1. Non-monotonic logic. (2023, June 1). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-monotonic_logic)

Nonlinear Regression
type: Class
subclass of: Regression Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-NR
definition: Nonlinear regression is a form of regression analysis in which observational data are modeled by a function which is a nonlinear combination of the model parameters and depends on one or more independent variables.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Nonlinear regression. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_regression)

Nonlinear Regression Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Regression Analysis Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-NRL
definition: A supervised learning method that builds a non-linear regression model using training data.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Nonlinear regression. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_regression)

Numeric Pattern Matching
type: Class
subclass of: Pattern Matching
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-NPM
definition: Numeric pattern matching uses a pattern specification and sees if the numeric value matches that pattern--simple forms include exact matching and range matching.

OS API Access Process
type: Class
subclass of: OS API System Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Access Process
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Access Process

OS API Allocate Memory
type: Class
subclass of: OS API System Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Allocate Memory
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Allocate Memory

OS API Connect Socket
type: Class
subclass of: OS API System Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Connect Socket
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Connect Socket

OS API Copy Token
type: Class
subclass of: OS API System Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Copy Token
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Copy Token

OS API Create File
type: Class
subclass of: OS API System Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Create File
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Create File

OS API Create Process
type: Class
subclass of: OS API System Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Create Process
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Create Process

OS API Create Socket
type: Class
subclass of: OS API System Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Create Socket
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Create Socket

OS API Create Thread
type: Class
subclass of: OS API System Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Create Thread
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Create Thread

OS API Delete File
type: Class
subclass of: OS API System Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Delete File
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Delete File

OS API Exec
type: Class
subclass of: OS API System Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Exec
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Exec

OS API Free Memory
type: Class
subclass of: OS API System Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Free Memory
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Free Memory

OS API Function
type: Class
subclass of: Software

OS API Get System Time
type: Class
subclass of: OS API System Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Get System Time
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Get System Time

OS API Get Thread Context
type: Class
subclass of: OS API System Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Get Thread Context
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Get Thread Context

OS API Move File
type: Class
subclass of: OS API System Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Move File
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Move File

OS API Open File
type: Class
subclass of: OS API System Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Open File
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Open File

OS API Read File
type: Class
subclass of: OS API System Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Read File
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Read File

OS API Read Memory
type: Class
subclass of: OS API System Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Read Memory
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Read Memory

OS API Resume Process
type: Class
subclass of: OS API System Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Resume Process
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Resume Process

OS API Resume Thread
type: Class
subclass of: OS API System Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Resume Thread
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Resume Thread

OS API Save Registers
type: Class
subclass of: OS API System Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Save Registers
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Save Registers

OS API Set Registers
type: Class
subclass of: OS API System Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Set Registers
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Set Registers

OS API Set Thread Context
type: Class
subclass of: OS API System Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Set Thread Context
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Set Thread Context

OS API Suspend Process
type: Class
subclass of: OS API System Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Suspend Process
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Suspend Process

OS API Suspend Thread
type: Class
subclass of: OS API System Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Suspend Thread
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Suspend Thread

OS API System Function
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Function
definition: Indirect System calls are made through OS-specific libraries (like glibc in Linux) that provides a higher-level API for the system calls.
synonym: Indirect System Call

OS API Terminate Process
type: Class
subclass of: OS API System Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Terminate Process
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Terminate Process

OS API Trace Process
type: Class
subclass of: OS API System Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Trace Process
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Trace Process

OS API Trace Thread
type: Class
subclass of: OS API System Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Trace Thread
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Trace Thread

OS API Write File
type: Class
subclass of: OS API System Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Write File
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Write File

OS API Write Memory
type: Class
subclass of: OS API System Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Write Memory
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Write Memory

OWL
type: Class
subclass of: Description Logic
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-OWL
definition: The Web Ontology Language (OWL) is a family of knowledge representation languages for authoring ontologies.
kb-article: ## How it works Ontologies are a formal way to describe taxonomies and classification networks, essentially defining the structure of knowledge for various domains: the nouns representing classes of objects and the verbs representing relations between the objects. The OWL languages are characterized by formal semantics. They are built upon the World Wide Web Consortium's (W3C) standard for objects called the Resource Description Framework (RDF). OWL classes correspond to description logic (DL) _concepts_. OWL properties to DL _roles_, and individuals are named the same way in OWL and other DLs. ## References 1. Web Ontology Language. (2023, April 23). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language)
synonym: Web Ontology Language

Object File
type: Class
subclass of: File
type: NamedIndividual
definition: An object file is a file that contains relocatable machine code.

Offensive Tactic
type: Class
subclass of: Goal
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enabled-by
  some values from: Offensive Technique
definition: Per ATT&CK, these are defined as Tactical Goals, not Tactics per se. Many children also fit definition of tactics. Some are neither tactics or tactical goals really (e.g., Execution, which is a useful grouping, but an action, not really a tactic or technique.
synonym: Tactical Objective

Offensive Technique
type: Class
subclass of: Action
subclass of: Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Offensive Tactic
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: initiates
  some values from: Access
display-baseurl: /offensive-technique/attack/

Office Application
type: Class
subclass of: User Application
type: NamedIndividual
definition: An office application is one that is part of an application suite (e.g., Microsoft Office, Open Office).

Office Application File
type: Class
subclass of: Document File
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A document file in a format associated with an d3f:OfficeApplication.

One-time Password
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Hardening
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: authenticates
  some values from: User Account
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: use-limits
  some values from: Password
type: NamedIndividual
authenticates: User Account
kb-reference: Reference-RFC2289-AOne-TimePasswordSystem
use-limits: Password
d3fend-id: D3-OTP
definition: A one-time password is valid for only one user authentication.
kb-article: ## How it works When a user initiates authentication, they are asked for a one-time password, often in addition to other credentials such as a traditional password or smart card. The one-time password may be from a list provided in advance, sent via a channel such as SMS or HTTPS to an app, or a generated token. In the case of a physical token which generates one-time passwords incrementally based on time elapsed, that token device need not be connected to the internet. In different implementations, an administrator of the system, or a user with additional verification, can adjust for clock skew between the token and the verification system as needed. ## Considerations ### Compromise of delivery channel - SIM Swapping - Secure token visual compromise - Insecure delivery channel ### Compromise of delivery device Physical loss of One-time Password device. ### Compromise of long-term backup codes These are often provided in the form of a downloadable document with a regular name, which can be searched for in the case that the user forgets where they put them. This digital file or printed document could be stolen. Additionally, after the code file is printed, it could be recovered from the system printer spool unless the spooler cache is cleared.
synonym: OTP

Open-source Developer
type: Class
subclass of: Product Developer

Open File
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: File
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: File
definition: For most file systems, a program initializes access to a file in a file system using the open system call. This allocates resources associated to the file (the file descriptor), and returns a handle that the process will use to refer to that file. In some cases the open is performed by the first access. During the open, the filesystem may allocate memory for buffers, or it may wait until the first operation. Various other errors which may occur during the open include directory update failures, un-permitted multiple connections, media failures, communication link failures and device failures.

Open Source License
type: Class
subclass of: License

Operating System
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Kernel
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: System Service Software
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: Operating System Configuration Component
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Kernel
contains: System Service Software
may-contain: Operating System Configuration Component
definition: An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. All computer programs, excluding firmware, require an operating system to function. Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources.

Operating System Configuration
type: Class
subclass of: Configuration Resource
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Information used to configure the services, parameters, and initial settings for an operating system.

Operating System Configuration Component
type: Class
subclass of: Operating System Configuration
type: NamedIndividual
definition: An component of the overall information necessary for the configuration of an operating system.
alternative label: Operating System Configuration Information
alternative label: System Configuration

Operating System Configuration File
type: Class
subclass of: Configuration File
subclass of: Operating System File
type: NamedIndividual
definition: An operating system configuration file is a file used to configure the operating system.
see also: Configuration File
see also: Operating System
alternative label: System Configuration File

Operating System Executable File
type: Class
subclass of: Operating System File
type: NamedIndividual
definition: An operating system executable is a critical executable that is part of the operating system, and without which, the operating system may not operate correctly.

Operating System File
type: Class
subclass of: File
type: NamedIndividual
definition: An operating system file is a file that is part of, or used to store information about, the operating system itself.

Operating System Log File
type: Class
subclass of: Log File
subclass of: Operating System File
type: NamedIndividual
definition: An operating system log file records events that occur in an operating system
see also: Log File

Operating System Monitoring
type: Class
subclass of: Platform Monitoring
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Detect
kb-reference: Reference - Host intrusion prevention system using software and user behavior analysis - Sophos Ltd
kb-reference: Reference-UserActivityFromClearingEventLogs MITRE
d3fend-id: D3-OSM
definition: The operating system software, for D3FEND's purposes, includes the kernel and its process management functions, hardware drivers, initialization or boot logic. It also includes and other key system daemons and their configuration. The monitoring or analysis of these components for unauthorized activity constitute **Operating System Monitoring**.
kb-article: ## Technique Overview "An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs." [1] Operating System Monitoring Techniques have varied implementations including built-in kernel modules, third-party privileged system daemons, or even standard systems administration tools included with an operating system. 1. http://dbpedia.org/resource/Operating_system

Operating System Packaging Tool
type: Class
subclass of: Software Packaging Tool
definition: A software packaging tool oriented on building a software package for a particular operating system (e.g. rpmbuild.)

Operating System Process
type: Class
subclass of: Process
type: NamedIndividual
definition: An operating system process, or system process, is a process running to perform operating system functions.
alternative label: System Process

Operating System Shared Library File
type: Class
subclass of: Operating System File
subclass of: Shared Library File
type: NamedIndividual
definition: An operating system shared library file is a shared library file that is part of the operating system and that incorporates common operating system code for use by any application or to provide operating system services.

Operational Activity Mapping
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Model
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Model
kb-reference: Reference - Catia UAF Plugin
d3fend-id: D3-OAM
definition: Operational activity mapping identifies activities of the organization and the organization's suborganizations, groups, roles, and individuals that carry out the activities and then establishes the dependencies of the activities on the systems and people that perform those activities.
synonym: Mission Mapping

Operational Dependency Mapping
type: Class
subclass of: Operational Activity Mapping
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: maps
  some values from: Dependency
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: maps
  some values from: Organizational Activity
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Catia UAF Plugin
kb-reference: Reference - Cyber Command System (CYCS)
kb-reference: Reference - Dagger Fact Sheet
kb-reference: Reference - Dagger: Modeling and visualization for mission impact situational awareness
kb-reference: Reference - Mission Dependency Modeling for Cyber Situational Awareness
kb-reference: Reference-UnifiedArchitectureFrameworkUAF
maps: Dependency
maps: Organizational Activity
d3fend-id: D3-ODM
definition: Operational dependency mapping identifies and models the dependencies of the organization's activities on each other and on the organization's performers (people, systems, and services.) This may include modeling the higher- and lower-level activities of an organization forming a hierarchy, or layering, of the dependencies in an organization's activities.

Operational Risk Assessment
type: Class
subclass of: Operational Activity Mapping
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: evaluates
  some values from: Organization
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: identifies
  some values from: Vulnerability
type: NamedIndividual
evaluates: Organization
identifies: Vulnerability
kb-reference: Reference - NIST RMF Quick Start Guide - Assess Step - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
kb-reference: Reference - NIST Special Publication 800-160 Volume 1 - System Security Engineering
kb-reference: Reference - NIST Special Publication 800-37 Revision 2 - Risk Management Framework for Information Systems and Organizations
kb-reference: Reference - NIST Special Publication 800-53A Revision 5 - Assessing Security and Privacy Controls in Information Systems and Organizations
kb-reference: Reference - NISTIR 8011 Volume 1 - Automation Support for Security Control Assessments
d3fend-id: D3-ORA
definition: Operational risk assessment identifies and models the vulnerabilities of, and risks to, an organization's activities individually and as a whole.
synonym: Mission Risk Assessment

Operations Center Computer
type: Class
subclass of: Shared Computer
definition: Mainframe computers or mainframes (colloquially referred to as "big iron") are computers used primarily by large organizations for critical applications; bulk data processing, such as census, industry and consumer statistics, and enterprise resource planning; and transaction processing. They are larger and have more processing power than some other classes of computers: minicomputers, servers, workstations, and personal computers.
alternative label: Mainframe

Optical Modem
type: Class
subclass of: Modem
definition: A modem that connects to a fiber optic network is known as an optical network terminal (ONT) or optical network unit (ONU). These are commonly used in fiber to the home installations, installed inside or outside a house to convert the optical medium to a copper Ethernet interface, after which a router or gateway is often installed to perform authentication, routing, NAT, and other typical consumer internet functions, in addition to "triple play" features such as telephony and television service.

Orchestration Controller
type: Class
subclass of: Orchestration Server
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Container Orchestration Software
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Container Orchestration Software
definition: An orchestration server provides orchestration services that automate the configuration, coordination, and management of computer systems and software.

Orchestration Server
type: Class
subclass of: Server
definition: A d3f:Server which is involved with the orchestration of workloads or the execution of orchestrated workloads.

Orchestration Worker
type: Class
subclass of: Orchestration Server
definition: A d3f:Server which receives commands from a d3f:OrchestrationController to execute workloads.

Organization
type: Class
subclass of: Non-Person Entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-member
  some values from: Person
type: NamedIndividual

Organization Mapping
type: Class
subclass of: Operational Activity Mapping
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: maps
  some values from: Dependency
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: maps
  some values from: Organization
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: maps
  some values from: Person
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-map
  some values from: Organizational Activity
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Catia UAF Plugin
kb-reference: Reference - Organizational Management in SAP ERP HCM
kb-reference: Reference-UnifiedArchitectureFrameworkUAF
maps: Dependency
maps: Organization
maps: Person
may-map: Organizational Activity
d3fend-id: D3-OM
definition: Organization mapping identifies and models the people, roles, and groups with an organization and the relations between them.
display-order: 4

Organizational Activity
type: Class
subclass of: Activity
type: NamedIndividual

Outbound Internet DNS Lookup Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: DNS Network Traffic
subclass of: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
subclass of: Outbound Network Traffic
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: DNS Lookup
type: NamedIndividual
may-contain: DNS Lookup
definition: Outbound internet DNS lookup traffic is network traffic using the DNS protocol on an outgoing connection initiated from a host within a network to a host outside the network.

Outbound Internet Encrypted Remote Terminal Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Outbound Internet Encrypted Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Outbound internet encrypted remote terminal traffic is encrypted network traffic for a standard remote terminal protocol on an outgoing connection initiated from a host within a network to a host outside the network.
alternative label: Outbound Internet Encrypted RDP Traffic
alternative label: Outbound Internet Encrypted SSH Traffic

Outbound Internet Encrypted Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Outbound internet encrypted traffic is encrypted network traffic on an outgoing connection initiated from a host within a network to a host outside the network.

Outbound Internet Encrypted Web Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Outbound Internet Encrypted Traffic
subclass of: Outbound Internet Web Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Outbound internet encrypted web traffic is network traffic using a standard web protocol on an outgoing connection initiated from a host within a network to a host outside the network.

Outbound Internet File Transfer Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: File Transfer Network Traffic
subclass of: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
subclass of: Outbound Network Traffic
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: File
type: NamedIndividual
contains: File
definition: Outbound internet file transfer traffic is file transfer traffic that is: (a) on an outgoing connection initiated from a host within a network to a host outside the network, and (b) using a standard file transfer protocol.

Outbound Internet Mail Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Outbound internet DNS lookup traffic is network traffic using a standard email protocol on an outgoing connection initiated from a host within a network to a host outside the network.
alternative label: Outbound Internet Email Traffic

Outbound Internet Network Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Internet Network Traffic
subclass of: Outbound Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Outbound internet network traffic is network traffic on an outgoing connection initiated from a host within a network to a host outside the network.

Outbound Internet RPC Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
subclass of: Outbound Network Traffic
subclass of: RPC Network Traffic
definition: Outbound internet RPC traffic is RPC traffic that is: (a) on an outgoing connection initiated from a host within a network to a host outside the network, and (b) using a standard RPC protocol.

Outbound Internet Web Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
subclass of: Web Network Traffic
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: URL
type: NamedIndividual
may-contain: URL
definition: Outbound internet web traffic is network traffic that is: (a) on an outgoing connection initiated from a host within a network to a host outside the network, and (b) using a standard web protocol.

Outbound Network Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Outbound traffic is network traffic originating from a host of interest (client), to another host (server).

Outbound Traffic Filtering
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic Filtering
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: filters
  some values from: Outbound Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
filters: Outbound Network Traffic
kb-reference: Reference - Automatically generating rules for connection security - Microsoft
d3fend-id: D3-OTF
definition: Restricting network traffic originating from a private host or enclave destined towards untrusted networks.
kb-article: ## How it works Outbound traffic, in this context, is network traffic originating from a private host or enclave destined towards untrusted networks. For example: * An enterprise desktop intranet user connecting to www.example.com * An internal mail server connecting to an external mail server, mail.example.com Filtering is commonly implemented as firewall rulesets to limit outbound traffic permitted to egress a host or network. Firewalls are deployed either directly on hosts through kernel level software implementations or installed in-line directly on network links. There are benefits and disadvantages to each approach. There are various strategies for developing filtering rulesets: * Block everything by default * Limit destination hosts * Limit destination transport or application protocols * Restrict content outbound (Ex. strings formatted as social security numbers, or proprietary data) ## Considerations * Dynamic IP assignment creates challenges for Outbound Traffic Filtering because users are not necessarily associated with the same IP address. This can be addressed by linking IP address management information with the filtering logic. * Connections using non-standard transport layer ports may circumvent outbound traffic filtering technology which does not detect application protocol based on traffic content. * Business requirements typically drive the development of filtering rule sets. ## Implementations - iptables (Linux) - Windows Firewall - pf (BSD)

Output Device
type: Class
subclass of: Hardware Device
definition: An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment which converts information into human-readable form. It can be text, graphics, tactile, audio, and video. Some of the output devices are Visual Display Units (VDU) i.e. a Monitor, Printer, Graphic Output devices, Plotters, Speakers etc. A new type of Output device is been developed these days, known as Speech synthesizer, a mechanism attached to the computer which produces verbal output sounding almost like human speeches.

POSIX Symbolic Link
type: Class
subclass of: Symbolic Link
subclass of: Unix Link
definition: A POSIX-compliant symbolic link. These are often fast symbolic links, but need not be.

Packet Log
type: Class
subclass of: Log
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: records
  some values from: Network Session
type: NamedIndividual
records: Network Session
definition: A log of all the network packet data captured from a network by a network sensor (i.e., packet analyzer),

Page
type: Class
subclass of: Memory Block
definition: A page, memory page, logical page, or virtual page is a fixed-length contiguous block of virtual memory, described by a single entry in the page table. It is the smallest unit of data for memory management in a virtual memory operating system.

Page Frame
type: Class
subclass of: Memory Block
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contained-by
  some values from: Primary Storage
type: NamedIndividual
contained-by: Primary Storage
definition: A page frame is the smallest fixed-length contiguous block of physical memory into which memory pages are mapped by the operating system.

Page Table
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Physical Address
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Virtual Address
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Physical Address
contains: Virtual Address
definition: A page table is the data structure used by the MMU in a virtual memory computer system to store the mapping between virtual addresses (virtual pages) and physical addresses (page frames).
isDefinedBy: Page table - Wikipedia

Parameter-based Transfer Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Homogenous Transfer Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-PBTL
definition: The idea behind parameter-based methods is that a well-trained model on the source domain has learned a well-defined structure, and if two tasks are related, this structure can be transferred to the target model.
kb-article: ## References Georgian Impact Blog. (n.d.). Transfer Learning Part 1. [Link](https://medium.com/georgian-impact-blog/transfer-learning-part-1-ed0c174ad6e7#:~:text=Homogeneous%20Transfer%20Learning-,1.,the%20target%20domain%20for%20training).

Parametric Tests
type: Class
subclass of: Hypothesis Testing
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-PT
definition: A parametric test relies upon the assumption that the data you want to test is (or approximately is) normally distributed.
kb-article: ## References Newcastle University. (n.d.). Parametric Hypothesis Tests. [Link](https://www.ncl.ac.uk/webtemplate/ask-assets/external/maths-resources/psychology/parametric-hypothesis-tests.html)

Parent Process
type: Class
subclass of: Process
definition: In computing, a parent process is a process that has created one or more child processes.

Partial Matching
type: Class
subclass of: String Pattern Matching
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-PM
definition: Partial string pattern matching is a special case of string pattern matching where one seeks to find a pattern within a larger string (text). It allows for the detection of patterns that occur as substrings or partial segments within the full string, rather than requiring an exact match across the entire string.
kb-article: ## References 1. String-searching algorithm. (2023, April 8). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String-searching_algorithm)
kb-article: Numeric pattern matching is a method of matching some defined pattern specification against a numeric value.

Partition
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A partition is a region on secondary storage device created so that the region can be managed by itself; separate from any other regions (partitions) on that secondary storage device. Creating partitions is typically the first step of preparing a newly installed storage device, before any file system is created. The device stores the information about the partitions' locations and sizes in an area known as the partition table that the operating system reads before any other part of the disk. Each partition then appears to the operating system as a distinct "logical" storage device that uses part of the actual device. System administrators use a program called a partition editor to create, resize, delete, and manipulate the partitions. Partitioning allows the use of different filesystems to be installed for different kinds of files. Separating user data from system data can prevent the system partition from becoming full and rendering the system unusable. Partitioning can also make backing up easier. [Definition adapted as generalization from definition of disk partitioning and distinct from in-memory partitions.]
alternative label: Disk Partition
alternative label: Disk Slice

Partition Table
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: addresses
  some values from: Partition
type: NamedIndividual
addresses: Partition
definition: A partition is a fixed-size subset of a storage device which is treated as a unit by the operating system. A partition table is a table maintained on the storage device by the operating system describing the partitions on that device. The terms partition table and partition map are most commonly associated with the MBR partition table of a Master Boot Record (MBR) in IBM PC compatibles, but it may be used generically to refer to other "formats" that divide a disk drive into partitions, such as: GUID Partition Table (GPT), Apple partition map (APM), or BSD disklabel.

Passive Certificate Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Certificate Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Certificate Transparency
kb-reference: Reference-StreamingPhish
d3fend-id: D3-PCA
definition: Collecting host certificates from network traffic or other passive sources like a certificate transparency log and analyzing them for unauthorized activity.
kb-article: ## How it works Certificates are analyzed outside of a TLS server connection using third-party secure update logs, domain name analysis and analytics. ### Secure update certificate logs * Certificate Logs The key enabling feature is a secure service that maintains record logs of certificate activities. The logs allow users to only append certificates and never to delete or modify the log entries. The logs use Merkle Tree Hashes to ensure they have not been tampered with. The logging service also allows for public auditing by any user. The logging service, upon receipt of a certificate to log, will respond with a signed certificate timestamp (SCT). The SCT guarantees the certificate will be added to the log within the time specified. The SCT must be present with the certificate during a TLS handshake. * Certificate Monitoring Certificate monitoring, of the logs, is typically done by the CA and they watch for suspicious certificate logging and unusual certificates or extensions or permissions. Monitors are also responsible for verifying the logs are accurate and public. * Certificate Auditors Log integrity is verified by log auditors. Auditors make use of log proofs are used to validate the cryptographic hashes (Merkle Trees) that the log employs are consistent. In order to ensure consistency throughout multiple monitors and auditors, sharing a common logging service, gossip protocol is employed. ### Phishing domain name analysis * A curated corpus of known benign domains and phishing domain names is used as training text for machine learning. Through the use of feature set extraction, vectors labels are created with scoring to indicated if they are considered benign or phishing domains. * A stream of new or updated SSL certificates with fully qualified domain names (FQDN) is analyzed against the feature vectors and a predictive model determines a score for the domains. The scoring considers distance measures such as Levenshtein distance to help in determining the fin…

Passive Logical Link Mapping
type: Class
subclass of: Logical Link Mapping
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference-TenablePassiveNetworkMonitoring
d3fend-id: D3-PLLM
definition: Passive logical link mapping only listens to network traffic as a means to map the the whole data link layer, where the links represent logical data flows rather than physical connections.
synonym: Passive Logical Layer Mapping

Passive Physical Link Mapping
type: Class
subclass of: Physical Link Mapping
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3-PPLM
definition: Passive physical link mapping only listens to network traffic as a means to map the physical layer.
synonym: Passive Physical Layer Mapping

Password
type: Class
subclass of: Credential
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A password, sometimes called a passcode, is a memorized secret, typically a string of characters, usually used to confirm the identity of a user. Using the terminology of the NIST Digital Identity Guidelines, the secret is memorized by a party called the claimant while the party verifying the identity of the claimant is called the verifier. When the claimant successfully demonstrates knowledge of the password to the verifier through an established authentication protocol, the verifier is able to infer the claimant's identity.
alternative label: Passcode

Password Database
type: Class
subclass of: Database
definition: A password database is a database that holds passwords for user accounts and is usually encrypted (i.e.., the passwords are hashed). Password databases are found supporting system services (such as SAM) or part of user applications such as password managers.

Password File
type: Class
subclass of: File
subclass of: Password Database
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Simple form of password database held in a single file (e.g., /etc/password)

Password Manager
type: Class
subclass of: Application
definition: A password manager is a software application or hardware that helps a user store and organize passwords. Password managers usually store passwords encrypted, requiring the user to create a master password: a single, ideally very strong password which grants the user access to their entire password database. Some password managers store passwords on the user's computer (called offline password managers), whereas others store data in the provider's cloud (often called online password managers). However offline password managers also offer data storage in the user's own cloud accounts rather than the provider's cloud. While the core functionality of a password manager is to securely store large collections of passwords, many provide additional features such as form filling and password generation.

Password Store
type: Class
subclass of: Password Database
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A user repository of account passwords, often accessed via a password manager.

Patent
type: Class
subclass of: Document
type: NamedIndividual
type: Reference Type

Patent Reference
type: Class
subclass of: Technique Reference
pref-label: Patent

Pattern Matching
type: Class
subclass of: Logical Rules
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-PM
definition: Pattern matching is the act of checking a given sequence of tokens for the presence of the constituents of some pattern.
kb-article: ## References 1. Pattern matching. (2023, May 20). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_matching)

Pearson's Correlation Coefficient
type: Class
subclass of: Correlation
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-PCC
kb-article: ## References Wolfram MathWorld. (n.d.). Correlation Coefficient. [Link](https://mathworld.wolfram.com/CorrelationCoefficient.html)

Per Host Download-Upload Ratio Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Network Traffic
kb-reference: Reference-SystemForDetectingThreatsUsingScenario-basedTrackingOfInternalAndExternalNetworkTraffic VECTRANETWORKSInc
d3fend-id: D3-PHDURA
definition: Detecting anomalies that indicate malicious activity by comparing the amount of data downloaded versus data uploaded by a host.
kb-article: ## How it works Aggregate pull vs. push ratios from metadata are used to develop a baseline for a given host over a specific time period, e.g., over a three-hour period, one day, one week, etc. Anomalies identified over a threshold produce an alert. ## Considerations Collection and analysis of large network packet captures requires large storage and intensive computing power. The time windows used to calculate the ratio may vary in implementations, this consideration should take into account a threat model and likely effects (impacts) delivered by an adversary.

Peripheral Firmware
type: Class
subclass of: Firmware
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Firmware that is installed on computer peripheral devices.

Peripheral Firmware Verification
type: Class
subclass of: Firmware Verification
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: verifies
  some values from: Peripheral Firmware
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Firmware Verification Eclypsium
kb-reference: Reference - Firmware Verification Trapezoid
verifies: Peripheral Firmware
d3fend-id: D3-PFV
definition: Cryptographically verifying peripheral firmware integrity.
kb-article: # How it works Peripherial firmware is collected and analyzed on a host either periodically or on demand. This information may be collected for future comparisons. Changes in firmware hash values may indicate that the firmware has been tampered with or that firmware images are not maintained to current baselined versions, or even known vulnerable versions are deployed. ## Considerations * Trust baselines will need to be generated for specific devices * Changes to trusted configurations will need to be managed across the enterprise

Peripheral Hub Firmware
type: Class
subclass of: Peripheral Firmware
definition: Firmware that is installed on peripheral hub device such as a USB or Firewire hub.
alternative label: USB Hub Firmware

Persistence Technique
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Technique
subclass of: Offensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Persistence
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Persistence

Person
type: Class
subclass of: Agent
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: name
  some values from: string
type: NamedIndividual

Personal Computer
type: Class
subclass of: Client Computer
definition: A personal computer (PC) is a multi-purpose computer whose size, capabilities, and price make it feasible for individual use. Personal computers are intended to be operated directly by an end user, rather than by a computer expert or technician. Unlike large, costly minicomputers and mainframes, time-sharing by many people at the same time is not used with personal computers. PCs have in practice become powerful enough that they may be shared by multiple users at any given time, though this is not common practice nor the primary purpose of a PC.

Perturbation-based Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Intrinsically Semi-supervised Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-PBL
definition: Perturbation based methods are proposed under the smoothness assumption, which indicates that two data points close to each other in feature space are likely to have the same label.
kb-article: ## References Zheng, Y., & Song, Y. (2021). An Effective Perturbation-Based Semi-Supervised Learning Method for Acoustic Event Classification. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, 29, 3580-3591. [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/An-Effective-Perturbation-Based-Semi-Supervised-for-Zheng-Song/b75ae37d137ac354eb2ed42917e461b4dccdc977). Engelen, S., & Hoos, H. (2020). A survey on semi-supervised learning. Machine Learning, 109(2), 299-337. [Link](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10994-019-05855-6).

Phi Coefficient
type: Class
subclass of: Correlation
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-PC
definition: The phi coefficient (or mean square contingency coefficient is a measure of association for two binary variables.
kb-article: ## References \Wikipedia. (n.d.). Phi coefficient. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_coefficient)
synonym: MCC
synonym: Matthews Correlation Coefficient (in machine learning)

Physical Address
type: Class
subclass of: Memory Address
type: NamedIndividual
definition: In a computer supporting virtual memory, the term physical address is used mostly to differentiate from a virtual address. In particular, in computers utilizing a memory management unit(MMU) to translate memory addresses, the virtual and physical addresses refer to an address before and after translation performed by the MMU, respectively.

Physical Artifact
type: Class
subclass of: Artifact
subclass of: Physical Object
type: NamedIndividual

Physical Link
type: Class
subclass of: Link
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A physical link is a dedicated connection for communication that uses some physical media (electrical, electromagnetic, optical, to include clear spaces or vacuums.) A physical link represents only a single hop (link) in any larger communcations path, circuit, or network. NOTE: not synonymous with data link as a data link can be over a telecommunications circuit, which may be a virtual circuit composed of multiple phyical links.
synonym: Layer-1 Link

Physical Link Mapping
type: Class
subclass of: Network Mapping
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: maps
  some values from: Network Node
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: maps
  some values from: Physical Link
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Libre NMS - Network Map Extension
maps: Network Node
maps: Physical Link
d3fend-id: D3-PLM
definition: Physical link mapping identifies and models the link connectivity of the network devices within a physical network.
synonym: Layer 1 Mapping

Physical Location
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information
type: NamedIndividual
definition: The terms location [here, a physical location] and place in geography are used to identify a point or an area on the Earth's surface or elsewhere. The term location generally implies a higher degree of certainty than place, which often indicates an entity with an ambiguous boundary, relying more on human or social attributes of place identity and sense of place than on geometry. The distinction between space and place is considered a central concern of geography, and has been addressed by scholars such as Yi-Fu Tuan and John Agnew.

Physical Object
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-location
  some values from: Physical Location

Pipe
type: Class
subclass of: Interprocess Communication
type: NamedIndividual
definition: In Unix-like computer operating systems, a pipeline is a mechanism for inter-process communication using message passing. In the strictest sense, a pipe is a single segment of a pipeline, allowing one process to pass information forward to another. Network pipes allow processes on different hosts to interact.
alternative label: Pipeline

Pix2Pix
type: Class
subclass of: Image-to-Image Translation GAN
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-PIX
definition: Pix2Pix is based on condtional GAN architecture and are trained on paired set of images or scenes from two domains to be used for translation.
kb-article: ## References Esri. (n.d.). How Pix2Pix Works. [Link](https://developers.arcgis.com/python/guide/how-pix2pix-works/)

Planning
type: Class
subclass of: Analytical Purpose

Platform
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Firmware
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Hardware Device
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Operating System
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Firmware
contains: Hardware Device
contains: Operating System
definition: Platform includes the hardware and OS. The term computing platform can refer to different abstraction levels, including a certain hardware architecture, an operating system (OS), and runtime libraries. In total it can be said to be the stage on which computer programs can run.
alternative label: Computer Platform

Platform Hardening
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Harden
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Harden
d3fend-id: D3-PH
definition: Hardening components of a Platform with the intention of making them more difficult to exploit. Platforms includes components such as: * BIOS UEFI Subsystems * Hardware security devices such as Trusted Platform Modules * Boot process logic or code * Kernel software components
synonym: Endpoint Hardening
synonym: System Hardening

Platform Monitoring
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Detect
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Detect
d3fend-id: D3-PM
definition: Monitoring platform components such as operating systems software, hardware devices, or firmware.
kb-article: Platform monitoring consists of the analysis and monitoring of system level devices and low-level components, including hardware devices, to detect unauthorized modifications or suspicious activity. Monitored platform components includes system files and embedded devices such as: * Kernel software modules * Boot process code and load logic * Operating system components and device files * System libraries and dynamically loaded files * Hardware device drivers * Embedded firmware devices

Point-biserial Correlation Coefficient
type: Class
subclass of: Correlation
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-PBCC
definition: The point biserial correlation coefficient (rpb) is a correlation coefficient used when one variable (e.g. Y) is dichotomous; Y can either be "naturally" dichotomous, like whether a coin lands heads or tails, or an artificially dichotomized variable.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Point-biserial correlation coefficient. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-biserial_correlation_coefficient)

Point Estimation
type: Class
subclass of: Estimation
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-PE
definition: A point estimation is a single value that estimates the parameter. Point estimates are single values calculated from the sample
kb-article: ## References Pennsylvania State University. (n.d.). Statistical Inference and Estimation. [Link](https://online.stat.psu.edu/stat504/lesson/statistical-inference-and-estimation)

Pointer
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information
type: NamedIndividual
definition: In computer science, a pointer is a programming language object, whose value refers to (or "points to") another value stored elsewhere in the computer memory using its memory address. A pointer references a location in memory, and obtaining the value stored at that location is known as dereferencing the pointer. As an analogy, a page number in a book's index could be considered a pointer to the corresponding page; dereferencing such a pointer would be done by flipping to the page with the given page number.

Pointer Authentication
type: Class
subclass of: Application Hardening
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: authenticates
  some values from: Pointer
type: NamedIndividual
authenticates: Pointer
kb-reference: Reference-PointerAuthenticationOnARMv8.3
kb-reference: Reference-PointerAuthenticationProjectZero
d3fend-id: D3-PAN
definition: Comparing the cryptographic hash or derivative of a pointer's value to an expected value.
kb-article: ## How It Works Pointer Authentication (frequently referred to as PAC, although the technique is properly Pointer Authentication) is a security feature to provide protection against attackers with memory read/write access. A Pointer Authentication Code (PAC) is a cryptographic hash or derivative computed on the value of a pointer and some additional context information which can then provide a cryptographically strong guarantee about the likelihood that a pointer has been tampered with by an attacker. Although pointers are 64 bits, most systems have a substantially smaller virtual address space, leaving unused bits in pointers that can store the value of the PAC, this can be done to reduce memory space requirements. One implementation is in ARMv8.3-A. A PAC is computed over the 64-bit pointer value and a 64-bit context value. Instructions are introduced to deal with pointers: one category to compute and insert the PAC into a pointer, another category to verify the pointer and invalidate the pointer if the PAC does not check, and a third category to remove the pointer and restore the original value without verifying. The ARM standard specifies a cryptographic algorithm called QARMA-64 (designed by Qualcomm) to compute the signature, although this algorithm is not required. The architecture provides for five secret 128-bit Pointer Authentication keys: two for instruction pointers, two for data pointers, and a general key for signing larger blocks of data. ## Considerations In the ARM implementation, the mechanisms above for manipulating PACS are provided, but it is up to the code developer to manage the keys for the cryptographic algorithm. A known potential limitation of PACs concerns signing gadgets. Under certain circumstances PACs can be bypassed by forcing the system to run a signing gadget which will allow the signing of arbitrary pointers to occur.

Pointer Dereferencing Function
type: Class
subclass of: Subroutine
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: addresses
  some values from: Memory Block
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: addresses
  some values from: Pointer
type: NamedIndividual
addresses: Memory Block
addresses: Pointer
definition: A function which has an operation which dereferences a pointer.
comment: Note, this is not the actual code which performs the dereferencing operation internal to an application runtime.

Policy
type: Class
subclass of: Document

Policy Gradient
type: Class
subclass of: Model-free Reinforcement Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-PG
definition: The objective of a Reinforcement Learning Policy Gradient agent is to maximize the “expected” reward when following a policy
kb-article: ## References Policy Gradients in a Nutshell. Towards Data Science. [Link](https://towardsdatascience.com/policy-gradients-in-a-nutshell-8b72f9743c5d).

Policy Reference
type: Class
subclass of: Technique Reference
pref-label: Policy

Portfolio Assessment
type: Class
subclass of: Assessment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-evidence
  some values from: Capability Assessment

PowerShell Profile Script
type: Class
subclass of: User Init Script
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A PowerShell profile script is a script that runs when PowerShell starts and can be used as a logon script to customize user environments.

Predicate Logic
type: Class
subclass of: Symbolic AI
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-PL
definition: Predicate logic is is collection of formal systems used in mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science. First-order logic and Higher-order logic both incorporate predicate logic.
kb-article: ## References 1. First-order logic. (2023, May 26). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic) 2. Higher-order logic. (2023, May 13) [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher-order_logic)

Primary Storage
type: Class
subclass of: Hardware Device
subclass of: Storage
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Page Frame
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Process Segment
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Page Frame
contains: Process Segment
definition: Primary memory of a computer is memory that is wired directly to the processor, consisting of RAM and possibly ROM. These terms are used in contrast to mass storage devices and cache memory (although we may note that when a program accesses main memory, it is often actually interacting with a cache).

Principal Component Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Multivariate Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-PCA
definition: Principal components analysis (PCA) creates a new set of orthogonal variables that contain the same information as the original set. It rotates the axes of variation to give a new set of orthogonal axes, ordered so that they summarize decreasing proportions of the variation.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Multivariate statistics. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivariate_statistics)
synonym: PCA

Principal Components Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Dimension Reduction
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-PCA
definition: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a statistic-based method of identifying patterns in a large dataset while increasing interpretability and preserving information.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Principal component analysis. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_component_analysis)

Print Server
type: Class
subclass of: Server
definition: A print server, or printer server, is a device that connects printers to client computers over a network. It accepts print jobs from the computers and sends the jobs to the appropriate printers, queuing the jobs locally to accommodate the fact that work may arrive more quickly than the printer can actually handle.

Private Key
type: Class
subclass of: Asymmetric Key
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A private key can be used to decrypt messages encrypted using the corresponding public key, or used to sign a message that can be authenticated with the corresponding public key.

Privilege Escalation Technique
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Technique
subclass of: Offensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Privilege Escalation
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Privilege Escalation

Privileged User Account
type: Class
subclass of: User Account
definition: A privileged account is a user account that has more privileges than ordinary users. Privileged accounts might, for example, be able to install or remove software, upgrade the operating system, or modify system or application configurations. They might also have access to files that are not normally accessible to standard users. Typical examples are root and administrator accounts. But there also service accounts, system accounts, etc. Privileged accounts are especially powerful, and should be monitored especially closely.

Probabilistic Logic
type: Class
subclass of: Symbolic AI
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-PL
definition: Probabilistic logic extends traditional logic truth tables with probabilistic expressions.
kb-article: ## References 1. Probabilistic logic. (2023, June 5). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_logic)

Process
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Process Image
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: instructed-by
  some values from: Software
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-execute
  some values from: Thread
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: process-image-path
  some values from: Executable Binary
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: process-user
  some values from: User Account
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: uses
  some values from: Resource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: process-command-line-arguments
  some values from: string
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: process-environmental-variables
  some values from: string
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: process-identifier
  some values from: integer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: process-security-context
  some values from: string
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Process Image
instructed-by: Software
may-execute: Thread
process-image-path: Executable Binary
process-user: User Account
uses: Resource
definition: A process is an instance of a computer program that is being executed. It contains the program code and its current activity. Depending on the operating system (OS), a process may be made up of multiple threads of execution that execute instructions concurrently. A computer program is a passive collection of instructions, while a process is the actual execution of those instructions. Several processes may be associated with the same program; for example, opening up several instances of the same program often means more than one process is being executed.

Process Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Detect
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Detect
d3fend-id: D3-PA
definition: Process Analysis consists of observing a running application process and analyzing it to watch for certain behaviors or conditions which may indicate adversary activity. Analysis can occur inside of the process or through a third-party monitoring application. Examples include monitoring system and privileged calls, monitoring process initiation chains, and memory boundary allocations.

Process Code Segment
type: Class
subclass of: Process Segment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Subroutine
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: Process Segment
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Subroutine
may-contain: Process Segment
definition: A process code segment, also known as a text segment or simply as text, is a portion of the program's virtual address space that contains executable instructions and corresponds to the loaded image code segment. Includes additional sections such as an import table.
alternative label: Process Text Segment

Process Code Segment Verification
type: Class
subclass of: Process Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: verifies
  some values from: Process Code Segment
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Anti-tamper system with self-adjusting guards - ARXAN TECHNOLOGIES Inc
kb-reference: Reference - Guards for application in software tamperproofing - Purdue Research Foundation
kb-reference: Reference-SystemAndMethodForDetectingMalwareInjectedIntoMemoryOfAComputingDevice EndgameInc
kb-reference: Reference-SystemAndMethodForValidatingIn-memoryIntegrityOfExecutableFilesToIdentifyMaliciousActivity EndgameInc
kb-reference: Reference-TamperProofMutatingSoftware ARXANTECHNOLOGIESInc
kb-reference: Reference-ThreatDetectionThroughTheAccumulatedDetectionOfThreatCharacteristics SophosLtd
verifies: Process Code Segment
d3fend-id: D3-PCSV
definition: Comparing the "text" or "code" memory segments to a source of truth.
kb-article: ## How it works A process code segment is an executable portion of computer memory allocated to a particular process. Process Code Segment Verification implements verification to compare a process code segment to some expected value. ### Verification logic Verification can occur during application startup, or continuously during execution. The logic which verifies the process code may be separate in a third-party process, embedded in the application itself at compile time, or dynamically linked at runtime. ### System of record Examples of systems of record: * On-disk application binary files or checksums * Remotely stored binary data or checksums * Embedded binary data or checksums ### Post Verification Actions If the verification function determines a process code segment may have been altered, a capability may invoke Eviction techniques as **Process Termination** to end the current process, or **Executable Blacklisting** to prevent the executable from launching in the future. ## Considerations ### False positives False positives commonly occur in the case that the layout of code in the process segment is legitimately modified: * Operating system features or third-party security software may modify the layout of process code, for example in the defensive technique **Segment Address Offset Randomization**, or in the case that a module is rebased. In both of these cases, the alteration occurs before the code is fully loaded into memory, and it would be possible to avoid the false positive by securely feeding this constant offset and any relocation data into the verification logic. * Process code segments may be written to modify themselves or other process code segments; however, this goes against widely-accepted current practices in software development. ### False negatives False negatives can occur via alteration of the verification logic or source of truth, or insufficient verification logic. * Verification techniques which are executed only locally may be defeate…

Process Data Segment
type: Class
subclass of: Process Segment
definition: A process data segment, is a portion of the program's virtual address space that contains executable instructions and corresponds to the loaded image data segment.
see also: Image Data Segment

Process Environment Variable
type: Class
subclass of: Application Configuration
type: NamedIndividual
definition: An environment variable is a dynamic-named value that can affect the way running processes will behave on a computer. They are part of the environment in which a process runs.
alternative label: Environment Variable

Process Eviction
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Evict
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Evict
d3fend-id: D3-PE
definition: Process eviction techniques terminate or remove running process.

Process Image
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Process Segment
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Process Segment
definition: A process image is a copy of a given process's state at a given point in time. It is often used to create persistence within an otherwise volatile system.

Process Lineage Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Process Spawn Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Process Tree
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Process
analyzes: Process Tree
kb-reference: Reference - CAR-2014-11-008: Command Launched from WinLogon - MITRE
kb-reference: Reference - CAR-2014-11-003: Debuggers for Accessibility Applications - MITRE
kb-reference: Reference - CAR-2019-04-002: Generic Regsvr32 - MITRE
kb-reference: Reference - CAR-2014-11-002: Outlier Parents of Cmd - MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-ProcessesSpawningCmd.exe MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-QuickExecutionOfASeriesOfSuspiciousCommands MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-Reg.exeCalledFromCommandShell MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-RemotelyLaunchedExecutablesViaWMI MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-ServiceOutlierExecutables MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-ServiceSearchPathInterception MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-ServicesLaunchingCmd MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-SystemAndMethodsThereofForCausalityIdentificationAndAttributionsDeterminationOfProcessesInANetwork PaloAltoNetworksIncCyberSecdoLtd
kb-reference: Reference-SystemAndMethodsThereofForIdentificationOfSuspiciousSystemProcesses PaloAltoNetworksInc
kb-reference: Reference-UACBypass MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2020-11-002:LocalNetworkSniffing MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2020-11-004:ProcessesStartedFromIrregularParent MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2021-02-002:GetSystemElevation MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2021-05-003:BCDEditFailureRecoveryModification MITRE
d3fend-id: D3-PLA
definition: Identification of suspicious processes executing on an end-point device by examining the ancestry and siblings of a process, and the associated metadata of each node on the tree, such as process execution, duration, and order relative to siblings and ancestors.
kb-article: ## How it works Process tree analysis techniques gather information on how a process was initiated to determine if a process is malicious. For example, if a process was not initiated from boot or not initiated by another process, that process is identified as suspicious. Also, if a new process was started before a process initiated by the device (ex. during boot) and that new process was not initiated by a user (which can be determined by examining process parameters such as type of process, its creator, source, etc.) the process is identified as suspicious. For example, Microsoft Word may block execution of any subprocess that is not in an approved path. ## Considerations * Attackers may spoof the parent PID (https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1502/), rendering such after-the-fact analysis on process lineage ineffective. * Processes may hide from various means of detection; an example on Linux is where a rootkit might remove key files for the process from its directory in /proc. * Zombie processes.
synonym: Process Tree Analysis

Process Segment
type: Class
subclass of: Binary Segment
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Process segments are distinct partitions of the memory space of a running process. Heap, data, code, and stack segments are examples of process segments.
synonym: Process Memory

Process Segment Execution Prevention
type: Class
subclass of: Application Hardening
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: neutralizes
  some values from: Process Segment
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Mitigate threats by using Windows 10 security features: Data Execution Prevention - Microsoft
kb-reference: Reference-WhatIsNX XDFeature RedHat
neutralizes: Process Segment
d3fend-id: D3-PSEP
definition: Preventing execution of any address in a memory region other than the code segment.
kb-article: ## How it works During execution of a process, the instruction pointer register should only point to addresses in a code segment (also called the .text segment), as this is the sole segment which should contain program code. When this technique detects an attempt to execute something that has been designated as non-executable, other techniques such as those in **Process Eviction** might be invoked, such as **Process Termination** to end the current process, or **Executable Blacklisting** to blacklist the potentially vulnerable or malfunctioning executable. ### Software-based implementations The software-based implementation in Windows XP SP2 might not check that every time the instruction pointer is changed, and does not check on each jump or return. Before calling an exception handler, Windows XP SP2 software-enforced DEP checks whether the exception handler is located in a memory region marked as executable. If the program was also built with SafeSEH, this implementation also checks before changing control to the exception handler whether it is a registered exception handler in the program's file on disk. ### Hardware-based implementations The NX (No Execute) or XD (Execute Disable) bit on the processor specifies whether a certain part of memory is executable. Early implementations set this bit by the memory segment, while modern implementations which are built on the flat memory model often store this bit in each entry of the page table, to control execution by the page. ## Considerations Non-hardware process data segment execution prevention is more susceptible to being able to be turned off for a page of memory. Different implementations of this defense have been in place since the 1980s, but implementation stalled when larger 16-bit programs began stuffing code in the segments usually reserved for data. Many modern programs follow the best practice of separation of code and data, are able to run under this defense. ROP or ret2libc/return-to-function attacks co…
synonym: Execute Disable
synonym: No Execute

Process Self-Modification Detection
type: Class
subclass of: Process Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Process
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Process
kb-reference: Reference-SystemAndMethodForProcessHollowingDetection CarbonBlackInc
d3fend-id: D3-PSMD
definition: Detects processes that modify, change, or replace their own code at runtime.
kb-article: ## How it Works A security agent installed on the host machine intercepts API calls between a process and operating system. Intercepted API calls are then compared against attack signatures/patterns to identify API calls that modify executable memory or modify the entry point address of a suspended child process. Attack patterns include: * Executable code of a suspended child process removed from memory by one or more API calls. * New executable code injected and / or loaded into memory of a suspended child process by one or more API calls. * Executable code modified by one or more API calls. * Next instruction pointer value in memory modified by one or more API calls. ## Considerations Comparing loaded code segments of processes with what is expected to have been loaded from a file can result in false positives, due to legitimate uses of self-modification for decrypting or uncompressing code segments.

Process Spawn Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Process Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Create Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Process
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Create Process
analyzes: Process
kb-reference: Reference - CAR-2019-08-002: Active Directory Dumping via NTDSUtil - MITRE
kb-reference: Reference - CAR-2013-07-005: Command Line Usage of Archiving Software - MITRE
kb-reference: Reference - CAR-2016-03-002: Create Remote Process via WMIC - MITRE
kb-reference: Reference - CAR-2019-04-004: Credential Dumping via Mimikatz - MITRE
kb-reference: Reference - CAR-2016-03-001: Host Discovery Commands - MITRE
kb-reference: Reference - CAR-2019-07-002: Lsass Process Dump via Procdump - MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-PowershellExecution MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-RunDLL32.exeMonitoring MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-Squiblydoo MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-SuspiciousArguments MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-SuspiciousRunLocations MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2020-04-001:ShadowCopyDeletion MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2020-05-003:RareLolBASCommandLines MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2020-08-001:NTFSAlternateDataStreamExecution-SystemUtilities MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2020-09-003:IndicatorBlocking-DriverUnloaded MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2020-09-004:CredentialsInFiles&Registry MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2020-11-001:BootOrLogonInitializationScripts MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2020-11-003:DLLInjectionWithMavinject MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2020-11-005:ClearPowershellConsoleCommandHistory MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2020-11-006:LocalPermissionGroupDiscovery MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2020-11-007:NetworkShareConnectionRemoval MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2020-11-008:MSBuildAndMsxsl MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2020-11-009:CompiledHTMLAccess MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2021-01-002:UnusuallyLongCommandLineStrings MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2021-01-003:ClearingWindowsLogsWithWevtutil MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2021-01-004:UnusualChildProcessForSpoolsv.ExeOrConnhost.Exe MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2021-01-006:UnusualChildProcessSpawnedUsingDDEExploit MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2021-01-007:DetectingTamperingOfWindowsDefenderCommandPrompt MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2021-01-008:DisableUAC MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2021-01-009:DetectingShadowCopyDeletionViaVssadmin.exe MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2021-02-001:Webshell-IndicativeProcessTree MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2021-04-001:CommonWindowsProcessMasquerading MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2021-05-001:AttemptToAddCertificateToUntrustedStore MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2021-05-002:BatchFileWriteToSystem32 MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2021-05-003:BCDEditFailureRecoveryModification MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2021-05-004:BITSJobPersistence MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2021-05-005:BITSAdminDownloadFile MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2021-05-006:CertUtilDownloadWithURLCacheAndSplitArguments MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2021-05-007:CertUtilDownloadWithVerifyCtlAndSplitArguments MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2021-05-008:CertutilExeCertificateExtraction MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2021-05-009:CertUtilWithDecodeArgument MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2021-05-010:CreateLocalAdminAccountsUsingNetExe MITRE
d3fend-id: D3-PSA
definition: Analyzing spawn arguments or attributes of a process to detect processes that are unauthorized.
kb-article: ## How it works Process attributes are established when an operating system spawns a new process. These attributes are analyzed to look for the presence or absence of specific values or patterns. Some attributes of interest are: - user - process name - image path - security content ## Considerations - Attackers can spoof the parent process identifier (PPID), which could bypass this defense to allow execution of a malicious process from an arbitrary parent process. - Attackers could have legitimately compromised any of the process properties, such as the user, to make the execution appear legitimate. - Location: If the full image path is not checked, there could be a conflict with an executable that appears earlier due to resolution involving the system environment path/classpath variable. - Parsing issues: If the raw command from a shell is analyzed, rather than the actual function call, it is important to identify the actual command being run from its arguments. In Windows, services with unquoted file paths containing spaces will try to use the first token as the executable and the rest as arguments -- and shift tokens to the executable until a valid one is found. - Some [operating systems](/dao/artifact/d3f:OperatingSystem) can spawn processes without forking.

Process Start Function
type: Class
subclass of: Subroutine
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Create Process
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Create Process
definition: A function creates a new computer process, usually by invoking a create process system call.

Process Suspension
type: Class
subclass of: Process Eviction
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: suspends
  some values from: Process
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference-PsSuspend
suspends: Process
d3fend-id: D3-PS
definition: Suspending a running process on a computer system.
kb-article: ## How it works A running process might be suspended to mitigate its immediate effects if it is exhibiting anomalous, unauthorized, or malicious behavior. Defenders may choose to suspend rather than terminate to analyze the process first and resume the process if deemed benign. ### System-provided functions #### Windows tools In Windows, the `PsSuspend` command line utility from the SysInternals Suite provides functionality to suspend processes on a local or remote system.

Process Termination
type: Class
subclass of: Process Eviction
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: terminates
  some values from: Process
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Instant process termination tool to recover control of an information handling system - Dell Products LP
kb-reference: Reference - Malware detection using local computational models - Crowdstrike Inc
terminates: Process
d3fend-id: D3-PT
definition: Terminating a running application process on a computer system.
kb-article: ## How it works Processes are managed by the operating system kernel. Different operating system kernels manage the creation and termination of processes in a different manner, and expose this functionality via the kernel API. A running process might be terminated to mitigate its immediate effects if it is exhibiting anomalous, unauthorized, or malicious behavior; such as after detecting anomalous behavior via Administrative Network Activity Analysis, after a failed check from Stack Frame Canary Validation, or after System Call Analysis finds an attempt to execute an unauthorized system call. ### Proprietary technology Security software might use proprietary technology to terminate processes, instead of the system-provided functions. Further research may provide specific detail on such methods used. ### System-provided functions #### Windows tools In Windows, `ExitProcess()` is used to send a signal to a process to request it to exit, and `TerminateProcess()` is used to force a process to exit. The `taskkill` executable available in the cmd shell is used to kill a process, with the `/F` switch forcing termination as with `TerminateProcess()`. In PowerShell, `Stop-Process` is used, which is aliased by default to `spps` and `kill`. Processes started in the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) environment may be terminated there with the `kill` command. In some cases, existing drivers can also be leveraged to kill processes. #### Unix/Linux tools In Unix-like systems, all process termination requests are handled using signals. The `kill` function takes the Process ID and signal to send, and is accessible with the `kill` command. Some shells have a `kill` builtin function which is separate than the `kill` binary, which can also kill background jobs in the shell and additionally perform the function faster, and can run from an existing instance of the shell if the process table is full. The signal SIGTERM specifies that the process to terminate may invoke a handler that it …

Process Tree
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Process
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Process
definition: A process tree is a tree structure representation of parent-child relationships established via process spawn operations.
see also: Process Spawn

Processor
type: Class
subclass of: Hardware Device
synonym: Computer Processor

Processor Component
type: Class
subclass of: Hardware Device

Processor Register
type: Class
subclass of: Primary Storage
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contained-by
  some values from: Central Processing Unit
type: NamedIndividual
contained-by: Central Processing Unit
definition: A processor register is a quickly accessible location available to a computer's processor. Registers usually consist of a small amount of fast storage, although some registers have specific hardware functions, and may be read-only or write-only.

Product
type: Class
subclass of: Capability Implementation

Product Developer
type: Class
subclass of: Provider
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Product

Progressively Growing GAN
type: Class
subclass of: Image Synthesis GAN
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-PGG
definition: Progressive Growing GAN (ProGAN) is an extension to the GAN training process that allows for the stable training of generator models that can output large high-quality images.
kb-article: ## References Machine Learning Mastery. (n.d.). Introduction to Progressive Growing Generative Adversarial Networks. [Link](https://machinelearningmastery.com/introduction-to-progressive-growing-generative-adversarial-networks/)
synonym: ProGAN

Projected Clustering
type: Class
subclass of: High-dimension Clustering
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-PC
definition: Projected clustering is a dimension reduction subspace clustering method.
kb-article: ## References GeeksforGeeks. (n.d.). Projected Clustering in Data Analytics. [Link](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/projected-clustering-in-data-analytics/)

Projection-based Clustering
type: Class
subclass of: High-dimension Clustering
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-PBC
definition: Projection Based Clustering is a clustering framework based on a chosen projection method and projection method a parameter-free high-dimensional data visualization technique.
kb-article: ## References R Core Team. (2021). ProjectionBasedClustering: Projection Based Clustering. [Link](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ProjectionBasedClustering/ProjectionBasedClustering.pdf) Lai, J. H., Liu, Y., & Wu, W. (2017). Projection Based Clustering. [Link](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319006501_Projection_Based_Clustering)

Prolog
type: Class
subclass of: Logic Programming
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-PRO
definition: Prolog has its roots in first-order logic, a formal logic, and unlike many other programming languages.
kb-article: ## How it works Prolog is intended primarily as a declarative programming language: the program logic is expressed in terms of relations, represented as facts and rules. A computation is initiated by running a query over these relations. ## References 1. Prolog. (2023, April 5). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolog)

Property List File
type: Class
subclass of: Configuration File
type: NamedIndividual
definition: In the OS X, iOS, NeXTSTEP, and GNUstep programming frameworks, property list files are files that store serialized objects. Property list files use the filename extension .plist, and thus are often referred to as p-list files. Property list files are often used to store a user's settings. They are also used to store information about bundles and applications, a task served by the resource fork in the old Mac OS.
alternative label: Plist File

Proposition
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Catalog Thing

Propositional Logic
type: Class
subclass of: Symbolic AI
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-PL
definition: Propositional logic deals with statements (i.e., propositions, which can be true or false) and relations between propositions, including the construction of arguments based on them.
kb-article: ## How it works Compound propositions are formed by connecting propositions by logical connectives. Propositions that contain no logical connectives are called atomic propositions. ## References 1. Propositional Calculus. (2022, May 31). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositional_calculus)
synonym: Propositional Calculus

Proprietary License
type: Class
subclass of: License

Protocol Metadata Anomaly Detection
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Network Traffic
kb-reference: Reference - Method and system for detecting threats using metadata vectors - VECTRA NETWORKS Inc
kb-reference: Reference - Method and system for detecting threats using passive cluster mapping - Vectra Networks Inc
kb-reference: Reference-SystemForImplementingThreatDetectionUsingDailyNetworkTrafficCommunityOutliers VECTRANETWORKSInc
d3fend-id: D3-PMAD
definition: Collecting network communication protocol metadata and identifying statistical outliers.
kb-article: ## How it works Network protocol metadata is first collected and processed in real-time or post-facto. Metadata may include packet header information or information about a session (ex. time between requests/responses). Metadata is then grouped based on shared characteristics and those groups are compared to each other. If particular metadata differs significantly from other data, an alert is generated, identifying the network event as anomalous. Anomalous activity may indicate unauthorized activity. ## Considerations Metadata collection on enterprises can yield large data sets. Storage, indexing, querying, and aging should be considered prior to implementation.

Provider
type: Class
subclass of: Organization
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Capability Implementation

Proxy Server
type: Class
subclass of: Network Node
subclass of: Server
definition: In computer networking, a proxy server is a server application or appliance that acts as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources from servers that provide those resources. A proxy server thus functions on behalf of the client when requesting service, potentially masking the true origin of the request to the resource server.

Public Key
type: Class
subclass of: Asymmetric Key
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A public key can be disseminated widely as part of an asymmetric cryptography framework and be used to encrypt messages to send to the public key's owner or to authenticate signed messages from that sender.

Python Package
type: Class
subclass of: Software Package
definition: A Python package is an aggregation of many Python files - either in source code or in bytecode - and associated metadata and resources (text, images, etc.). Python packages can be distributed in different file formats.

Python Script File
type: Class
subclass of: Executable Script

Q-Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Model-free Reinforcement Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-QL
definition: Q-learning is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm to learn the value of an action in a particular state. It does not require a model of the environment (hence "model-free"), and it can handle problems with stochastic transitions and rewards without requiring adaptations.
kb-article: ## References Q-learning. Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-learning).

Query By Committee
type: Class
subclass of: Active Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-QBC
definition: Query by Committee (QBC) takes inspiration from ensemble methods. Instead of just one classifier, it takes into account the decision of a committee C=ℎ1,…,ℎc of classifiers ℎi. Each classifier has the same target classes, but a different underlying model or a different view on the data.
kb-article: ## References Intro to Active Learning. inovex Blog. [Link](https://www.inovex.de/de/blog/intro-to-active-learning/).

RAM
type: Class
subclass of: Primary Storage
definition: Random-access memory (RAM) is a form of computer memory that can be read and changed in any order, typically used to store working data and machine code.
synonym: Random-access Memory

RDP Session
type: Class
subclass of: Remote Session
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) session is a session established using the RDP protocol to access Remove Desktop Services (RDS).
alternative label: Remote Desktop Session
alternative label: Terminal Services

RF Node
type: Class
subclass of: Network Node

RF Receiver
type: Class
subclass of: RF Node

RF Shielding
type: Class
subclass of: Platform Hardening
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference-PrivacyAndSecuritySystemsAndMethodsOfUse
kb-reference: Reference-Technical Specifications for Construction and Management of Sensitive Compartmented Information Facilities
d3fend-id: D3-RFS
definition: Adding physical barriers to a platform to prevent undesired radio interference.

RF Transceiver
type: Class
subclass of: RF Node

RF Transmitter
type: Class
subclass of: RF Node

ROM
type: Class
subclass of: Primary Storage
definition: Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM cannot be electronically modified after the manufacture of the memory device. Read-only memory is useful for storing software that is rarely changed during the life of the system, also known as firmware.
synonym: Read-only Memory

RPC Network Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
definition: RPC network traffic is network traffic related to remote procedure calls between network nodes..This includes only network traffic conforming to a standard RPC protocol; not custom protocols.

RPC Traffic Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: RPC Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: RPC Network Traffic
kb-reference: Reference - CAR-2014-11-007: Remote Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) over RPC - MITRE
kb-reference: Reference - CAR-2016-03-002: Create Remote Process via WMIC - MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-RPCCallInterception CrowdstrikeInc
kb-reference: Reference-RemotelyLaunchedExecutablesViaServices MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-RemotelyLaunchedExecutablesViaWMI MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-RemotelyScheduledTasksViaSchtasks MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-SMBWriteRequest-NamedPipes MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2014-05-001:RPCActivity MITRE
d3fend-id: D3-RTA
definition: Monitoring the activity of remote procedure calls in communication traffic to establish standard protocol operations and potential attacker activities.
kb-article: ## How it works A remote procedure call (RPC) enables one computer to execute a specific function on another computer, as if it were a local application process. There are numerous RPC specifications and implementations. RPC capabilities can be abused by attackers in order to achieve a variety of tactical objectives including execution, persistence, initial access, and more. RPC proxies may be used to collect and store RPC traffic. RPCs can occur over network sockets or named pipes. Analytics look for unauthorized behavior such as: * Processes being launched or scheduled remotely * System configurations being changed remotely * Unauthorized file read activity Example RPC Protocols: * DCE/RPC * CORBA * Open Network Computing Remote Procedure Call * D-Bus * XML-RPC * JSON-RPC * SOAP * Apache Thrift ## Considerations * RPC is widely used in enterprise environments, and significant data filtering may be required in large environments to enable analytic processing. * RPC traffic may occur over a pipe, or within a host over loopback interface, thus making network collection difficult.
synonym: RPC Protocol Analysis

Radio Modem
type: Class
subclass of: Modem
definition: A radio modem provides the means to send digital data wirelessly. Radio modems are used to communicate by direct broadcast satellite, WiFi, WiMax, mobile phones, GPS, Bluetooth and NFC. Modern telecommunications and data networks also make extensive use of radio modems where long distance data links are required. Such systems are an important part of the PSTN, and are also in common use for high-speed computer network links to outlying areas where fiber optic is not economical.

Random Forest
type: Class
subclass of: Bootstrap Aggregating
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-RF
definition: Random Forest is a ML method that combines several other ML methods. At its core, Random Forest is an ensemble method of multiple bootstrapped decision trees filled with training data and random feature selection.
kb-article: ## References Random forest. Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_forest).

Random Splits
type: Class
subclass of: Resampling Ensemble
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-RS
definition: The dataset is repeatedly sampled with a random split of the data into train and test sets.
kb-article: ## References How to Create a Random Split Cross-Validation and Bagging Ensemble for Deep Learning in Keras."*Machine Learning Mastery*. [Link](https://machinelearningmastery.com/how-to-create-a-random-split-cross-validation-and-bagging-ensemble-for-deep-learning-in-keras/).

Range
type: Class
subclass of: Variability
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-RAN
definition: The range of a set of data is the difference between the largest and smallest value.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Range (statistics). [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_(statistics))

Range Matching
type: Class
subclass of: Numeric Pattern Matching
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-RM
definition: Numeric Range Matching determines if a value lies with an interval of values (i.e., within the range of values.)

Rank Correlation
type: Class
subclass of: Correlation
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-RC
definition: A rank correlation is any of several statistics that measure an ordinal association-the relationship between rankings of different ordinal variables or different rankings of the same variable, where a "ranking" is the assignment of the ordering labels "first", "second", "third", etc. to different observations of a particular variable.
kb-article: Wikipedia. (n.d.). Rank correlation. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_correlation)

Raw Memory Access Function
type: Class
subclass of: Subroutine
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Memory Block
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Memory Block
definition: A function which accesses raw memory, usually using memory addresses.

Read File
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: reads
  some values from: File
type: NamedIndividual
reads: File
definition: A program that needs to access data from a file stored in a file system uses the read system call. The file is identified by a file descriptor that is normally obtained from a previous call to open. This system call reads in data in bytes, the number of which is specified by the caller, from the file and stores then into a buffer supplied by the calling process.

Read Memory
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: reads
  some values from: Memory Block
type: NamedIndividual
reads: Memory Block

Reconnaissance Technique
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Technique
subclass of: Offensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Reconnaissance
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Reconnaissance

Record
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
type: NamedIndividual
definition: In computer science, a record (also called struct or compound data) is a basic data structure. A record is a collection of fields, possibly of different data types, typically in fixed number and sequence . The fields of a record may also be called members, particularly in object-oriented programming. Fields may also be called elements, though these risk confusion with the elements of a collection. A tuple may or may not be considered a record, and vice versa, depending on conventions and the specific programming language.

Recurrent Neural Network
type: Class
subclass of: Deep Neural Network Classification
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-RNN
definition: Recurrent Nerual Networks (RNN) are a class of artificial neural networks where connections between nodes can create a cycle, allowing output from some nodes to affect subsequent input to the same nodes. This allows it to exhibit temporal dynamic behavior.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (2021, September 7). Recurrent Neural Network. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurrent_neural_network)

Reference
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Thing

Reference Type
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Thing

Regex Matching
type: Class
subclass of: Partial Matching
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-RM
definition: Regular expression matching is type of partial string matching using a regular expression, which is a sequence of characters that specifies a match pattern in text.
kb-article: ## How it works A regular expression (shortened as regex or regexp) is a sequence of characters that specifies a match pattern in text. Usually such patterns are used by string-searching algorithms for "find" or "find and replace" operations on strings, or for input validation. ## Key Test Considerations - **External review of regular expressions**: Regular expressions used in rules should be reviewed by a independent developer SME. Regex testing and visualization tools may be used to aid this review. Back-tests for failure modes identified during the review shoud be developed. Regular expressions are easy to get wrong and may appear to work on limited tests; small mistakes can lead to unintended misses and matches.] - **Processing Performance Review**: Review of resource-intensive rules may be necessary if system performance degraded. Look for cases of “exponential backtracking” Some regexes are computationally expensive. ## References 1. Regular expression. (2023, June 1). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression). 2. String-searching algorithm. (2023, April 8). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String-searching_algorithm).
synonym: Regex
synonym: Regexp

Regression Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Statistical Method
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-RA
definition: Regression analysis is a set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships between a dependent variable (often called the 'outcome' or 'response' variable, or a 'label' in machine learning parlance) and one or more independent variables (often called 'predictors', 'covariates', 'explanatory variables' or 'features').
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Regression analysis. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression_analysis)

Regression Analysis Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Supervised Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-RAL
definition: Regression is used to understand the relationship between dependent and independent variables which is then used to make projections, such as for sales revenue for a given business.
kb-article: ## References Supervised Learning. IBM. [Link](https://www.ibm.com/topics/supervised-learning).

Reinforcement Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Machine Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-RL
definition: Reinforcement Learning is a subjugate technique of machine learning that uses feedback to reinforce good or valid rules and lessen the reliance of bad or ineffective rules
kb-article: ## References Reinforcement learning. Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement_learning).

Reissue Credential
type: Class
subclass of: Restore Object
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: restores
  some values from: Credential
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Cybersecurity Incident and Vulnerability Response Playbooks
restores: Credential
d3fend-id: D3-RIC
definition: Issue a new credential to a user which supercedes their old credential.

Relational-based Transfer Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Homogenous Transfer Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-RBTL
definition: Relational-based Transfer Learning is a subfield of machine learning where knowledge and patterns learned from one domain, characterized by relational and structured data, are transferred to enhance the learning of another related domain. This approach leverages shared concepts, relations, and structures across domains, taking advantage of the rich semantic knowledge within relational data to improve learning performance in the target task.
kb-article: ## References V7 Labs. (n.d.). Transfer Learning Guide. [Link](https://www.v7labs.com/blog/transfer-learning-guide#:~:text=Relational%2Dbased%20transfer%20learning%20approaches,domain%20to%20the%20target%20domain).

Relay Pattern Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
kb-reference: Reference - Malicious relay detection on networks - VECTRA NETWORKS Inc
d3fend-id: D3-RPA
definition: The detection of an internal host relaying traffic between the internal network and the external network.
kb-article: ## How it works A relay may use a variety of proxying, forwarding, or routing technologies to bridge a protected network with an external network. A defensive analytic to detect a relay network may compare the network sessions among multiple hosts. Hosts which have nearly similar network statistics may be part of a relay network. The statistics may include number of bytes sent to and from, time of session initiation, packet size, or packet arrival time data. ## Considerations Complex intranet VPNs or routing encapsulation may affect the detection analytics. In addition, unwanted packets might not be forwarded, and additional packets may be added at the relay, further complicating detection.
synonym: Relay Network Detection

Remote Authentication Service
type: Class
subclass of: Authentication Service
subclass of: Network Service
definition: A remote authentication service provides for the authentication of a user across a network (i.e., remotely).

Remote Authorization Service
type: Class
subclass of: Authorization Service
definition: A remote authorization service provides for the authorization of a user across a network (i.e., remotely).

Remote Command
type: Class
subclass of: Command
subclass of: Network Session
definition: A remote command is a command sent from one computer to another to be executed on the remote computer. One example of this, is through a command-line interface (CLI) like using Invoke-Command from PowerShell or a command sent through an ssh session. This class generalizes to all means of sending a command through an established protocol to control capabilities on a remote computer.

Remote Database Query
type: Class
subclass of: Database Query
subclass of: Remote Command
definition: A remote query session enabling a user to make an SQL, SPARQL, or similar query over the network from one host to another.

Remote Procedure Call
type: Class
subclass of: Remote Command
definition: In distributed computing a remote procedure call (RPC) is when a computer program causes a procedure (subroutine) to execute in another address space (commonly on another computer on a shared network), which is coded as if it were a normal (local) procedure call, without the programmer explicitly coding the details for the remote interaction. That is, the programmer writes essentially the same code whether the subroutine is local to the executing program, or remote. This is a form of client-server interaction (caller is client, executor is server), typically implemented via a request-response message-passing system. The object-oriented programming analog is remote method invocation (RMI). The RPC model implies a level of location transparency.

Remote Resource
type: Class
subclass of: Resource
definition: In computing, a remote resource is a computer resource made available from one host to other hosts on a computer network. It is a device or piece of information on a computer that can be remotely accessed from another computer, typically via a local area network or an enterprise intranet.

Remote Session
type: Class
subclass of: Login Session
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A remote login session is a login session where a client has logged in from their local host machine to a server via a network.

Remote Terminal Session
type: Class
subclass of: Network Session
definition: A remote terminal session is a session that provides a user access from one host to another host via a terminal.

Remote Terminal Session Detection
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Network Traffic
kb-reference: Reference - Method and system for detecting external control of compromised hosts - VECTRA NETWORKS Inc
kb-reference: Reference-RDPConnectionDetection MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-RemoteDesktopLogon MITRE
d3fend-id: D3-RTSD
definition: Detection of an unauthorized remote live terminal console session by examining network traffic to a network host.
kb-article: ## How it works An external attacker takes remote control of a host inside a company or organization's network and manually directs offensive techniques. Nonstandard terminal sessions and abnormal behaviors are analyzed in this technique. Abnormal behavior detection includes analysis of user input patterns in the real-time session, keyboard output and packet inspection. ### Network Traffic Inspection Network traffic from internal hosts is the main concern and focus for the traffic inspection. The network traffic is collected into inspection groups. The groups of traffic are assembled into distinct pair flows (outbound/inbound) and the pair flows are further divided into sessions. Only sessions originated inside of the network are considered for the inspection. Traffic inspection includes analysis to determine if a human is involved in the session exchanges. Time-based statistics are captured for each session being analyzed by the detection engine. ### Algorithm Analysis Description Analysis algorithms look for patterns in the network traffic captured from the session data. A detection engine groups the session traffic data, between the hosts, into rapid exchange instances. Analysis of rapid exchange traffic patterns can lead to the discovery of abnormal behavior which is indicative of a compromised internal host. The analysis algorithms look for patterns in the traffic which correlate to known activity (e.g., relay attacks, bot activity, bitcoin mining). Some metrics used during inspection include the following. * Number of rapid-exchange instances * Time interval between packets * Fixed cadence of traffic * Rhythm and direction of the initiation of instances * Volume of data flowing from internal to external controlling host * Data transfer characteristics * Variability in length of silent periods ## Considerations * Full packet capture is required which can be process intensive to analyze * Attackers that move low and slow may blend in with existing traffic result…

Removable Media Device
type: Class
subclass of: Hardware Device
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A removable media device is a hardware device used for computer storage and that is designed to be inserted and removed from the system. It is distinct from other removable media in that all the hardware required to read the data are built into the device. So USB flash drives and external hard drives are removable media devices, whereas tapes and disks are not, as they require additional hardware to perform read/write operations.

Resampling Ensemble
type: Class
subclass of: Ensemble Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-RE
definition: In the method, the small classes are oversampled and large classes are undersampled. The resampling scale is determined by the ratio of the min class number and max class number. And multiple machine learning methods are selected to construct the ensemble
kb-article: ## References Ensemble learning. Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_learning). Torgo, L. (2014). A resampling ensemble algorithm for improved accuracy. *Neurocomputing*, 134, 55-66. [Link](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925231214007644#:~:text=A%20resampling%20ensemble%20algorithm%20is,and%20undersampling%20are%20empirically%20analyzed).

Residual Neural Network
type: Class
subclass of: Convolutional Neural Network
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-RNN
definition: A residual neural network (ResNet) is an artificial neural network (ANN). It is a gateless or open-gated variant of the HighwayNet, the first working very deep feedforward neural network with hundreds of layers, much deeper than previous neural networks.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia contributors. (2021, August 23). Residual neural network. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual_neural_network)

Resource
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
type: NamedIndividual
definition: In computing, a system resource, or simply resource, is any physical or virtual component of limited availability within a computer system. Every device connected to a computer system is a resource. Every internal system component is a resource. Virtual system resources include files (concretely file handles), network connections (concretely network sockets), and memory areas. Managing resources is referred to as resource management, and includes both preventing resource leaks (releasing a resource when a process has finished using it) and dealing with resource contention (when multiple processes wish to access a limited resource).

Resource Access
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Event
subclass of: User Action
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Ephemeral digital artifact comprising a request of a resource and any response from that resource.

Resource Access Pattern Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: User Behavior Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Authentication
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Authorization
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Authentication
analyzes: Authorization
kb-reference: Reference - Host intrusion prevention system using software and user behavior analysis - Sophos Ltd
kb-reference: Reference - Method and Apparatus for Network Fraud Detection and Remediation Through Analytics - Idaptive LLC
kb-reference: Reference - Modeling user access to computer resources - Daedalus Group LLC (formerly IBM)
kb-reference: Reference-SystemAndMethodThereofForIdentifyingAndRespondingToSecurityIncidentsBasedOnPreemptiveForensics PaloAltoNetworksInc
kb-reference: Reference-System,Method,AndComputerProgramProductForDetectingAndAssessingSecurityRisksInANetwork ExabeamInc
d3fend-id: D3-RAPA
definition: Analyzing the resources accessed by a user to identify unauthorized activity.
kb-article: ## How it works This technique analyzes a user's resource accesses by comparing the user's recent activity against a baseline activity model. Major differences between the current activity and the baseline model might indicate unauthorized activity if they are severe enough. ## Considerations * Potential for false positives from anomalies that are not associated with malicious activity. * Attackers that move low and slow may not differentiate their resource access activity behavior enough to trigger an alert.

Resource Development Technique
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Technique
subclass of: Offensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Resource Development
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Resource Development

Resource Fork
type: Class
subclass of: File Section
type: NamedIndividual
definition: The resource fork is a fork or section of a file on Apple's classic Mac OS operating system, which was also carried over to the modern macOS for compatibility, used to store structured data along with the unstructured data stored within the data fork.

Restore
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Tactic
type: NamedIndividual
definition: The restore tactic is used to return the system to a better state.
display-order: 5
display-priority: 0

Restore Access
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Restore
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Restore
kb-reference: Reference - Cybersecurity Incident and Vulnerability Response Playbooks
d3fend-id: D3-RA
definition: Restoring an entity's access to resources.

Restore Configuration
type: Class
subclass of: Restore Object
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: restores
  some values from: Configuration Resource
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Cybersecurity Incident and Vulnerability Response Playbooks
restores: Configuration Resource
d3fend-id: D3-RC
definition: Restoring an software configuration.

Restore Database
type: Class
subclass of: Restore Object
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: restores
  some values from: Database
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Cybersecurity Incident and Vulnerability Response Playbooks
restores: Database
d3fend-id: D3-RD
definition: Restoring the data in a database.

Restore Disk Image
type: Class
subclass of: Restore Object
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Cybersecurity Incident and Vulnerability Response Playbooks
d3fend-id: D3-RDI
definition: Restoring a previously captured disk image a hard drive.

Restore Email
type: Class
subclass of: Restore File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: restores
  some values from: Email
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Cybersecurity Incident and Vulnerability Response Playbooks
restores: Email
d3fend-id: D3-RE
definition: Restoring an email for an entity to access.

Restore File
type: Class
subclass of: Restore Object
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: restores
  some values from: File
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Cybersecurity Incident and Vulnerability Response Playbooks
restores: File
d3fend-id: D3-RF
definition: Restoring a file for an entity to access.

Restore Network Access
type: Class
subclass of: Restore Access
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: restores
  some values from: Host
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Cybersecurity Incident and Vulnerability Response Playbooks
restores: Host
d3fend-id: D3-RNA
definition: Restoring a entity's access to a computer network.

Restore Object
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Restore
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Restore
d3fend-id: D3-RO
definition: Restoring an object for an entity to access. This is the broadest class for object restoral.

Restore Software
type: Class
subclass of: Restore Object
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: restores
  some values from: Software
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Cybersecurity Incident and Vulnerability Response Playbooks
restores: Software
d3fend-id: D3-RS
definition: Restoring software to a host.

Restore User Account Access
type: Class
subclass of: Restore Access
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: restores
  some values from: User Account
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Cybersecurity Incident and Vulnerability Response Playbooks
restores: User Account
d3fend-id: D3-RUAA
definition: Restoring a user account's access to resources.

Resume Process
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: resumes
  some values from: Process
type: NamedIndividual
resumes: Process

Resume Thread
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: resumes
  some values from: Thread
type: NamedIndividual
resumes: Thread

Reverse Proxy Server
type: Class
subclass of: Proxy Server
definition: In computer networks, a reverse proxy is a type of proxy server that retrieves resources on behalf of a client from one or more servers. These resources are then returned to the client, appearing as if they originated from the proxy server itself. Unlike a forward proxy, which is an intermediary for its associated clients to contact any server, a reverse proxy is an intermediary for its associated servers to be contacted by any client. In other words, a proxy acts on behalf of the client(s), while a reverse proxy acts on behalf of the server(s); a reverse proxy is usually an internal-facing proxy used as a 'front-end' to control and protect access to a server on a private network.

Reverse Resolution Domain Denylisting
type: Class
subclass of: DNS Denylisting
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: blocks
  some values from: Inbound Internet DNS Response Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
blocks: Inbound Internet DNS Response Traffic
d3fend-id: D3-RRDD
definition: Blocking a reverse DNS lookup's answer's domain name value.
kb-article: ## How it works In reverse resolution requests, the client sends to a nameserver (such as a DNS server) a query of an IP address, to get a response of the associated domain name(s). This technique drops reverse lookup responses where a domain name matches an entry in the blacklist, either verbatim or as a wildcard subdomain of a higher-level domain on the list. Such domain names might be unwanted because Forward Domain Name Resolution requests to such a blacklisted domain might return an unwanted IP address. This technique is useful because relying solely on Forward Resolution Domain Blacklisting will miss instances where the domain in question is forward-resolved in a manner that is not inspected via a subsequent technique (as is likely the case if that resolution is performed with DoH (DNS over HTTPS) or DoT (DNS over TLS)). Additionally, note that responses to forward lookups of that domain are *not* necessarily equal to the original IP in the reverse lookup request, and that future lookups of a string based on this domain may even employ a less-common name resolution protocol, such as NBNS. The DNS response can either be blocked by dropping the network traffic with an inline device, or by modifying the value of the response sent by the DNS server. To prevent client applications from hanging on a request, it is common practice to replace malicious values, either with names like "localhost." or the address of a honeypot maintained by the network administrators. ## Considerations * This technique does not prevent the client from contacting the blacklisted domain or any IP addresses that it might resolve to, only from learning about this domain name via a nameserver lookup. * DNS response traffic can be transmitted over many different protocols, which presents a challenge to implementing methods to extract all DNS answer domain name value(s). * DNS has historically used UDP port 53, with TCP port 53 instead used for responses over 512 bytes or after a lack of respon…
synonym: Reverse Resolution Domain Blacklisting

Reverse Resolution IP Denylisting
type: Class
subclass of: DNS Denylisting
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: blocks
  some values from: Outbound Internet DNS Lookup Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
blocks: Outbound Internet DNS Lookup Traffic
kb-reference: Reference-UseDNSPolicyForApplyingFiltersOnDNSQueries
d3fend-id: D3-RRID
definition: Blocking a reverse lookup based on the query's IP address value.
kb-article: ## How it works This technique prevents a client from learning domains deemed to be potentially malicious, which would have been delivered via reverse resolution responses over the DNS protocol. Queries for reverse resolution requests (that is, requests where IP(s) are sent and a domain is returned) are collected, and the IP address(es) included in the query are examined. If the IP address(es) are in a range included in the blacklist, then the query is dropped. ## Considerations - The blacklist will have to be maintained and will need to be kept up to date with identified maintenance cycles to ensure lists are not stale. - DNS query traffic can be transmitted over many different protocols, which presents a challenge to implementing methods to extract all DNS query IP address value(s). - DNS has historically used UDP port 53, with TCP port 53 instead used for responses over 512 bytes or after a lack of response over UDP. - Usage of new protocols to provide confidentiality for DNS traffic, such as DoH (DNS over HTTPS) and DoT (DNS over TLS), complicates collection of the IP address(es) in DNS queries. These protocols have often been enabled in browser settings transparently after a browser update, with DNS queries proxied over one of these cryptographic protocols through a specified host.
synonym: Reverse Resolution IP Blacklisting

Router
type: Class
subclass of: Network Node
definition: A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. Routers perform the traffic directing functions on the Internet. Data sent through the internet, such as a web page or email, is in the form of data packets. A packet is typically forwarded from one router to another router through the networks that constitute an internetwork (e.g. the Internet) until it reaches its destination node.

SARSA
type: Class
subclass of: Model-free Reinforcement Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SAR
definition: State-action-reward-state-action (SARSA) is an algorithm for learning a Markov decision process policy, used in the reinforcement learning area of machine learning.
kb-article: ## References State-action-reward-state-action. Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%E2%80%93action%E2%80%93reward%E2%80%93state%E2%80%93action).

SPARTA Thing
type: Class
subclass of: External Threat Model Thing

SSH Session
type: Class
subclass of: Remote Session
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A Secure Shell Protocol (SSH) session is a session over a secure channel established using SSH to connect a client to a server and establish the remote session.

Save Registers
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: copies
  some values from: Processor Register
type: NamedIndividual
copies: Processor Register

Saved Instruction Pointer
type: Class
subclass of: Pointer
subclass of: Stack Component
definition: A saved instruction pointer points to the instruction that generated an exception (trap or fault).

Scheduled Job
type: Class
subclass of: Operating System Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contained-by
  some values from: Job Schedule
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: created-by
  some values from: Job Scheduler Software
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modified-by
  some values from: Job Scheduler Software
type: NamedIndividual
contained-by: Job Schedule
created-by: Job Scheduler Software
modified-by: Job Scheduler Software
definition: A task scheduler process is an operating system process that executes scheduled tasks (time-scheduling in the sense of wall clock time; not operating system scheduling of processes for multitasking).
synonym: Scheduled Task
synonym: Task Scheduler Process

Scheduled Job Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Operating System Monitoring
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Job Schedule
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Job Schedule
kb-reference: Reference - CAR-2013-05-004: Execution with AT - MITRE
kb-reference: Reference - CAR-2013-08-001: Execution with schtasks - MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-PreventingExecutionOfTaskScheduledMalware McAfeeLLC
d3fend-id: D3-SJA
definition: Analysis of source files, processes, destination files, or destination servers associated with a scheduled job to detect unauthorized use of job scheduling.
kb-article: ## How it works Scheduled job execution can be utilized by adversaries for the purpose of persistence, conducting remote execution, or gaining privileges. Details of a scheduled job such as associated source files, processes, destination files, or destination servers are first identified and analyzed and then compared against an anti-malware signature database, whitelist, or reputation server. For example, a file associated with a scheduled job to be executed at a specified time or a remote server that is accessed as part of a scheduled task is compared against an anti-malware signature database, whitelist, or reputation server, and if a match is found, execution is denied and an alert is generated. In addition to traditional scheduled jobs, triggers can be set to execute a specific command after detecting a specific event in the system, such as with WMI Event Subscriptions in Windows. ## Considerations Jobs can be scheduled in many different and sometimes creative ways through operating system capabilities.
synonym: Scheduled Job Execution

Scheduling
type: Class
subclass of: Planning

Script Application Process
type: Class
subclass of: Application Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: interprets
  some values from: Executable Script
type: NamedIndividual
interprets: Executable Script
definition: A script application process is an application process interpreting an executable script.
alternative label: Script Process

Script Execution Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Process Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Script Application Process
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Script Application Process
kb-reference: Reference - Detecting script-based malware - Crowdstrike Inc
d3fend-id: D3-SEA
definition: Analyzing the execution of a script to detect unauthorized user activity.
kb-article: ## How it works Software installed on the host system hooks into a scripting engine to intercept commands before they are executed and block commands if they are determined to be harmful. Pattern matching is used to identify unauthorized commands or in the case of script files, a hash of the file is compared against hashes of known unauthorized script files. ## Considerations List of known unauthorized script files or regular expression patterns must be kept up to date to ensure detection of new threats.

Second-stage Boot Loader
type: Class
subclass of: Boot Loader
definition: An optional, often feature rich, second stage set of routines run in order to load the operating system.

Secondary Storage
type: Class
subclass of: Hardware Device
subclass of: Storage
definition: Secondary memory (storage, hard disk) is the computer component holding information that does not need to be accessed quickly and that needs to be retained long-term.

Security Token
type: Class
subclass of: Hardware Device
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Access Token
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Access Token
definition: Security tokens are peripheral devices used to prove one's identity electronically (as in the case of a customer trying to access their bank account). The token is used in addition to or in place of a password to prove that the customer is who they claim to be. The token acts like an electronic key to access something.

Segment Address Offset Randomization
type: Class
subclass of: Application Hardening
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: obfuscates
  some values from: Process Segment
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - /DYNAMICBASE (Use address space layout randomization) - Microsoft Docs
kb-reference: Reference - How ASLR protects Linux systems from buffer overflow attacks - Network World
obfuscates: Process Segment
d3fend-id: D3-SAOR
definition: Randomizing the base (start) address of one or more segments of memory during the initialization of a process.
kb-article: ## How it works Many application exploits rely on an attacker specifying a location in memory, which points to data or code used by the attacker. If the addresses are changed each time the program is run, then it becomes more difficult for the attacker to determine the location that will contain the code they wish to run. Imported modules may be similarly realigned if their default memory addresses conflict with other modules, in a process known as "rebasing." Just as not all code is built for participation in ASLR, not all modules can be rebased; instead, modules must indicate whether they implement support for rebasing. Such information to relocate the executable is typically stored in the ".reloc" segment -- each of the addresses pointed to in this segment has its address increased by the amount of the offset. (An alternative method for relocation would be to add an amount to a global variable each time -- leading to less overhead in the module load, but more for each access. Still another implementation could instead contain code to deference each changeable memory location on the fly, so that each of the references do not need to be updated. ## Considerations As the offset for each segment is constant, it is possible to guess at the value of the address given the address of another variable. Alternatively, memory pointers may be kept around, which contain the address of another variable. Another bypass technique is known as an "egg hunt," whereby the attacker searches for a rather unique piece of the data or code in memory to determine its likely address. The program needs to store these addresses for the functions somewhere. In Linux, the PLT contains a "trampoline" to these addresses. If an attacker desires to jump to the start of an existing function, they can jump directly to the trampoline anyway, and may have the opportunity to provide their own stack frame to the function with a write to the stack. If they overwrite a saved stack pointer which is loaded …
synonym: ASLR
synonym: Address Space Layout Randomization

Self-organizing Map
type: Class
subclass of: ANN-based Clustering
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SOM
definition: A Self-Organizing Map (SOM) is a unsupervised learning model in Artificial Neural Network where the feature maps are the generated two-dimensional discretized form of an input space during the model training (based on competitive learning)
kb-article: ## References GeeksforGeeks. (n.d.). ANN - Self Organizing Neural Network (SONN). [Link](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/ann-self-organizing-neural-network-sonn/)

Semi-Supervised Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Machine Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SSL
definition: Semi-supervised learning is a branch of machine learning that combines a small amount of labeled data with a large amount of unlabeled data during training.
kb-article: ## References Semi-Supervised Learning. Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-Supervised_Learning).

Semi-supervised Boosting
type: Class
subclass of: Semi-supervised Wrapper Method
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SSB
definition: Boosting methods can be readily extended to the semi-supervised setting, by introducing pseudo-labeled data after each learning step; which gives rise to the idea of semi-supervised boosting methods. The pseudo-labeling approach of self- training and co-training can be easily extended to boosting methods. Several boosting methods such as SSMBoost, ASSEMBLE, SemiBoost, RegBoost, etc can be found which can be applied for utilizing unlabeled datasets for supervised classifiers.
kb-article: ## References Jashish Shrestha. (n.d.). Beginner's Guide to Semi-Supervised Learning. [Link](http://jashish.com.np/blog/posts/beginners-guide-to-semi-supervised-learning/)

Semi-supervised Cluster-then-label
type: Class
subclass of: Unsupervised Preprocessing
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SSCTL
definition: Pre-training methods are aimed to guide the parameters of a network towards interesting regions in model space using unlabeled data, before fine-tuning the parameters with the labeled data.
kb-article: ## References Jashish Shrestha. (n.d.). Beginner's Guide to Semi-Supervised Learning. [Link](http://jashish.com.np/blog/posts/beginners-guide-to-semi-supervised-learning/)

Semi-supervised Co-training
type: Class
subclass of: Semi-supervised Wrapper Method
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SSCT
definition: Multi-view co-training involves training the classifiers in completely different views of training data. On the other hand, single-view co-training methods are generally applied as ensemble methods.
kb-article: ## References Jashish Shrestha. (n.d.). Beginner's Guide to Semi-Supervised Learning. [Link](http://jashish.com.np/blog/posts/beginners-guide-to-semi-supervised-learning/)

Semi-supervised Feature Extraction
type: Class
subclass of: Unsupervised Preprocessing
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SSFE
definition: Feature extraction refers to reducing the number of dimensions in a data point so that it is computationally feasible and effective to learn a model.
kb-article: ## References Jashish Shrestha. (n.d.). Beginner's Guide to Semi-Supervised Learning. [Link](http://jashish.com.np/blog/posts/beginners-guide-to-semi-supervised-learning/)

Semi-supervised Generative Model Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Intrinsically Semi-supervised Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SSGML
definition: A Semi Supervised Machine Learning model which assume that the distributions take some particular form p(x|y,theta) parameterized by the vector. If these assumptions are incorrect, the unlabeled data may actually decrease the accuracy of the solution relative to what would have been obtained from labeled data alone. However, if the assumptions are correct, then the unlabeled data necessarily improves performance.
kb-article: ## References Weak supervision. Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_supervision#Generative_models).

Semi-supervised Inductive Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Semi-Supervised Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SSIL
definition: The goal of inductive learning is to infer the correct mapping from X to Y
kb-article: ## References Semi-Supervised Learning. Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-Supervised_Learning#Semi-supervised_learning). Zhou, D., & Li, M. (2005). Semi-supervised learning by higher order regularization. In Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) (pp. 1-9). [Link](https://www.cs.sfu.ca/~anoop/papers/pdf/semisup_naacl.pdf).

Semi-supervised Manifold Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Intrinsically Semi-supervised Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SSML
definition: A version of Semi-Supervised Learning that applies the Manifold assumption that the data like approximately on a manifold of much lower dimension than the input space.
kb-article: ## References Weak supervision. Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_supervision#Generative_models).

Semi-supervised Pre-training
type: Class
subclass of: Unsupervised Preprocessing
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SSPT
definition: Pre-training methods are aimed to guide the parameters of a network towards interesting regions in model space using unlabeled data, before fine-tuning the parameters with the labeled data
kb-article: ## References Jashish Shrestha. (n.d.). Beginner's Guide to Semi-Supervised Learning. [Link](http://jashish.com.np/blog/posts/beginners-guide-to-semi-supervised-learning/)

Semi-supervised Self-training
type: Class
subclass of: Semi-supervised Wrapper Method
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SSST
definition: Self-training is the procedure in which a supervised method for classification or regression is modified it to work in a semi-supervised manner, taking advantage of labeled and unlabeled data
kb-article: ## References AltexSoft. (n.d.). Semi-Supervised Learning: A Technical Guide with Python Examples. [Link](https://www.altexsoft.com/blog/semi-supervised-learning/#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20simplest%20examples,of%20labeled%20and%20unlabeled%20data.)

Semi-supervised Transductive Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Semi-Supervised Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SSTL
definition: The goal of transductive learning is to infer the correct labels for the given unlabeled data x_{l+1},... ,x_{l+u} only
kb-article: ## References Semi-Supervised Learning. Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-Supervised_Learning#Semi-supervised_learning). Zhou, D., & Li, M. (2005). Semi-supervised learning by higher order regularization. In Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) (pp. 1-9). [Link](https://www.cs.sfu.ca/~anoop/papers/pdf/semisup_naacl.pdf).

Semi-supervised Wrapper Method
type: Class
subclass of: Semi-Supervised Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SSWM
definition: The principle behind wrapper methods is that we train a model with labeled data and then generate pseudo-labels for the unlabeled data using the trained model iteratively.
kb-article: ## References Jashish, M. (n.d.). Beginner's Guide to Semi-Supervised Learning. Jashish Blog. [Link](http://jashish.com.np/blog/posts/beginners-guide-to-semi-supervised-learning/).

Sender MTA Reputation Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Message Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Email
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Email
kb-reference: Reference-SystemsAndMethodsForDetectingAnd orHandlingTargetedAttacksInTheEmailChannel GraphusInc
d3fend-id: D3-SMRA
definition: Characterizing the reputation of mail transfer agents (MTA) to determine the security risk in emails.
kb-article: ## How it works The sender message transfer agent (MTA) trust rating can be considered an indicator of the level of security risk and/or a trust level associated with sender MTAs in an email header. The features considered in determining the trust rating may include: * Length of time MTA has interacted with the enterprise * Number of sender domains sending emails from the MTA * Number of recipients in the enterprise the MTA sends emails to * Number of emails received from this MTA * Number of email replies received from this MTA For example, higher values for the length of time an MTA has interacted with the enterprise, or number of emails received from an MTA can result in a higher trust rating. The trust rating categorizes the sender MTA as unrated, neutral, trusted, suspicious, or malicious. ## Considerations Legitimate emails from a sender MTA may receive a lower trust rating over time if the sender's domain gets spoofed and is used to send unauthorized emails.

Sender Reputation Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Message Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Email
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Email
kb-reference: Reference-SystemsAndMethodsForDetectingAnd orHandlingTargetedAttacksInTheEmailChannel GraphusInc
d3fend-id: D3-SRA
definition: Ascertaining sender reputation based on information associated with a message (e.g. email/instant messaging).
kb-article: ## How it works Sender trust rating can be considered an indicator of the level of security risk and/or a trust level associated with a sender. The features considered in determining the trust rating include: * Length of time sender has sent emails to the enterprise * Number of recipients in the enterprise the sender interacts with * Sender vs. enterprise originated message ratio * Sender messages opened vs. not-opened ratio * Number of emails received from this sender * Number of emails replied to this sender * Number of emails from this sender not opened * Number of emails from this sender not opened that contain an attachment * Number of emails from this sender not opened that contain a URL * Number of emails sent to this sender * Number of email replies received from this sender. Higher values for the number of recipients the sender has interacted with or the number of emails received from the sender, for example, results in a higher trust rating. The trust rating can categorize the sender as unrated, neutral, trusted, suspicious, or malicious. ## Considerations Legitimate emails from a sender may receive a lower trust rating over time if the sender's domain gets spoofed and is used to send unauthorized emails.

Sensor
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Core
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
definition: In the broadest definition, a sensor is a device, module, machine, or subsystem that detects events or changes in its environment and sends the information to other electronics, frequently a computer processor.

SeqGAN
type: Class
subclass of: Generative Adversarial Network
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SEQ
definition: Sequence Generation Framework (SeqGAN) models the data generator as a stochastic policy in reinforcement learning (RL), SeqGAN bypasses the generator differentiation problem by directly performing gradient policy update.
kb-article: ## References Yu, L., Zhang, W., Wang, J., & Yu, Y. (2017). SeqGAN: Sequence Generative Adversarial Nets with Policy Gradient. ArXiv preprint ArXiv:1609.05473. [Link](https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.05473)
synonym: Sequence GAN

Serialization Function
type: Class
subclass of: Subroutine
definition: A function which has an operation that serializes data.

Server
type: Class
subclass of: Host
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: manages
  some values from: Service Application Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: runs
  some values from: Service Application
type: NamedIndividual
manages: Service Application Process
runs: Service Application
definition: In computing, a server is a piece of computer hardware or software (computer program) that provides functionality for other programs or devices, called "clients". This architecture is called the client-server model. Servers can provide various functionalities, often called "services", such as sharing data or resources among multiple clients, or performing computation for a client. A single server can serve multiple clients, and a single client can use multiple servers. A client process may run on the same device or may connect over a network to a server on a different device. Typical servers are database servers, file servers, mail servers, print servers, web servers, game servers, and application servers.

Service
type: Class
subclass of: Capability Implementation

Service Application
type: Class
subclass of: Application
type: NamedIndividual
definition: An application that provides a set of software functionalities so that multiple clients who can reuse the functionality, provided they are authorized for use of the service.

Service Application Process
type: Class
subclass of: Application Process
type: NamedIndividual

Service Binary Verification
type: Class
subclass of: System File Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: verifies
  some values from: Service Application
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference-ServiceBinaryModifications MITRE
verifies: Service Application
d3fend-id: D3-SBV
definition: Analyzing changes in service binary files by comparing to a source of truth.
kb-article: ## How it works System service applications may originate from the operating system installation or third-party applications installed with administrative privileges. These services have an entry point of some executable file-- a binary or a script. Attackers sometimes modify these executables to launch their own code. Analyzing changes in these files may uncover unauthorized activity. ## Considerations * These files change for legitimate reasons when the system or software updates. * The source of truth must not be corrupted in order for this method to work.

Service Dependency
type: Class
subclass of: Dependency
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A service dependency indicates a service has an activity, agent, or another service which relies on it in order to be functional.

Service Dependency Mapping
type: Class
subclass of: System Mapping
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: maps
  some values from: Service Dependency
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Catia UAF Plugin
kb-reference: Reference-UnifiedArchitectureFrameworkUAF
maps: Service Dependency
d3fend-id: D3-SVCDM
definition: Service dependency mapping determines the services on which each given service relies.
kb-article: ## How it works The organization collects and models architectural information about the services and consumers of services and maps the dependencies between the services. ## Considerations * Architectural design artifacts and SMEs may need to be consulted to determine if dependencies are intended or otherwise essential. * Service dependencies for critical systems--those supporting critical organizational activities--should be prioritized for supply chain risk analysis. * Service dependencies in cloud or microservice architectures may be discovered using distributed tracing capabilities
synonym: Distributed Tracing

Service Provider
type: Class
subclass of: Provider
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: provides
  some values from: Service

Session
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
definition: In computer science, in particular networking, a session is a semi-permanent interactive information interchange, also known as a dialogue, a conversation or a meeting, between two or more communicating devices, or between a computer and user (see Login session). A session is set up or established at a certain point in time, and then torn down at some later point. An established communication session may involve more than one message in each direction. A session is typically, but not always, stateful, meaning that at least one of the communicating parts needs to save information about the session history in order to be able to communicate, as opposed to stateless communication, where the communication consists of independent requests with responses.

Session Cookie
type: Class
subclass of: Credential
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A session cookie, also known as an in-memory cookie, transient cookie or non-persistent cookie, exists only in temporary memory while the user navigates the website. Web browsers normally delete session cookies when the user closes the browser. Unlike other cookies, session cookies do not have an expiration date assigned to them, which is how the browser knows to treat them as session cookies.
alternative label: In-memory Cookie
alternative label: Non-persistent Cookie
alternative label: Transient Cookie
alternative label: Web Session Cookie

Session Duration Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: User Behavior Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Authentication
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Authorization
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Authentication
analyzes: Authorization
kb-reference: Reference - Method and Apparatus for Network Fraud Detection and Remediation Through Analytics - Idaptive LLC
kb-reference: Reference-System,Method,AndComputerProgramProductForDetectingAndAssessingSecurityRisksInANetwork ExabeamInc
d3fend-id: D3-SDA
definition: Analyzing the duration of user sessions in order to detect unauthorized activity.
kb-article: ## How it works Detecting unauthorized user sessions by comparing the duration of a user logon session with a baseline behavior model. The behavior model comprises historical user session duration times. Abnormalities between session duration and the behavior model may indicate suspicious activity. ## Considerations * Potential for false positives from anomalies that are not associated with malicious activity. * Attackers may not differentiate their session duration enough to trigger an alert.

Set Registers
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Processor Register
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Processor Register

Set System Config Value
type: Class
subclass of: System Config System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: System Configuration Database Record
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: System Configuration Database Record

Set Thread Context
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Thread
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Thread

Shadow Stack
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: copy-of
  some values from: Call Stack
type: NamedIndividual
copy-of: Call Stack
definition: A shadow stack is a mechanism for protecting a procedure's stored return address, such as from a stack buffer overflow. The shadow stack itself is a second, separate stack that "shadows" the program call stack. In the function prologue, a function stores its return address to both the call stack and the shadow stack. In the function epilogue, a function loads the return address from both the call stack and the shadow stack, and then compares them. If the two records of the return address differ, then an attack is detected.

Shadow Stack Comparisons
type: Class
subclass of: Process Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Stack Frame
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Stack Frame
kb-reference: Reference-ThreatDetectionForReturnOrientedProgramming CrowdstrikeInc
d3fend-id: D3-SSC
definition: Comparing a call stack in system memory with a shadow call stack maintained by the processor to determine unauthorized shellcode activity.
kb-article: ## How it works This technique compares the call stack stored in system memory with the shadow call stack maintained in the cache memory of the processor. Mismatches between the two are compared since a return oriented programming attack may only be able to control or spoof the call stack and not the shadow call stack. Mismatches are counted and if the number of mismatches exceeds a certain threshold it is an indication of unauthorized activity and a security response action is performed. ## Considerations If the threshold for detecting a stack anomaly is low, it may not detect a return-oriented attack with just one gadget, such as a return-to-libc or return-to-plt attack. Additionally, this technique may not detect JOP (Jump-oriented programming), as the return instruction is not executed.

Shared Computer
type: Class
subclass of: Client Computer
definition: A computer whose resources are intended to be shared widely.

Shared Library File
type: Class
subclass of: Object File
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A shared library file is a file that is intended to be shared by executable files and further shared library (object) files. Modules used by a program are loaded from individual shared objects into memory at load time or runtime, rather than being copied by a linker when it creates a single monolithic executable file for the program
alternative label: Shared Library
alternative label: Shared Object

Shared Resource Access Function
type: Class
subclass of: Subroutine
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Resource
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Resource
definition: A function which access a shared resource.

Shim
type: Class
subclass of: Software
type: NamedIndividual
definition: In computer programming, a shim is a small library that transparently intercepts API calls and changes the arguments passed, handles the operation itself, or redirects the operation elsewhere. Shims can be used to support an old API in a newer environment, or a new API in an older environment. Shims can also be used for running programs on different software platforms than those for which they were developed.

Shim Database
type: Class
subclass of: Application Configuration Database
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A application configuration database that contains or points to software shims (e.g., for backward compatibility, patches, etc.)

Shortcut File
type: Class
subclass of: File
definition: A shortcut file, or shortcut, is a handle that allows the user to find a file or resource located in a different directory or folder from the place where the shortcut is located. Shortcuts, which are supported by the graphical file browsers of some operating systems, may resemble symbolic links but differ in a number of important ways. One difference is what type of software is able to follow them: - Symbolic links are automatically resolved by the file system. Any software program, upon accessing a symbolic link, will see the target instead, whether the program is aware of symbolic links or not. - Shortcuts are treated like ordinary files by the file system and by software programs that are not aware of them. Only software programs that understand shortcuts (such as the Windows shell and file browsers) treat them as references to other files. Another difference are the capabilities of the mechanism: - Microsoft Windows shortcuts normally refer to a destination by an absolute path (starting from the root directory), whereas POSIX symbolic links can refer to destinations via either an absolute or a relative path. The latter is useful if both the location and destination of the symbolic link share a common path prefix[clarification needed], but that prefix is not yet known when the symbolic link is created (e.g., in an archive file that can be unpacked anywhere). - Microsoft Windows application shortcuts contain additional metadata that can be associated with the destination, whereas POSIX symbolic links are just strings that will be interpreted as absolute or relative pathnames. - Unlike symbolic links, Windows shortcuts maintain their references to their targets even when the target is moved or renamed. Windows domain clients may subscribe to a Windows service called Distributed Link Tracking to track the changes in files and folders to which they are interested. The service maintains the integrity of shortcuts, even when files and folders are moved across the netwo…

Simulation
type: Class
subclass of: Media Generation

Singular Value Decomposition
type: Class
subclass of: Dimension Reduction
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SVD
definition: Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) is an algorithm that represents a matrix as a linear series of data and to find the set of factors that will best predict an outcome
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Singular value decomposition. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_value_decomposition)

Skewness
type: Class
subclass of: Distribution Properties
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SKE
definition: Skewness is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable about its mean. The standardized moment of a probability distribution function.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Skewness. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skewness)

Slow Symbolic Link
type: Class
subclass of: Symbolic Link
subclass of: Unix Link
definition: A slow symbolic link is any symbolic link on a Unix filesystem that is not a fast symbolic link; slow symlink is thus retroactively termed from fast symlink. Slow symbolic links stored the symbolic link information as data in regular files.
alternative label: Slow Symlink

Software
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Executable File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: implements
  some values from: Subroutine
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: instructs
  some values from: Process
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Executable File
instructs: Process
definition: Computer software, or simply software, is that part of a computer system that consists of encoded information or computer instructions, in contrast to the physical hardware from which the system is built.

Software Artifact Server
type: Class
subclass of: Artifact Server
definition: A software artifact server provides access to the software artifacts in a software repository. A software repository, or "repo" for short, is a storage location for software packages. Often a table of contents is stored, as well as metadata. Repositories group packages. Sometimes the grouping is for a programming language, such as CPAN for the Perl programming language, sometimes for an entire operating system, sometimes the license of the contents is the criteria. At client side, a package manager helps installing from and updating the repositories.

Software Deployment Tool
type: Class
subclass of: Service Application
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Software that coordinates the deployment process of software to systems, typically remotely.

Software Inventory
type: Class
subclass of: Asset Inventory
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: inventories
  some values from: Software
type: NamedIndividual
inventories: Software
kb-reference: Reference-Web-BasedEnterpriseManagement
kb-reference: Reference-Windows-Management-Infrastructure
kb-reference: Reference-Windows-Management-Instrumentation
d3fend-id: D3-SWI
definition: Software inventorying identifies and records the software items in the organization's architecture.
kb-article: ## How it works Administrators collect information on software items in their architecture using a variety of administrative and management tools that query network nodes for information. In limited cases, where such queries are not supported or provide specific information of interest, an administrator may also collect this information through network enumeration methods to determine services responding on network nodes. ## Considerations * Scanning and probing techniques using mapping tools can result in side effects to information technology (IT) and operational technology (OT) systems. * An adversary conducting network enumeration may engage in activities that parallel normal software inventorying activities, but would require escalating to admin privileges for most of the operations requiting administrative tools. ## Examples Application-layer discovery: * Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) collects MIB information * Web-based Enterprise Management (WBEM) collects CIM information * Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) * Windows Management Infrastructure (MI)
synonym: Software Discovery
synonym: Software Inventorying

Software Library
type: Class
subclass of: Software
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Software Library File
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Software Library File
definition: A software library is a collection of software components that are used to build a software product.

Software Library File
type: Class
subclass of: File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Subroutine
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: Executable Binary
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: Executable Script
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Subroutine
may-contain: Executable Binary
may-contain: Executable Script
definition: A software library is a collection of software components that are used to build a software product.

Software Package
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer

Software Packaging Tool
type: Class
subclass of: Build Tool
definition: A tool that automates the process of packaging either or both binary code and source code for use on one or more target platforms.

Software Patch
type: Class
subclass of: Software
definition: A patch is a piece of software designed to update a computer program or its supporting data, to fix or improve it. This includes fixing security vulnerabilities and other bugs, with such patches usually called bugfixes or bug fixes, and improving the usability or performance. Although meant to fix problems, poorly designed patches can sometimes introduce new problems (see software regressions). In some special cases updates may knowingly break the functionality, for instance, by removing components for which the update provider is no longer licensed or disabling a device.
alternative label: Patch

Software Product
type: Class
subclass of: Product
alternative label: SaaP

Software Service
type: Class
subclass of: Service
alternative label: SaaS

Software Update
type: Class
subclass of: Platform Hardening
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: updates
  some values from: Software
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Method and system for providing software updates to local machines
updates: Software
d3fend-id: D3-SU
definition: Replacing old software on a computer system component.

Somers' D
type: Class
subclass of: Rank Correlation
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SD

Soundex Matching
type: Class
subclass of: Partial Matching
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SM
definition: Soundex is a phonetic algorithm for indexing names by sound, as pronounced in English.
kb-article: ## How it works The goal is for homophones to be encoded to the same representation so that they can be matched despite minor differences in spelling. The algorithm mainly encodes consonants; a vowel will not be encoded unless it is the first letter. Soundex is the most widely known of all phonetic algorithms (in part because it is a standard feature of popular database software. Improvements to Soundex are the basis for many modern phonetic algorithms. ## References 1. Soundex. (2023, April 19). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundex)

Source Code
type: Class
subclass of: Information Content Entity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Reference Type

Source Code Analyzer Tool
type: Class
subclass of: Static Analysis Tool
definition: A source code analyzer tool is a static analysis tool that operates specifically on source code, but not object code.

Source Code Reference
type: Class
subclass of: Technique Reference
pref-label: Source Code

Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient
type: Class
subclass of: Rank Correlation
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SRCC
synonym: Spearman's Rho

Specification
type: Class
subclass of: Document

Specification Reference
type: Class
subclass of: Technique Reference
pref-label: Specification

Spectral Clustering
type: Class
subclass of: Graph-based Clustering
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SC
definition: Spectral clustering is a technique that identifies communities of nodes in a graph based on the edges connecting them.
kb-article: ## References Towards Data Science. (n.d.). Spectral Clustering. [Link](https://towardsdatascience.com/spectral-clustering-aba2640c0d5b)

Stack Component
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
definition: A stack component is any component of a call stack used for stack-based memory allocation in a running process. Examples include saved instruction pointers, stack frames, and stack frame canaries.

Stack Frame
type: Class
subclass of: Stack Component
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: Pointer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: Stack Frame Canary
type: NamedIndividual
may-contain: Pointer
may-contain: Stack Frame Canary
definition: A machine-dependent and application-binary-dependent (ABI-dependent) data structure containing subroutine state information including the arguments passed into the routine, the return address back to the routine's caller, and space for local variables of the routine.
alternative label: Activation Frame
alternative label: Activation Record

Stack Frame Canary
type: Class
subclass of: Stack Component
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Stack canaries, named for their analogy to a canary in a coal mine, are used to detect a stack buffer overflow before execution of malicious code can occur. This method works by placing a small integer, the value of which is randomly chosen at program start, in memory just before the stack return pointer. Most buffer overflows overwrite memory from lower to higher memory addresses, so in order to overwrite the return pointer (and thus take control of the process) the canary value must also be overwritten. This value is checked to make sure it has not changed before a routine uses the return pointer on the stack. This technique can greatly increase the difficulty of exploiting a stack buffer overflow because it forces the attacker to gain control of the instruction pointer by some non-traditional means such as corrupting other important variables on the stack.
alternative label: Stack Canary

Stack Frame Canary Validation
type: Class
subclass of: Application Hardening
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: validates
  some values from: Stack Frame
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - /GS (Buffer Security Check) - Microsoft Docs
kb-reference: Reference-StackSmashingProtection StackGuard RedHat
validates: Stack Frame
d3fend-id: D3-SFCV
definition: Comparing a value stored in a stack frame with a known good value in order to prevent or detect a memory segment overwrite.
kb-article: ## How it works This defense must be applied at compile-time, or via a patch to the program binary. Stack Frame Canary Verification inserts instructions at the prologue and epilogue of desired functions. In the prologue, a canary value, typically with the same size as the register size, is stored in the system of record and on the stack. Typically, the canary is loaded to where it has a memory address just below that of the saved instruction pointer and base pointer. In the epilogue, the canary value stored on the stack and, is compared to the canary value in the system of record. If the values are different, other techniques such as those in Process Eviction might be invoked, such as Process Termination to end the current process, or Executable Blacklisting to blacklist the potentially vulnerable or malfunctioning executable. Stack Frame Canary Verification is commonly used to detect potential tampering of a saved register value on the stack before it has been restored. Examples of registers with values commonly saved to the stack include the instruction pointer and the base pointer. The canary should be stored between where the start of a buffer overrun is likely, and the data to protect, in cases where the buffer size increases it will overwrite the data to be protected. On most processor architectures, including x86, x64, and ARM, a "push" operation to store data to the stack grows the stack towards a lower memory address. As in these architectures, saved register values are stored to the stack at a point in time just before space is made for the local function variables, the saved register values have a higher address than that of the local function variables. Values at increasing indexes of a buffer are written to increasing memory addresses; therefore, an overwrite in the local variable buffer could overwrite saved register values, and a stack canary between these two would be useful in detecting an overwrite. On some other processor architectures such as the…

Stack Segment
type: Class
subclass of: Process Segment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Stack Frame
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Stack Frame
definition: The stack segment contains the program stack, a last-in-first-out structure, typically allocated in the higher parts of memory for the process.

Stacking
type: Class
subclass of: Ensemble Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-STA
definition: Stacking is a method of using the results and predictions from one layer of ML models as inputs to another layer of ML models. Stacking (sometimes called stacked generalization) involves training a model to combine the predictions of several other learning algorithms.
kb-article: ## References Ensemble learning. Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_learning).

Standalone Honeynet
type: Class
subclass of: Decoy Environment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: spoofs
  some values from: Intranet Network
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Dynamic selection and generation of a virtual clone for detonation of suspicious content within a honey network - Palo Alto Networks Inc
spoofs: Intranet Network
d3fend-id: D3-SHN
definition: An environment created for the purpose of attracting attackers and eliciting their behaviors that is not connected to any production enterprise systems.
kb-article: ## How it works A standalone honeynet does not directly interact with the real enterprise environment. It may be located near or in some portion of the enterprise address space, but it does not interact with enterprise resources. ## Considerations A standalone honeynet is a lower risk to deploy compared to connected or integrated honeynets due to its isolation from the enterprise network. However, this comes at cost in loss of fidelity and realism. Significant extra effort must be made in order to make the environment look realistic.

Standard Deviation
type: Class
subclass of: Variability
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SD
definition: The standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Standard deviation. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation)
synonym: SD

Startup Directory
type: Class
subclass of: Directory
subclass of: Local Resource
definition: A startup directory is a directory containing executable files or links to executable files which are run when a user logs in or when a system component or service is started.

Statement
type: Class
subclass of: Proposition
definition: A statement is a proposition that is either (a) a meaningful declarative sentence that is either true or false, or (b) that which a true or false declarative sentence asserts.

Static Analysis Tool
type: Class
subclass of: Code Analyzer
definition: A static [program] analysis tool performs an automated analysis of computer software without actually executing programs, in contrast with dynamic analysis, which is analysis performed on programs while they are executing. In most cases the analysis is performed on some version of the source code, and in the other cases, some form of the object code.
alternative label: Static Program Analysis Tool

Statistical Method
type: Class
subclass of: Analytic Technique
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SM
definition: Building methods using the mathematical study of the likelihood and probability of events occurring based on known information and inferred by taking a limited number of samples.
kb-article: ## References Wolfram MathWorld. (n.d.). Statistics. [Link](https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Statistics.html)

Storage
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: File System
type: NamedIndividual
may-contain: File System
definition: Computer data storage, often called storage or memory, is a technology consisting of computer components and recording media used to retain digital data. It is a core function and fundamental component of computers. In the Von Neumann architecture, the CPU consists of two main parts: The control unit and the arithmetic / logic unit (ALU). The former controls the flow of data between the CPU and memory, while the latter performs arithmetic and logical operations on data.
synonym: Computer data storage
synonym: Storage

Stored Procedure
type: Class
subclass of: Subroutine
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A stored procedure (also termed proc, storp, sproc, StoPro, StoredProc, StoreProc, sp, or SP) is a subroutine available to applications that access a relational database management system (RDBMS). Such procedures are stored in the database data dictionary.

String Equivalence Matching
type: Class
subclass of: Equivalence Matching
subclass of: String Pattern Matching
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SEM
definition: String equivalence matching is a type of string pattern matching which is exact; that is, the strings being compared must have the same value for each character in their sequence and be of the same length.
kb-article: ## References 1. String-searching algorithm. (2023, April 8). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String-searching_algorithm) 2. Types of Equality. (2007, March 2). In _WikiWikiWeb_. [Link](https://wiki.c2.com/?TypesOfEquality)

String Format Function
type: Class
subclass of: Subroutine
definition: A function which creates a new string based on a format specification and correspondingi specified values.

String Pattern Matching
type: Class
subclass of: Pattern Matching
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SPM
definition: String pattern-matching algorithms, also known as string-matching algorithms, are an important class of string algorithms that try to find a place where one or several strings (also called patterns) are found within a larger string or text
kb-article: ## How it works A basic example of string searching is when the pattern and the searched text are arrays of elements of an alphabet (finite set) Σ. Σ may be a human language alphabet, for example, the letters A through Z and other applications may use a binary alphabet (Σ = {0,1}) or a DNA alphabet (Σ = {A,C,G,T}) in bioinformatics. In practice, the method of feasible string-search algorithm may be affected by the string encoding. In particular, if a variable-width encoding is in use, then it may be slower to find the Nth character, perhaps requiring time proportional to N. This may significantly slow some search algorithms. One of many possible solutions is to search for the sequence of code units instead, but doing so may produce false matches unless the encoding is specifically designed to avoid it. ## References 1. String-searching algorithm. (2023, April 8). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String-searching_algorithm)

Strong Password Policy
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Hardening
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: strengthens
  some values from: Password
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: strengthens
  some values from: User Account
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Digital Identity Guidelines 800-63-3
kb-reference: Reference-Testing Metrics for Password Creation Policies by Attacking Large Sets of Revealed Passwords
strengthens: Password
strengthens: User Account
d3fend-id: D3-SPP
definition: Modifying system configuration to increase password strength.
kb-article: ## How it works Password strength guidelines include increasing password length, permitting passwords that contain ASCII or Unicode characters, and requiring systems to screen new passwords against lists of commonly used or compromised passwords. ## Considerations Extremely complex password requirements may lead users to saving passwords in text files or picking obvious passwords that meet the policy.

StyleGAN
type: Class
subclass of: Image Synthesis GAN
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-STY
definition: Successor to the ProGAN.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). StyleGAN. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StyleGAN)
synonym: Style GAN

Subroutine
type: Class
subclass of: Software
type: NamedIndividual
definition: In different programming languages, a subroutine may be called a procedure, a function, a routine, a method, or a subprogram. The generic term callable unit is sometimes used.
synonym: Method
synonym: Semantic Subroutine
synonym: Software Function

Subspace Clustering
type: Class
subclass of: Correlation Clustering
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SC
definition: Subspace clustering is an extension of traditional clustering that seeks to find clusters in different subspaces within a dataset.
kb-article: ## References Parsons, L., Haque, E., & Liu, H. (2004). Subspace Clustering for High Dimensional Data: A Review. [Link](https://www.kdd.org/exploration_files/parsons.pdf)

Substring Matching
type: Class
subclass of: Partial Matching
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SM
definition: String-searching algorithms, sometimes called string-matching algorithms, are an important class of string algorithms that try to find a place where one or several strings (also called patterns) are found within a larger string or text.
kb-article: ## References 1. String-searching algorithm. (2023, April 8). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String-searching_algorithm)

Summarizing
type: Class
subclass of: Analytical Purpose

Supervised Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Machine Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SL
definition: Supervised learning establishes a relationship between the known input and output variables to conduct a predictive analysis.
kb-article: ## References Supervised learning. Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervised_learning).

Support Vector Machine Classification
type: Class
subclass of: Classification
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SVMC
definition: Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a robust classification and regression technique that maximizes the predictive accuracy of a model without overfitting the training data. SVM is particularly suited to analyzing data with very large numbers (for example, thousands) of predictor fields.
kb-article: ## References About Support Vector Machine (SVM). IBM SPSS Modeler SaaS Documentation. [Link](https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/spss-modeler/saas?topic=models-about-svm&mhsrc=ibmsearch_a&mhq=support%20vector%20machine).

Suspend Process
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: suspends
  some values from: Process
type: NamedIndividual
suspends: Process

Suspend Thread
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: suspends
  some values from: Thread
type: NamedIndividual
suspends: Thread
definition: Suspending a thread causes the thread to stop executing user-mode code.

Switch
type: Class
subclass of: Network Node
definition: A network switch (also called switching hub, bridging hub, and by the IEEE MAC bridge) is networking hardware that connects devices on a computer network by using packet switching to receive and forward data to the destination device. A network switch is a multiport network bridge that uses MAC addresses to forward data at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Some switches can also forward data at the network layer (layer 3) by additionally incorporating routing functionality. Such switches are commonly known as layer-3 switches or multilayer switches.
alternative label: Bridging Hub
alternative label: MAC Bridge
alternative label: Network Switch
alternative label: Switching Hub

Symbolic AI
type: Class
subclass of: Symbolic Logic
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SR
definition: Symbolic artificial intelligence is the term for the collection of all methods in artificial intelligence that are based on high-level symbolic (human-readable) representations of problems, logic, and search.
kb-article: ## How it works Symbolic artificial intelligence is used in tools such as logic programming, production rules, semantic nets and frames, and it developed applications such as knowledge-based systems (in particular, expert systems), symbolic mathematics, automated theorem provers, ontologies, the semantic web, and automated planning and scheduling systems. The Symbolic AI paradigm led to seminal ideas in search, symbolic programming languages, agents, multi-agent systems, the semantic web, and the strengths and limitations of formal knowledge and reasoning systems. ## References 1. Symbolic artifical intelligence. (2023, May 23). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_artificial_intelligence)
synonym: Symbolic Artificial Intelligence

Symbolic Link
type: Class
subclass of: File
subclass of: File System Link
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: addresses
  some values from: File
type: NamedIndividual
addresses: File
definition: A symbolic link (also symlink or soft link) is a term for any file that contains a reference to another file or directory in the form of an absolute or relative path and that affects pathname resolution.
alternative label: Soft Link
alternative label: Softlink
alternative label: Symlink

Symbolic Logic
type: Class
subclass of: Analytic Technique
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SL
definition: Symbolic Logic, also known as formal logic, is a branch of mathematics that uses symbolic representations for logical expressions and relationships. It provides a systematic method for examining the structure of arguments and reasoning, focusing on the relationships between propositions rather than the content of those propositions.
kb-article: ## How it Works ## References 1. Symbolic Logic. (2023, June 6). In _Wolfram Mathworld_. [Link](https://mathworld.wolfram.com/SymbolicLogic.html) 2. Hughes, G. and Schagrin, M. (2023, Apr 19). Formal Logic. _Encyclopedia Brittanica_. [Link](https://www.britannica.com/topic/formal-logic) 3. Carnap, R. (1953). Introduction to Symbolic Logic and Its Applications. Dover Publications. [Link](https://archive.org/details/rudolf-carnap-introduction-to-symbolic-logic-and-its-applications/page/3/mode/2up)

Symmetric Feature-based Transfer Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Homogenous Transfer Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-SFTL
definition: Homogeneous symmetric transformation takes both the source feature space Xs and target feature space Xt and learns feature transformations as to project each onto a common subspace Xc for adaptation purposes. This derived subspace becomes a domain-invariant feature subspace to associate cross-domain data, and in effect, reduces marginal distribution differences.
kb-article: ## References Day, O., & Khoshgoftaar, T.M. (2017). A survey on heterogeneous transfer learning. *Journal of Big Data, 4*(1), 29. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-017-0089-0).

Symmetric Key
type: Class
subclass of: Cryptographic Key
definition: A symmetric key is a single key used for both encryption and decryption and used with a symmetric-key algorithm. Symmetric-key algorithms are algorithms for cryptography that use the same cryptographic keys for both encryption of plaintext and decryption of ciphertext. The keys may be identical or there may be a simple transformation to go between the two keys. The keys, in practice, represent a shared secret between two or more parties that can be used to maintain a private information link. This requirement that both parties have access to the secret key is one of the main drawbacks of symmetric key encryption, in comparison to public-key encrytption (also known as asymmetric key encryption).

System
type: Class
subclass of: Artifact
definition: An artifact (instrumentality) that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity. [Note that not all digital artifacts are systems nor are all systems digital artifacts.]

System Call
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Event
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: executes
  some values from: Subroutine
type: NamedIndividual
executes: Subroutine
definition: A system call is the programmatic way in which a computer program requests a service from the kernel of the operating system it is executed on. This may include hardware-related services (for example, accessing a hard disk drive), creation and execution of new processes, and communication with integral kernel services such as process scheduling. System calls provide an essential interface between a process and the operating system.
synonym: syscall

System Call Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Process Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: System Call
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: System Call
kb-reference: Reference - CAR-2019-08-001: Credential Dumping via Windows Task Manager - MITRE
kb-reference: Reference - CAR-2013-10-002: DLL Injection via Load Library - MITRE
kb-reference: Reference - Hardware-assisted system and method for detecting and analyzing system calls made to an operting system kernel - Endgame Inc
kb-reference: Reference - Malware detection in event loops - Crowdstrike Inc
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2020-05-001:MiniDumpOfLSASS MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2021-05-011:CreateRemoteThreadIntoLSASS MITRE
d3fend-id: D3-SCA
definition: Analyzing system calls to determine whether a process is exhibiting unauthorized behavior.
kb-article: ## How it works System calls are APIs between a user application and the operating system [1]. By analyzing a process's use of these APIs, it is, in some cases, possible to ascertain whether a program is exhibiting unauthorized behavior, including trying to escalate its privileges. ### Gathering System Calls A common method to capture system calls is to use kernel APIs to hook [2] a process's system call invocations. The Linux system call `ptrace` tracks other system calls in a process and allows their alteration; this is made use of by GDB. `strace` utilizes `ptrace` and will print to stdout each system call invoked. Other applications record this data in local or remote databases. The log entry for each system call, which may reference additional information such as the date and time, and the process tree for the process which made the system call, is relayed, in real time or post-facto, to an analysis module which consults a catalog or model to determine whether the distribution matches a known-good or known-bad pattern. ### Analysis System calls are analyzed with a variety of methods. Some analytics look for specific sequences of instructions, others may apply statistical methods to identify abnormal behavior. Sequences of instructions can be abstracted into conceptually higher order user activities, for example: * An attacker executes many system calls in a short period of time, with several sequences which could be used to escalate privileges. * Getting the contents from a URL, writing to a new file, and then executing the same file. * A ransomware program which either uses a loop or creates many threads to: read a specified file, encrypt its contents, create an output file with a similar name to the original file, and delete the unencrypted original. ## Considerations * Duplicative or extraneous system calls may be added to malware to defeat analytics. * Malware could replace API hooking instructions to allow system calls to be made without being monitored. *…

System Call Filtering
type: Class
subclass of: Kernel-based Process Isolation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: filters
  some values from: System Call
type: NamedIndividual
filters: System Call
kb-reference: Reference - Overview of the seccomp sandbox
d3fend-id: D3-SCF
definition: Configuring a kernel to use an allow or deny list to filter kernel api calls.

System Config System Call
type: Class
subclass of: System Call

System Configuration Database
type: Class
subclass of: Database
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A database used to hold system configuration data.

System Configuration Database Record
type: Class
subclass of: Configuration Database Record
subclass of: Operating System Configuration Component
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A database record holding information used to configure the services, parameters, and initial settings for an operating system.

System Configuration Init Database Record
type: Class
subclass of: System Configuration Database Record
subclass of: System Configuration Init Resource
subclass of: System Init Configuration
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A database record holding information used to configure the services, parameters, and initial settings for an operating system at startup.
alternative label: System Configuration Startup Database Record

System Configuration Init Resource
type: Class
subclass of: Local Resource
definition: A system configuration initialization resource has information for initializing (booting) a system.
alternative label: System Init Resource

System Configuration Permissions
type: Class
subclass of: Platform Hardening
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: restricts
  some values from: System Configuration Database
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - How to change registry values or permissions from a command line or a script
restricts: System Configuration Database
d3fend-id: D3-SCP
definition: Restricting system configuration modifications to a specific user or group of users.

System Daemon Monitoring
type: Class
subclass of: Operating System Monitoring
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: monitors
  some values from: Operating System Process
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Host intrusion prevention system using software and user behavior analysis - Sophos Ltd
kb-reference: Reference - Method using kernel mode assistance for the detection and removal of threats which are actively preventing detection and removal from a running system - Symantec Corporation
kb-reference: Reference-UserActivityFromStoppingWindowsDefensiveServices MITRE
monitors: Operating System Process
d3fend-id: D3-SDM
definition: Tracking changes to the state or configuration of critical system level processes.
kb-article: ## How it works Attackers may manipulate system settings or services to disable system logging or monitoring of security tools and events. Firewall and antivirus services are popular targets for attackers. Disabling system logs will also allow an attacker's actions to go unnoticed. Analysis of logs, registries, and process monitoring help defenders locate signs of tampering. Two possible approaches are to monitor hardened system services or to monitor registry updates for modifications to security settings.

System Dependency
type: Class
subclass of: Dependency
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A system dependency indicates a system has an activity, agent, or another system which relies on it in order to be functional.

System Dependency Mapping
type: Class
subclass of: System Mapping
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: maps
  some values from: System Dependency
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Catia UAF Plugin
kb-reference: Reference-SoftwareVulnerabilityGraphDatabase
kb-reference: Reference-UnifiedArchitectureFrameworkUAF
maps: System Dependency
d3fend-id: D3-SYSDM
definition: System dependency mapping identifies and models the dependencies of system components on each other to carry out their function.
kb-article: ## How it works The organization collects and models architectural information about the software, hardware, and products and maps the dependencies between systems, including each system's internal components and dependencies. ## Considerations * Data exchanges identified in the network mapping efforts usually indicate such dependencies, but may not be part of the intended design. * Architectural design artifacts and SMEs may need to be consulted to determine if dependencies are intended or otherwise essential. * System depedency mapping can identify internal dependencies of standard and pre-built systems that should be incorporated into a complete system dependency model. * System dependencies for critical systems--those supporting critical organizational activities--should be prioritized for supply chain risk analysis. * System dependencies should identify the integral components of a given named system and their structure to form a system. * System dependencies with a given system may be fixed by a particular product's configuration, and leveraging external knowledge bases about dependencies available (e.g., from package managers) is essential.

System File Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Operating System Monitoring
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Operating System File
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Operating System File
kb-reference: Reference - CAR-2019-07-001: Access Permission Modification - MITRE
kb-reference: Reference - CAR-2013-01-002: Autorun Differences - MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-UserActivityFromClearingEventLogs MITRE
d3fend-id: D3-SFA
definition: Monitoring system files such as authentication databases, configuration files, system logs, and system executables for modification or tampering.
kb-article: ## How it works This technique ensures the integrity of system owned file resources. System files can impact the behavior below the user level. ## Considerations * Need to manage the size of log file analysis. * False positives are a concern with this technique and filtering will need to be given additional thought. * A baseline or snapshot of file checksums should be established for future comparison.

System Firewall Configuration
type: Class
subclass of: Operating System Configuration Component
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: configures
  some values from: Host-based Firewall
type: NamedIndividual
configures: Host-based Firewall
definition: The configuration for a individual host operating system's firewall.

System Firmware
type: Class
subclass of: Firmware
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Firmware that is installed on a computer's main board which manages the initial boot process. It can also continue to run or function after the operating system boots.
alternative label: BIOS Firmware
alternative label: UEFI Firmware

System Firmware Verification
type: Class
subclass of: Firmware Verification
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: verifies
  some values from: System Firmware
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Firmware Verification Eclypsium
kb-reference: Reference-PlatformFirmwareResiliencyGuidelines NIST
verifies: System Firmware
d3fend-id: D3-SFV
definition: Cryptographically verifying installed system firmware integrity.
kb-article: ## How it works Cryptographic hash values are computed for system firmware. The hash values are compared against precomputed firmware hash values to determine if the firmware has been tampered with. When system firmware verification fails a set of predefined responses is typically invoked. The responses may direct the system to disable some devices or operations. ## Considerations * Requires the use of system provided security modules * Secure hash values will need to be computed for firmware

System Init Config Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Operating System Monitoring
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: System Init Configuration
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: System Init Configuration
kb-reference: Reference - CAR-2013-01-002: Autorun Differences - MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2020-09-005:AppInitDLLs MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2020-11-001:BootOrLogonInitializationScripts MITRE
d3fend-id: D3-SICA
definition: Analysis of any system process startup configuration.
synonym: Autorun Analysis
synonym: Startup Analysis
alternative label: System Initialization Configuration Analysis

System Init Configuration
type: Class
subclass of: Operating System Configuration Component
type: NamedIndividual
definition: System initialization configuration information is configuration information used to configure the services, parameters, and initial settings for an operating system at startup.
alternative label: Autoruns

System Init Process
type: Class
subclass of: Operating System Process
definition: A system initialization process is a process that executes to initialize (boot) an operating system.
alternative label: System Initialization Process
alternative label: System Startup Process

System Init Script
type: Class
subclass of: Executable Script
subclass of: System Configuration Init Resource
subclass of: System Init Configuration
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A script used to initialize and configure elements of the system's environment, applications, services, or its operating system.

System Mapping
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Model
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Model
d3fend-id: D3-SYSM
definition: System mapping encompasses the techniques to identify the organization's systems, how they are configured and decomposed into subsystems and components, how they are dependent on one another, and where they are physically located.
display-order: 2

System Password Database
type: Class
subclass of: Password Database
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A password database used by a system service or process to authenticate users (e.g., Security Account Manager)

System Service Software
type: Class
subclass of: Software
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Operating System File
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Operating System File
definition: Software services provided as part of the operating system, typically accessed through system calls.

System Software
type: Class
subclass of: Software
definition: Computer software which enables operating system or platform functionality.

System Startup Directory
type: Class
subclass of: Directory
subclass of: System Configuration Init Resource
subclass of: System Init Configuration
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A system startup directory is a directory containing executable files or links to executable files which are run when the system starts.

System Time Application
type: Class
subclass of: Utility Software
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A system time utility is utility software that can get the system time, such as the Unix date command or Windows' Net utility.

System Utilization Record
type: Class
subclass of: Record
definition: A system utilization record is a record for the tracking of resource utilization e.g. CPU, Disk, Network, Memory Bandwidth, GPU, or other resources for a given time period.

System Vulnerability Assessment
type: Class
subclass of: System Mapping
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: evaluates
  some values from: Digital System
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: identifies
  some values from: Vulnerability
type: NamedIndividual
evaluates: Digital System
identifies: Vulnerability
kb-reference: Reference-SoftwareVulnerabilityGraphDatabase
d3fend-id: D3-SYSVA
definition: System vulnerability assessment relates all the vulnerabilities of a system's components in the context of their configuration and internal dependencies and can also include assessing risk emerging from the system's design as a whole, not just the sum of individual component vulnerabilities.

Data Obfuscation
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Control Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
attack-id: T1001

Junk Data
type: Class
subclass of: Data Obfuscation
attack-id: T1001.001

Steganography
type: Class
subclass of: Data Obfuscation
attack-id: T1001.002

Protocol Impersonation
type: Class
subclass of: Data Obfuscation
attack-id: T1001.003

Data Compressed
type: Class
subclass of: Exfiltration Technique
attack-id: T1002

OS Credential Dumping
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Access Technique
attack-id: T1003

LSASS Memory
type: Class
subclass of: OS Credential Dumping
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Authentication Service
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Process
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Authentication Service
accesses: Process
attack-id: T1003.001

Security Account Manager
type: Class
subclass of: OS Credential Dumping
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-access
  some values from: Authentication Service
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-access
  some values from: Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-access
  some values from: System Password Database
type: NamedIndividual
may-access: Authentication Service
may-access: Process
may-access: System Password Database
attack-id: T1003.002

NTDS
type: Class
subclass of: OS Credential Dumping
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Encrypted Credential
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Encrypted Credential
attack-id: T1003.003

LSA Secrets
type: Class
subclass of: OS Credential Dumping
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-access
  some values from: Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-access
  some values from: System Password Database
type: NamedIndividual
may-access: Process
may-access: System Password Database
attack-id: T1003.004

Cached Domain Credentials
type: Class
subclass of: OS Credential Dumping
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Encrypted Credential
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Log
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Encrypted Credential
may-modify: Log
attack-id: T1003.005

DCSync
type: Class
subclass of: OS Credential Dumping
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Event Log
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Intranet Administrative Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
may-modify: Event Log
produces: Intranet Administrative Network Traffic
attack-id: T1003.006

Proc Filesystem
type: Class
subclass of: OS Credential Dumping
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Operating System File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Process Image
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Operating System File
accesses: Process Image
attack-id: T1003.007

/etc/passwd and /etc/shadow
type: Class
subclass of: OS Credential Dumping
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Encrypted Credential
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Password File
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Encrypted Credential
accesses: Password File
attack-id: T1003.008

Winlogon Helper DLL
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1004

Data from Local System
type: Class
subclass of: Collection Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Local Resource
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: File
accesses: Local Resource
attack-id: T1005

Direct Volume Access
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Volume
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Volume
attack-id: T1006

System Service Discovery
type: Class
subclass of: Discovery Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-invoke
  some values from: Create Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-invoke
  some values from: Get Running Processes
type: NamedIndividual
may-invoke: Create Process
may-invoke: Get Running Processes
attack-id: T1007

Fallback Channels
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Control Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
attack-id: T1008

Binary Padding
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1009

Application Window Discovery
type: Class
subclass of: Discovery Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-invoke
  some values from: Create Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-invoke
  some values from: Get Open Windows
type: NamedIndividual
may-invoke: Create Process
may-invoke: Get Open Windows
attack-id: T1010

Exfiltration Over Other Network Medium
type: Class
subclass of: Exfiltration Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Internet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Internet Network Traffic
attack-id: T1011

Exfiltration Over Bluetooth
type: Class
subclass of: Exfiltration Over Other Network Medium
attack-id: T1011.001

Query Registry
type: Class
subclass of: Discovery Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: System Configuration Database
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-invoke
  some values from: Get System Config Value
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: System Configuration Database
may-invoke: Get System Config Value
attack-id: T1012

Port Monitors
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1013

Rootkit
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Boot Sector
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Firmware
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Kernel
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Kernel Module
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Shared Library File
type: NamedIndividual
may-modify: Boot Sector
may-modify: Firmware
may-modify: Kernel
may-modify: Kernel Module
may-modify: Shared Library File
attack-id: T1014

Accessibility Features
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1015

System Network Configuration Discovery
type: Class
subclass of: Discovery Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-execute
  some values from: Executable Script
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-invoke
  some values from: Create Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-invoke
  some values from: Get System Network Config Value
type: NamedIndividual
may-execute: Executable Script
may-invoke: Create Process
may-invoke: Get System Network Config Value
attack-id: T1016

Internet Connection Discovery
type: Class
subclass of: System Network Configuration Discovery
attack-id: T1016.001

Application Deployment Software
type: Class
subclass of: Lateral Movement Technique
attack-id: T1017

Remote System Discovery
type: Class
subclass of: Discovery Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-access
  some values from: Operating System Configuration File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-invoke
  some values from: Create Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-invoke
  some values from: Create Socket
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
may-access: Operating System Configuration File
may-invoke: Create Process
may-invoke: Create Socket
produces: Network Traffic
attack-id: T1018

System Firmware
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1019

Automated Exfiltration
type: Class
subclass of: Exfiltration Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Internet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Internet Network Traffic
attack-id: T1020

Traffic Duplication
type: Class
subclass of: Automated Exfiltration
attack-id: T1020.001

Remote Services
type: Class
subclass of: Lateral Movement Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Intranet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Intranet Network Traffic
attack-id: T1021

Remote Desktop Protocol
type: Class
subclass of: Remote Services
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: RDP Session
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Administrative Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
creates: RDP Session
produces: Administrative Network Traffic
attack-id: T1021.001

SMB/Windows Admin Shares
type: Class
subclass of: Remote Services
attack-id: T1021.002

Distributed Component Object Model
type: Class
subclass of: Remote Services
attack-id: T1021.003

SSH
type: Class
subclass of: Remote Services
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: SSH Session
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Administrative Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
creates: SSH Session
produces: Administrative Network Traffic
attack-id: T1021.004

VNC
type: Class
subclass of: Remote Services
attack-id: T1021.005

Windows Remote Management
type: Class
subclass of: Remote Services
attack-id: T1021.006

Data Encrypted
type: Class
subclass of: Exfiltration Technique
attack-id: T1022

Shortcut Modification
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1023

Custom Cryptographic Protocol
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Control Technique
attack-id: T1024

Data from Removable Media
type: Class
subclass of: Collection Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Removable Media Device
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Removable Media Device
attack-id: T1025

Obfuscated Files or Information
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1027

Binary Padding
type: Class
subclass of: Obfuscated Files or Information
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Executable Binary
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Executable Binary
attack-id: T1027.001

Software Packing
type: Class
subclass of: Obfuscated Files or Information
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: obfuscates
  some values from: Executable File
type: NamedIndividual
obfuscates: Executable File
attack-id: T1027.002

Steganography
type: Class
subclass of: Obfuscated Files or Information
attack-id: T1027.003

Compile After Delivery
type: Class
subclass of: Obfuscated Files or Information
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Executable File
type: NamedIndividual
creates: Executable File
attack-id: T1027.004

Indicator Removal from Tools
type: Class
subclass of: Obfuscated Files or Information
attack-id: T1027.005

HTML Smuggling
type: Class
subclass of: Obfuscated Files or Information
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: JavaScript Blob
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hides
  some values from: Digital Artifact
type: NamedIndividual
creates: JavaScript Blob
hides: Digital Artifact
attack-id: T1027.006

Windows Remote Management
type: Class
subclass of: Execution Technique
subclass of: Lateral Movement Technique
attack-id: T1028

Scheduled Transfer
type: Class
subclass of: Exfiltration Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Internet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Internet Network Traffic
attack-id: T1029

Data Transfer Size Limits
type: Class
subclass of: Exfiltration Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Internet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Internet Network Traffic
attack-id: T1030

Modify Existing Service
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1031

Standard Cryptographic Protocol
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Control Technique
attack-id: T1032

System Owner/User Discovery
type: Class
subclass of: Discovery Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-access
  some values from: Directory Service
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-access
  some values from: Get System Config Value
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-access
  some values from: Password File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-access
  some values from: Process Segment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-invoke
  some values from: Copy Token
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-invoke
  some values from: Create Process
type: NamedIndividual
may-access: Directory Service
may-access: Get System Config Value
may-access: Password File
may-access: Process Segment
may-invoke: Copy Token
may-invoke: Create Process
attack-id: T1033

Service Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Execution Technique
attack-id: T1035

Masquerading
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1036

Invalid Code Signature
type: Class
subclass of: Masquerading
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Executable Binary
type: NamedIndividual
creates: Executable Binary
attack-id: T1036.001

Right-to-Left Override
type: Class
subclass of: Masquerading
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: File System Metadata
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: File System Metadata
attack-id: T1036.002

Rename System Utilities
type: Class
subclass of: Masquerading
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-create
  some values from: Executable File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Operating System Executable File
type: NamedIndividual
may-create: Executable File
may-modify: Operating System Executable File
attack-id: T1036.003

Masquerade Task or Service
type: Class
subclass of: Masquerading
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Job Schedule
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Job Schedule
attack-id: T1036.004

Match Legitimate Name or Location
type: Class
subclass of: Masquerading
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Move File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-create
  some values from: File
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Move File
may-create: File
attack-id: T1036.005

Space after Filename
type: Class
subclass of: Masquerading
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: File
type: NamedIndividual
creates: File
attack-id: T1036.006

Double File Extension
type: Class
subclass of: Masquerading
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: File System Metadata
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: File System Metadata
attack-id: T1036.007

Boot or Logon Initialization Scripts
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1037

Logon Script (Windows)
type: Class
subclass of: Boot or Logon Initialization Scripts
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: User Init Script
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: User Init Script
attack-id: T1037.001

Logon Script (Mac)
type: Class
subclass of: Boot or Logon Initialization Scripts
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: User Init Script
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: User Init Script
attack-id: T1037.002

Network Logon Script
type: Class
subclass of: Boot or Logon Initialization Scripts
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Network Init Script File Resource
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Network Init Script File Resource
attack-id: T1037.003
definition: Group Policy Object / Active Directory Users and Computers are both Active Directory-based

Rc.common
type: Class
subclass of: Boot or Logon Initialization Scripts
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: System Init Script
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: System Init Script
attack-id: T1037.004

Startup Items
type: Class
subclass of: Boot or Logon Initialization Scripts
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: System Startup Directory
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: System Startup Directory
attack-id: T1037.005

DLL Search Order Hijacking
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1038

Data from Network Shared Drive
type: Class
subclass of: Collection Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Network File Share Resource
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Network File Share Resource
attack-id: T1039

Network Sniffing
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Access Technique
subclass of: Discovery Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-produce
  some values from: DNS Lookup
type: NamedIndividual
may-produce: DNS Lookup
attack-id: T1040

Exfiltration Over C2 Channel
type: Class
subclass of: Exfiltration Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-transfer
  some values from: Certificate File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Internet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
may-transfer: Certificate File
produces: Internet Network Traffic
attack-id: T1041

Change Default File Association
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1042

File System Permissions Weakness
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1044

Software Packing
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1045

Network Service Scanning
type: Class
subclass of: Discovery Technique
attack-id: T1046

Windows Management Instrumentation Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Execution Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-create
  some values from: Intranet Administrative Network Traffic
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-invoke
  some values from: Create Process
type: NamedIndividual
may-create: Intranet Administrative Network Traffic
may-invoke: Create Process
attack-id: T1047

Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol
type: Class
subclass of: Exfiltration Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Internet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Internet Network Traffic
attack-id: T1048

Exfiltration Over Symmetric Encrypted Non-C2 Protocol
type: Class
subclass of: Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Outbound Internet Encrypted Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Outbound Internet Encrypted Traffic
attack-id: T1048.001

Exfiltration Over Asymmetric Encrypted Non-C2 Protocol
type: Class
subclass of: Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-transfer
  some values from: Certificate File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Outbound Internet Encrypted Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
may-transfer: Certificate File
produces: Outbound Internet Encrypted Traffic
attack-id: T1048.002

Exfiltration Over Unencrypted/Obfuscated Non-C2 Protocol
type: Class
subclass of: Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
attack-id: T1048.003

System Network Connections Discovery
type: Class
subclass of: Discovery Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-invoke
  some values from: Get Open Sockets
type: NamedIndividual
may-invoke: Get Open Sockets
attack-id: T1049

New Service
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1050

Exfiltration Over Physical Medium
type: Class
subclass of: Exfiltration Technique
attack-id: T1052

Exfiltration over USB
type: Class
subclass of: Exfiltration Over Physical Medium
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Removable Media Device
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Removable Media Device
attack-id: T1052.001

Scheduled Task/Job Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Execution Technique
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: executes
  some values from: Scheduled Job
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Create Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Job Schedule
type: NamedIndividual
executes: Scheduled Job
invokes: Create Process
modifies: Job Schedule
attack-id: T1053
definition: The sub-techniques of this are specific software implementations of scheduling capabilities

At (Linux) Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Scheduled Task/Job Execution
attack-id: T1053.001

At (Windows) Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Scheduled Task/Job Execution
attack-id: T1053.002

Cron Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Scheduled Task/Job Execution
attack-id: T1053.003

Launchd
type: Class
subclass of: Scheduled Task/Job Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Property List File
type: NamedIndividual
creates: Property List File
attack-id: T1053.004

Schtasks Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Scheduled Task/Job Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: executes
  some values from: Scheduled Job
type: NamedIndividual
executes: Scheduled Job
attack-id: T1053.005
definition: Renamed from ATT&CK to be consistent with at, launchd, cron siblings; name as is looks like parent. Not sure why parent is not just Scheduled Task [Execution[.

Systemd Timers
type: Class
subclass of: Scheduled Task/Job Execution
attack-id: T1053.006

Container Orchestration Job
type: Class
subclass of: Scheduled Task/Job Execution
attack-id: T1053.007

Indicator Blocking
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1054

Process Injection
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1055

Dynamic-link Library Injection
type: Class
subclass of: Process Injection
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: adds
  some values from: Shared Library File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: loads
  some values from: Shared Library File
type: NamedIndividual
adds: Shared Library File
invokes: System Call
loads: Shared Library File
attack-id: T1055.001

Portable Executable Injection
type: Class
subclass of: Process Injection
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-add
  some values from: Object File
type: NamedIndividual
may-add: Object File
attack-id: T1055.002

Thread Execution Hijacking
type: Class
subclass of: Process Injection
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-add
  some values from: Executable Binary
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: System Call
may-add: Executable Binary
attack-id: T1055.003

Asynchronous Procedure Call
type: Class
subclass of: Process Injection
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-invoke
  some values from: Create Process
type: NamedIndividual
may-invoke: Create Process
attack-id: T1055.004

Thread Local Storage
type: Class
subclass of: Process Injection
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: System Call
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: System Call
attack-id: T1055.005

Ptrace System Calls
type: Class
subclass of: Process Injection
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: System Call
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: System Call
attack-id: T1055.008

Proc Memory
type: Class
subclass of: Process Injection
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Operating System File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Operating System File
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Operating System File
may-modify: Operating System File
attack-id: T1055.009

Extra Window Memory Injection
type: Class
subclass of: Process Injection
attack-id: T1055.011

Process Hollowing
type: Class
subclass of: Process Injection
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Process Code Segment
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Process Code Segment
attack-id: T1055.012

Process Doppelgänging
type: Class
subclass of: Process Injection
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Create Process
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Create Process
attack-id: T1055.013

VDSO Hijacking
type: Class
subclass of: Process Injection
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Shared Library File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: System Call
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Shared Library File
invokes: System Call
attack-id: T1055.014

ListPlanting
type: Class
subclass of: Process Injection
attack-id: T1055.015

Input Capture
type: Class
subclass of: Collection Technique
subclass of: Credential Access Technique
attack-id: T1056

Keylogging
type: Class
subclass of: Input Capture
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Keyboard Input Device
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Keyboard Input Device
attack-id: T1056.001

GUI Input Capture
type: Class
subclass of: Input Capture
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Graphical User Interface
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Graphical User Interface
attack-id: T1056.002

Web Portal Capture
type: Class
subclass of: Input Capture
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Web Server Application
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Web Server Application
attack-id: T1056.003

Credential API Hooking
type: Class
subclass of: Input Capture
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Process Code Segment
type: NamedIndividual
may-modify: Process Code Segment
attack-id: T1056.004

Process Discovery
type: Class
subclass of: Discovery Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-invoke
  some values from: Create Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-invoke
  some values from: Get Running Processes
type: NamedIndividual
may-invoke: Create Process
may-invoke: Get Running Processes
attack-id: T1057

Service Registry Permissions Weakness
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1058

Command and Scripting Interpreter Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Execution Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: executes
  some values from: Executable Script
type: NamedIndividual
executes: Executable Script
attack-id: T1059

PowerShell Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Scripting Interpreter Execution
attack-id: T1059.001

AppleScript Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Scripting Interpreter Execution
attack-id: T1059.002

Windows Command Shell Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Scripting Interpreter Execution
attack-id: T1059.003

Unix Shell Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Scripting Interpreter Execution
attack-id: T1059.004
alternative label: Bash Execution

VBScript Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Scripting Interpreter Execution
attack-id: T1059.005

Python Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Scripting Interpreter Execution
attack-id: T1059.006

JavaScript/JScript
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Scripting Interpreter Execution
attack-id: T1059.007

Network Device CLI
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Scripting Interpreter Execution
attack-id: T1059.008

Registry Run Keys / Startup Folder
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1060

Security Software Discovery
type: Class
subclass of: Discovery Technique
attack-id: T1063

Uncommonly Used Port
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Control Technique
attack-id: T1065

Indicator Removal from Tools
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1066

Bootkit
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1067

Exploitation for Privilege Escalation
type: Class
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Privilege Escalation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Stack Frame
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Process Code Segment
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Privilege Escalation
may-modify: Stack Frame
modifies: Process Code Segment
attack-id: T1068

Permission Groups Discovery
type: Class
subclass of: Discovery Technique
attack-id: T1069

Local Groups
type: Class
subclass of: Permission Groups Discovery
attack-id: T1069.001

Domain Groups
type: Class
subclass of: Permission Groups Discovery
attack-id: T1069.002

Cloud Groups
type: Class
subclass of: Permission Groups Discovery
attack-id: T1069.003

Indicator Removal on Host
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1070

Clear Windows Event Logs
type: Class
subclass of: Indicator Removal on Host
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Event Log
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Event Log
attack-id: T1070.001

Clear Linux or Mac System Logs
type: Class
subclass of: Indicator Removal on Host
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Operating System Log File
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Operating System Log File
attack-id: T1070.002

Clear Command History
type: Class
subclass of: Indicator Removal on Host
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Command History Log
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Command History Log
attack-id: T1070.003

File Deletion
type: Class
subclass of: Indicator Removal on Host
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: deletes
  some values from: File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: File
type: NamedIndividual
deletes: File
may-modify: File
attack-id: T1070.004

Network Share Connection Removal
type: Class
subclass of: Indicator Removal on Host
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: unmounts
  some values from: Network File Share Resource
type: NamedIndividual
unmounts: Network File Share Resource
attack-id: T1070.005

Timestomp
type: Class
subclass of: Indicator Removal on Host
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: forges
  some values from: File System Metadata
type: NamedIndividual
forges: File System Metadata
attack-id: T1070.006

Application Layer Protocol
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Control Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-transfer
  some values from: Certificate File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
may-transfer: Certificate File
produces: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
attack-id: T1071
pref-label: Application Layer Protocol C2

Web Protocols
type: Class
subclass of: Application Layer Protocol
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-transfer
  some values from: Certificate File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Outbound Internet Web Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
may-transfer: Certificate File
produces: Outbound Internet Web Traffic
attack-id: T1071.001

File Transfer Protocols
type: Class
subclass of: Application Layer Protocol
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Outbound Internet File Transfer Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Outbound Internet File Transfer Traffic
attack-id: T1071.002

Mail Protocols
type: Class
subclass of: Application Layer Protocol
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Outbound Internet Mail Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Outbound Internet Mail Traffic
attack-id: T1071.003

DNS
type: Class
subclass of: Application Layer Protocol
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Outbound Internet DNS Lookup Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Outbound Internet DNS Lookup Traffic
attack-id: T1071.004

Software Deployment Tools Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Execution Technique
subclass of: Lateral Movement Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: adds
  some values from: File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: executes
  some values from: Software Deployment Tool
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: installs
  some values from: Software
type: NamedIndividual
adds: File
executes: Software Deployment Tool
installs: Software
attack-id: T1072

DLL Side-Loading
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1073

Data Staged
type: Class
subclass of: Collection Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: reads
  some values from: Resource
type: NamedIndividual
reads: Resource
attack-id: T1074

Local Data Staging
type: Class
subclass of: Data Staged
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-create
  some values from: File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-invoke
  some values from: Create File
type: NamedIndividual
may-create: File
may-invoke: Create File
attack-id: T1074.001

Remote Data Staging
type: Class
subclass of: Data Staged
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Network Resource
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Network Resource
attack-id: T1074.002

Pass the Hash
type: Class
subclass of: Lateral Movement Technique
attack-id: T1075

Remote Desktop Protocol
type: Class
subclass of: Lateral Movement Technique
attack-id: T1076

Windows Admin Shares
type: Class
subclass of: Lateral Movement Technique
attack-id: T1077

Valid Accounts
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Initial Access Technique
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Authentication
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Authorization
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: uses
  some values from: User Account
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Authentication
produces: Authorization
uses: User Account
attack-id: T1078

Default Accounts
type: Class
subclass of: Valid Accounts
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: uses
  some values from: Default User Account
type: NamedIndividual
uses: Default User Account
attack-id: T1078.001

Domain Accounts
type: Class
subclass of: Valid Accounts
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: uses
  some values from: Domain User Account
type: NamedIndividual
uses: Domain User Account
attack-id: T1078.002

Local Accounts
type: Class
subclass of: Valid Accounts
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: uses
  some values from: Local User Account
type: NamedIndividual
uses: Local User Account
attack-id: T1078.003

Cloud Accounts
type: Class
subclass of: Valid Accounts
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: uses
  some values from: Cloud User Account
type: NamedIndividual
uses: Cloud User Account
attack-id: T1078.004

Multilayer Encryption
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Control Technique
attack-id: T1079

Taint Shared Content
type: Class
subclass of: Lateral Movement Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Network Resource
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Network Resource
attack-id: T1080

Credentials in Files
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Access Technique
attack-id: T1081

System Information Discovery
type: Class
subclass of: Discovery Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-access
  some values from: Decoy Artifact
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-invoke
  some values from: Create Process
type: NamedIndividual
may-access: Decoy Artifact
may-invoke: Create Process
attack-id: T1082

File and Directory Discovery
type: Class
subclass of: Discovery Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Directory
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: File
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Directory
accesses: File
attack-id: T1083

Windows Management Instrumentation Event Subscription
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1084

Rundll32
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Execution Technique
attack-id: T1085

PowerShell
type: Class
subclass of: Execution Technique
attack-id: T1086

Account Discovery
type: Class
subclass of: Discovery Technique
attack-id: T1087

Local Account
type: Class
subclass of: Create Account
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Local User Account
type: NamedIndividual
creates: Local User Account
attack-id: T1087.001

Domain Account
type: Class
subclass of: Create Account
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Domain User Account
type: NamedIndividual
creates: Domain User Account
attack-id: T1087.002

Email Account
type: Class
subclass of: Account Discovery
attack-id: T1087.003

Cloud Account
type: Class
subclass of: Create Account
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Cloud User Account
type: NamedIndividual
creates: Cloud User Account
attack-id: T1087.004

Bypass User Account Control
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1088

Disabling Security Tools
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1089

Proxy
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Control Technique
attack-id: T1090

Internal Proxy
type: Class
subclass of: Proxy
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Intranet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Intranet Network Traffic
attack-id: T1090.001

External Proxy
type: Class
subclass of: Proxy
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
attack-id: T1090.002

Multi-hop Proxy
type: Class
subclass of: Proxy
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
attack-id: T1090.003

Domain Fronting
type: Class
subclass of: Proxy
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Outbound Internet Encrypted Web Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Outbound Internet Encrypted Web Traffic
attack-id: T1090.004

Replication Through Removable Media
type: Class
subclass of: Initial Access Technique
subclass of: Lateral Movement Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: executes
  some values from: Removable Media Device
type: NamedIndividual
executes: Removable Media Device
attack-id: T1091

Communication Through Removable Media
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Control Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Removable Media Device
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Removable Media Device
attack-id: T1092

Process Hollowing
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1093

Custom Command and Control Protocol
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Control Technique
attack-id: T1094

Non-Application Layer Protocol
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Control Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
attack-id: T1095

NTFS File Attributes
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1096

Pass the Ticket
type: Class
subclass of: Lateral Movement Technique
attack-id: T1097

Account Manipulation
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: User Account
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: User Account
attack-id: T1098

Additional Azure Service Principal Credentials
type: Class
subclass of: Account Manipulation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Credential
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Intranet Administrative Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
creates: Credential
produces: Intranet Administrative Network Traffic
attack-id: T1098.001

Exchange Email Delegate Permissions
type: Class
subclass of: Account Manipulation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Domain User Account
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Domain User Account
attack-id: T1098.002

Add Office 365 Global Administrator Role
type: Class
subclass of: Account Manipulation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Global User Account
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Global User Account
attack-id: T1098.003

SSH Authorized Keys
type: Class
subclass of: Account Manipulation
attack-id: T1098.004

Device Registration
type: Class
subclass of: Account Manipulation
attack-id: T1098.005

Timestomp
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1099

Web Shell
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1100

Security Support Provider
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1101

Web Service
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Control Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Outbound Internet Web Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Outbound Internet Web Traffic
attack-id: T1102

Dead Drop Resolver
type: Class
subclass of: Web Service
attack-id: T1102.001

Bidirectional Communication
type: Class
subclass of: Web Service
attack-id: T1102.002

One-Way Communication
type: Class
subclass of: Web Service
attack-id: T1102.003

AppInit DLLs
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1103

Multi-Stage Channels
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Control Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
attack-id: T1104

Ingress Tool Transfer
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Control Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
attack-id: T1105
definition: Session is initiated by the client, and may be a custom protocol which is why it is related to generic network traffic instead of file transfer network traffic.

Native API Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Execution Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: System Call
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: System Call
attack-id: T1106

File Deletion
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1107

Component Firmware
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1109

Brute Force
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Access Technique
attack-id: T1110

Password Guessing
type: Class
subclass of: Brute Force
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Password
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Authentication Log
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Authentication
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Password
modifies: Authentication Log
produces: Authentication
attack-id: T1110.001

Password Cracking
type: Class
subclass of: Brute Force
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Password
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Password
attack-id: T1110.002

Password Spraying
type: Class
subclass of: Brute Force
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Password
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-create
  some values from: Intranet Administrative Network Traffic
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Authentication Log
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Authentication
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Password
may-create: Intranet Administrative Network Traffic
modifies: Authentication Log
produces: Authentication
attack-id: T1110.003

Credential Stuffing
type: Class
subclass of: Brute Force
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-create
  some values from: Intranet Administrative Network Traffic
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Authentication Log
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Authentication
type: NamedIndividual
may-create: Intranet Administrative Network Traffic
modifies: Authentication Log
produces: Authentication
attack-id: T1110.004

Two-Factor Authentication Interception
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Access Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-access
  some values from: Security Token
type: NamedIndividual
may-access: Security Token
attack-id: T1111

Modify Registry
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Windows Registry
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Windows Registry
attack-id: T1112

Screen Capture
type: Class
subclass of: Collection Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-access
  some values from: Display Server
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-invoke
  some values from: Get Screen Capture
type: NamedIndividual
may-access: Display Server
may-invoke: Get Screen Capture
attack-id: T1113

Email Collection
type: Class
subclass of: Collection Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Resource
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Resource
attack-id: T1114

Local Email Collection
type: Class
subclass of: Email Collection
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: reads
  some values from: Email
type: NamedIndividual
reads: Email
attack-id: T1114.001

Remote Email Collection
type: Class
subclass of: Email Collection
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Mail Server
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Mail Server
attack-id: T1114.002

Email Forwarding Rule
type: Class
subclass of: Email Collection
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Application Configuration
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Application Configuration
attack-id: T1114.003

Clipboard Data
type: Class
subclass of: Collection Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: reads
  some values from: Clipboard
type: NamedIndividual
reads: Clipboard
attack-id: T1115

Code Signing
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1116

Regsvr32
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Execution Technique
attack-id: T1117

InstallUtil
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Execution Technique
attack-id: T1118

Automated Collection
type: Class
subclass of: Collection Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: File
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: File
attack-id: T1119

Peripheral Device Discovery
type: Class
subclass of: Discovery Technique
attack-id: T1120

Regsvcs/Regasm
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Execution Technique
attack-id: T1121

Component Object Model Hijacking
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1122

Audio Capture
type: Class
subclass of: Collection Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Audio Input Device
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Audio Input Device
attack-id: T1123

System Time Discovery
type: Class
subclass of: Discovery Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-invoke
  some values from: Create Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-invoke
  some values from: Get System Time
type: NamedIndividual
may-invoke: Create Process
may-invoke: Get System Time
attack-id: T1124

Video Capture
type: Class
subclass of: Collection Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Video Input Device
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Video Input Device
attack-id: T1125

Network Share Connection Removal
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1126

Trusted Developer Utilities Proxy Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1127

MSBuild
type: Class
subclass of: Trusted Developer Utilities Proxy Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Compiler Configuration File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: runs
  some values from: Compiler
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Compiler Configuration File
runs: Compiler
attack-id: T1127.001

Netsh Helper DLL
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1128

Shared Modules Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Execution Technique
attack-id: T1129

Install Root Certificate
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1130

Authentication Package
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1131

Data Encoding
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Control Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
attack-id: T1132

Standard Encoding
type: Class
subclass of: Data Encoding
attack-id: T1132.001

Non-Standard Encoding
type: Class
subclass of: Data Encoding
attack-id: T1132.002

External Remote Services
type: Class
subclass of: Initial Access Technique
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Authentication
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Authorization
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Network Session
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Authentication
produces: Authorization
produces: Network Session
attack-id: T1133

Access Token Manipulation
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1134

Token Impersonation/Theft
type: Class
subclass of: Access Token Manipulation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: copies
  some values from: Access Token
type: NamedIndividual
type: Access Token
copies: Access Token
attack-id: T1134.001

Create Process with Token
type: Class
subclass of: Access Token Manipulation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: copies
  some values from: Access Token
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Event Log
type: NamedIndividual
copies: Access Token
may-modify: Event Log
attack-id: T1134.002

Make and Impersonate Token
type: Class
subclass of: Access Token Manipulation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: copies
  some values from: Access Token
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Login Session
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Event Log
type: NamedIndividual
copies: Access Token
creates: Login Session
may-modify: Event Log
attack-id: T1134.003

Parent PID Spoofing
type: Class
subclass of: Access Token Manipulation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Create Process
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Create Process
attack-id: T1134.004

SID-History Injection
type: Class
subclass of: Access Token Manipulation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Access Control Configuration
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Access Control Configuration
attack-id: T1134.005

Network Share Discovery
type: Class
subclass of: Discovery Technique
attack-id: T1135

Create Account
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: User Account
type: NamedIndividual
creates: User Account
attack-id: T1136

Local Account
type: Class
subclass of: Create Account
attack-id: T1136.001

Domain Account
type: Class
subclass of: Create Account
attack-id: T1136.002

Cloud Account
type: Class
subclass of: Create Account
attack-id: T1136.003

Office Application Startup
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1137

Office Template Macros
type: Class
subclass of: Office Application Startup
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-add
  some values from: Executable Script
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Executable Script
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: System Configuration Database Record
type: NamedIndividual
may-add: Executable Script
may-modify: Executable Script
may-modify: System Configuration Database Record
attack-id: T1137.001

Office Test
type: Class
subclass of: Office Application Startup
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: System Configuration Database Record
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: System Configuration Database Record
attack-id: T1137.002

Outlook Forms
type: Class
subclass of: Office Application Startup
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: adds
  some values from: Office Application File
type: NamedIndividual
adds: Office Application File
attack-id: T1137.003

Outlook Home Page
type: Class
subclass of: Office Application Startup
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Application Configuration Database
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Application Configuration Database
attack-id: T1137.004

Outlook Rules
type: Class
subclass of: Office Application Startup
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Application Configuration Database
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Application Configuration Database
attack-id: T1137.005

Add-ins
type: Class
subclass of: Office Application Startup
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: adds
  some values from: Software
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: System Configuration Database
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Office Application
type: NamedIndividual
adds: Software
may-modify: System Configuration Database
modifies: Office Application
attack-id: T1137.006

Application Shimming
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1138

Bash History
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Access Technique
attack-id: T1139

Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Create Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-add
  some values from: Executable File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Event Log
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Create Process
may-add: Executable File
may-modify: Event Log
attack-id: T1140

Input Prompt
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Access Technique
attack-id: T1141

Keychain
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Access Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Encrypted Credential
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Encrypted Credential
attack-id: T1142

Hidden Window
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1143

Gatekeeper Bypass
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1144

Private Keys
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Access Technique
attack-id: T1145

Clear Command History
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1146

Hidden Users
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1147

HISTCONTROL
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1148

Plist Modification
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1150

Space after Filename
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Execution Technique
attack-id: T1151

Launchctl
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Execution Technique
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1152

Trap
type: Class
subclass of: Execution Technique
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1154

AppleScript
type: Class
subclass of: Execution Technique
attack-id: T1155

Malicious Shell Modification
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1156

Dylib Hijacking
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1157

Hidden Files and Directories
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1158

Launch Agent
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1159

Launch Daemon
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1160

LC_LOAD_DYLIB Addition
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1161

Login Item
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1162

Rc.common
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1163

Re-opened Applications
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1164

Startup Items
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1165

Setuid and Setgid
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1166

Securityd Memory
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Access Technique
attack-id: T1167

Local Job Scheduling
type: Class
subclass of: Execution Technique
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1168

Sudo
type: Class
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1169

Mshta
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Execution Technique
attack-id: T1170

LLMNR/NBT-NS Poisoning and Relay
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Access Technique
attack-id: T1171

Domain Fronting
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Control Technique
attack-id: T1172

Dynamic Data Exchange
type: Class
subclass of: Execution Technique
attack-id: T1173

Password Filter DLL
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Access Technique
attack-id: T1174

Browser Extensions
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Browser Extension
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Browser Extension
attack-id: T1176

LSASS Driver
type: Class
subclass of: Execution Technique
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1177

SID-History Injection
type: Class
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1178

Hooking
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Access Technique
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1179

Screensaver
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1180

Extra Window Memory Injection
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1181

AppCert DLLs
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1182

Image File Execution Options Injection
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1183

SSH Hijacking
type: Class
subclass of: Lateral Movement Technique
attack-id: T1184

Man in the Browser
type: Class
subclass of: Collection Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Web Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Web Network Traffic
attack-id: T1185

Process Doppelgänging
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1186

Forced Authentication
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Access Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Windows Shortcut File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Authentication Log
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Authentication
type: NamedIndividual
may-modify: Windows Shortcut File
modifies: Authentication Log
produces: Authentication
attack-id: T1187

Multi-hop Proxy
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Control Technique
attack-id: T1188

Drive-by Compromise
type: Class
subclass of: Initial Access Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Process Segment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: URL
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Process Segment
produces: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
produces: URL
attack-id: T1189

Exploit Public-Facing Application
type: Class
subclass of: Initial Access Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: injects
  some values from: Database Query
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Process Segment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Inbound Internet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
injects: Database Query
modifies: Process Segment
produces: Inbound Internet Network Traffic
attack-id: T1190

CMSTP
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Execution Technique
attack-id: T1191

Spearphishing Link
type: Class
subclass of: Initial Access Technique
attack-id: T1192

Spearphishing Attachment
type: Class
subclass of: Initial Access Technique
attack-id: T1193

Spearphishing via Service
type: Class
subclass of: Initial Access Technique
attack-id: T1194

Supply Chain Compromise
type: Class
subclass of: Initial Access Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Digital Artifact
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Digital Artifact
attack-id: T1195

Compromise Software Dependencies and Development Tools
type: Class
subclass of: Supply Chain Compromise
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Software
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Software
attack-id: T1195.001

Compromise Software Supply Chain
type: Class
subclass of: Supply Chain Compromise
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Software
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Software
attack-id: T1195.002

Compromise Hardware Supply Chain
type: Class
subclass of: Supply Chain Compromise
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Hardware Device
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Hardware Device
attack-id: T1195.003

Control Panel Items
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Execution Technique
attack-id: T1196

BITS Jobs
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-produce
  some values from: Intranet IPC Network Traffic
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-produce
  some values from: Intranet Web Network Traffic
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-produce
  some values from: Outbound Internet Web Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
may-produce: Intranet IPC Network Traffic
may-produce: Intranet Web Network Traffic
may-produce: Outbound Internet Web Traffic
attack-id: T1197

SIP and Trust Provider Hijacking
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1198

Trusted Relationship
type: Class
subclass of: Initial Access Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Login Session
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Intranet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
creates: Login Session
produces: Intranet Network Traffic
attack-id: T1199

Hardware Additions
type: Class
subclass of: Initial Access Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: connects
  some values from: Hardware Device
type: NamedIndividual
connects: Hardware Device
attack-id: T1200

Password Policy Discovery
type: Class
subclass of: Discovery Technique
attack-id: T1201

Indirect Command Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1202

Exploitation for Client Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Execution Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Process Code Segment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Stack Frame
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Process Code Segment
modifies: Stack Frame
attack-id: T1203

User Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Execution Technique
attack-id: T1204

Malicious Link Execution
type: Class
subclass of: User Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: URL
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Outbound Internet Web Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: URL
produces: Outbound Internet Web Traffic
attack-id: T1204.001

Malicious File Execution
type: Class
subclass of: User Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: executes
  some values from: Executable File
type: NamedIndividual
executes: Executable File
attack-id: T1204.002

Malicious Image
type: Class
subclass of: User Execution
attack-id: T1204.003

Traffic Signaling
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Control Technique
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Network Traffic
attack-id: T1205
definition: used all over so its not just internet traffic

Port Knocking
type: Class
subclass of: Traffic Signaling
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Network Traffic
attack-id: T1205.001

Sudo Caching
type: Class
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1206

Rogue Domain Controller
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: System Configuration Database
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Intranet Administrative Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: System Configuration Database
produces: Intranet Administrative Network Traffic
attack-id: T1207

Kerberoasting
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Access Technique
attack-id: T1208

Time Providers
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1209

Exploitation of Remote Services
type: Class
subclass of: Lateral Movement Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Process Code Segment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Process Segment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Stack Frame
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Intranet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
may-modify: Process Code Segment
may-modify: Process Segment
may-modify: Stack Frame
produces: Intranet Network Traffic
attack-id: T1210

Exploitation for Defense Evasion
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Process Code Segment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Stack Frame
type: NamedIndividual
may-modify: Process Code Segment
may-modify: Stack Frame
attack-id: T1211

Exploitation for Credential Access
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Access Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-access
  some values from: Authentication Service
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-access
  some values from: Credential Management System
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Process Code Segment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Stack Frame
type: NamedIndividual
may-access: Authentication Service
may-access: Credential Management System
may-modify: Process Code Segment
may-modify: Stack Frame
attack-id: T1212

Data from Information Repositories
type: Class
subclass of: Collection Technique
subclass of: Discovery Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Resource
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Resource
attack-id: T1213

Confluence
type: Class
subclass of: Data from Information Repositories
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Web File Resource
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Web File Resource
attack-id: T1213.001

Sharepoint
type: Class
subclass of: Data from Information Repositories
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Web File Resource
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Web File Resource
attack-id: T1213.002

Code Repositories
type: Class
subclass of: Data from Information Repositories
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: reads
  some values from: Code Repository
type: NamedIndividual
reads: Code Repository
attack-id: T1213.003

Credentials in Registry
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Access Technique
attack-id: T1214

Kernel Modules and Extensions
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1215

Signed Script Proxy Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Execution Technique
attack-id: T1216

PubPrn Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Signed Script Proxy Execution
attack-id: T1216.001

Browser Bookmark Discovery
type: Class
subclass of: Discovery Technique
attack-id: T1217

Signed Binary Proxy Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Execution Technique
attack-id: T1218

Compiled HTML File
type: Class
subclass of: Signed Binary Proxy Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Create File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Create Process
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Create File
invokes: Create Process
attack-id: T1218.001

Control Panel Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Signed Binary Proxy Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Create Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: System Configuration Database Record
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Create Process
may-modify: System Configuration Database Record
attack-id: T1218.002

CMSTP
type: Class
subclass of: Signed Binary Proxy Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Create Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-produce
  some values from: Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Create Process
may-produce: Network Traffic
attack-id: T1218.003

InstallUtil Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Signed Binary Proxy Execution
attack-id: T1218.004

Mshta Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Signed Binary Proxy Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: interprets
  some values from: Microsoft HTML Application
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Create Process
type: NamedIndividual
interprets: Microsoft HTML Application
invokes: Create Process
attack-id: T1218.005

Msiexec Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Signed Binary Proxy Execution
attack-id: T1218.007

Odbcconf Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Signed Binary Proxy Execution
attack-id: T1218.008

Regsvcs/Regasm Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Signed Binary Proxy Execution
attack-id: T1218.009

Regsvr32 Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Signed Binary Proxy Execution
attack-id: T1218.010

Rundll32 Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Signed Binary Proxy Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Create Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: loads
  some values from: Shared Library File
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Create Process
loads: Shared Library File
attack-id: T1218.011

Verclsid
type: Class
subclass of: Signed Binary Proxy Execution
attack-id: T1218.012

Mavinject
type: Class
subclass of: Signed Binary Proxy Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Create Thread
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Process Segment
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Create Thread
modifies: Process Segment
attack-id: T1218.013

MMC
type: Class
subclass of: Signed Binary Proxy Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: executes
  some values from: Command
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-add
  some values from: Software
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: System Configuration Database
type: NamedIndividual
executes: Command
may-add: Software
may-modify: System Configuration Database
attack-id: T1218.014

Remote Access Software
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Control Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
attack-id: T1219

XSL Script Processing
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: adds
  some values from: File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: interprets
  some values from: Executable Script
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Create Process
type: NamedIndividual
adds: File
interprets: Executable Script
invokes: Create Process
attack-id: T1220

Template Injection
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1221

File and Directory Permissions Modification
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Access Control Configuration
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Access Control Configuration
attack-id: T1222

Windows File and Directory Permissions Modification
type: Class
subclass of: File and Directory Permissions Modification
attack-id: T1222.001

Linux and Mac File and Directory Permissions Modification
type: Class
subclass of: File and Directory Permissions Modification
attack-id: T1222.002

Compiled HTML File
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Execution Technique
attack-id: T1223

Execution Guardrails
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1480

Environmental Keying
type: Class
subclass of: Execution Guardrails
attack-id: T1480.001

Domain Trust Discovery
type: Class
subclass of: Discovery Technique
attack-id: T1482

Domain Generation Algorithms
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Control Technique
attack-id: T1483

Group Policy Modification
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Group Policy
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Group Policy
attack-id: T1484

Group Policy Modification
type: Class
subclass of: Group Policy Modification
attack-id: T1484.001

Domain Trust Modification
type: Class
subclass of: Group Policy Modification
attack-id: T1484.002

Data Destruction
type: Class
subclass of: Impact Technique
attack-id: T1485

Data Encrypted for Impact
type: Class
subclass of: Impact Technique
attack-id: T1486

Disk Structure Wipe
type: Class
subclass of: Impact Technique
attack-id: T1487

Disk Content Wipe
type: Class
subclass of: Impact Technique
attack-id: T1488

Service Stop
type: Class
subclass of: Impact Technique
attack-id: T1489

Inhibit System Recovery
type: Class
subclass of: Impact Technique
attack-id: T1490

Defacement
type: Class
subclass of: Impact Technique
attack-id: T1491

Internal Defacement
type: Class
subclass of: Defacement
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Resource
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Resource
attack-id: T1491.001

External Defacement
type: Class
subclass of: Defacement
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Network Resource
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Network Resource
attack-id: T1491.002

Stored Data Manipulation
type: Class
subclass of: Impact Technique
attack-id: T1492

Transmitted Data Manipulation
type: Class
subclass of: Impact Technique
attack-id: T1493

Runtime Data Manipulation
type: Class
subclass of: Impact Technique
attack-id: T1494

Firmware Corruption
type: Class
subclass of: Impact Technique
attack-id: T1495

Resource Hijacking
type: Class
subclass of: Impact Technique
attack-id: T1496

Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1497

System Checks
type: Class
subclass of: Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion
attack-id: T1497.001

User Activity Based Checks
type: Class
subclass of: Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion
attack-id: T1497.002

Time Based Evasion
type: Class
subclass of: Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-invoke
  some values from: Get System Time
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-run
  some values from: System Time Application
type: NamedIndividual
may-invoke: Get System Time
may-run: System Time Application
attack-id: T1497.003

Network Denial of Service
type: Class
subclass of: Impact Technique
attack-id: T1498

Direct Network Flood
type: Class
subclass of: Network Denial of Service
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Inbound Internet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
creates: Inbound Internet Network Traffic
attack-id: T1498.001

Reflection Amplification
type: Class
subclass of: Network Denial of Service
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Inbound Internet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Inbound Internet Network Traffic
attack-id: T1498.002

Endpoint Denial of Service
type: Class
subclass of: Impact Technique
attack-id: T1499

OS Exhaustion Flood
type: Class
subclass of: Endpoint Denial of Service
attack-id: T1499.001

Service Exhaustion Flood
type: Class
subclass of: Network Denial of Service
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Inbound Internet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Inbound Internet Network Traffic
attack-id: T1499.002

Application Exhaustion Flood
type: Class
subclass of: Endpoint Denial of Service
attack-id: T1499.003

Application or System Exploitation
type: Class
subclass of: Endpoint Denial of Service
attack-id: T1499.004

Compile After Delivery
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1500

Systemd Service
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1501

Parent PID Spoofing
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1502

Credentials from Web Browsers
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Access Technique
attack-id: T1503

PowerShell Profile
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1504

Server Software Component
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1505

SQL Stored Procedures
type: Class
subclass of: Server Software Component
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Stored Procedure
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Create Process
type: NamedIndividual
creates: Stored Procedure
invokes: Create Process
attack-id: T1505.001

Transport Agent
type: Class
subclass of: Server Software Component
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: adds
  some values from: Message Transfer Agent
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Mail Server
type: NamedIndividual
adds: Message Transfer Agent
modifies: Mail Server
attack-id: T1505.002

Web Shell
type: Class
subclass of: Server Software Component
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: adds
  some values from: Web Script File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Web Server
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Process
type: NamedIndividual
adds: Web Script File
modifies: Web Server
produces: Process
attack-id: T1505.003

IIS Components
type: Class
subclass of: Server Software Component
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: adds
  some values from: Software
type: NamedIndividual
adds: Software
attack-id: T1505.004

Terminal Services DLL
type: Class
subclass of: Server Software Component
attack-id: T1505.005

Web Session Cookie
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Lateral Movement Technique
attack-id: T1506

Elevated Execution with Prompt
type: Class
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1514

Software Discovery
type: Class
subclass of: Discovery Technique
attack-id: T1518

Security Software Discovery
type: Class
subclass of: Software Discovery
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-access
  some values from: File System Metadata
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-access
  some values from: Kernel Process Table
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-access
  some values from: System Configuration Database Record
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-access
  some values from: System Firewall Configuration
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-invoke
  some values from: Get Running Processes
type: NamedIndividual
may-access: File System Metadata
may-access: Kernel Process Table
may-access: System Configuration Database Record
may-access: System Firewall Configuration
may-invoke: Get Running Processes
attack-id: T1518.001

Emond
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1519

Cloud Instance Metadata API
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Access Technique
attack-id: T1522

Implant Container Image
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: adds
  some values from: Container Image
type: NamedIndividual
adds: Container Image
attack-id: T1525

Cloud Service Discovery
type: Class
subclass of: Discovery Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: reads
  some values from: Cloud Configuration
type: NamedIndividual
reads: Cloud Configuration
attack-id: T1526

Application Access Token
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Lateral Movement Technique
attack-id: T1527

Steal Application Access Token
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Access Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Access Token
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Access Token
attack-id: T1528

System Shutdown/Reboot
type: Class
subclass of: Impact Technique
attack-id: T1529

Data from Cloud Storage Object
type: Class
subclass of: Collection Technique
attack-id: T1530

Account Access Removal
type: Class
subclass of: Impact Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: User Account
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: User Account
attack-id: T1531

Internal Spearphishing
type: Class
subclass of: Lateral Movement Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Email
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Email
attack-id: T1534

Unused/Unsupported Cloud Regions
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1535

Revert Cloud Instance
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1536

Transfer Data to Cloud Account
type: Class
subclass of: Exfiltration Technique
attack-id: T1537

Cloud Service Dashboard
type: Class
subclass of: Discovery Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Cloud Configuration
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Cloud Configuration
attack-id: T1538

Steal Web Session Cookie
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Access Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Session Cookie
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Session Cookie
attack-id: T1539

Pre-OS Boot
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Persistence Technique
attack-id: T1542

System Firmware
type: Class
subclass of: Pre-OS Boot
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: System Firmware
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: System Firmware
attack-id: T1542.001

Component Firmware
type: Class
subclass of: Pre-OS Boot
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Firmware
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Firmware
attack-id: T1542.002

Bootkit
type: Class
subclass of: Pre-OS Boot
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Boot Loader
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Boot Sector
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Volume Boot Record
type: NamedIndividual
may-modify: Boot Loader
may-modify: Boot Sector
may-modify: Volume Boot Record
attack-id: T1542.003

ROMMONkit
type: Class
subclass of: Pre-OS Boot
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: System Firmware
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: System Firmware
attack-id: T1542.004

TFTP Boot
type: Class
subclass of: Pre-OS Boot
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: TFTP Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
creates: TFTP Network Traffic
attack-id: T1542.005

Create or Modify System Process
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1543

Launch Agent
type: Class
subclass of: Create or Modify System Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Property List File
type: NamedIndividual
creates: Property List File
attack-id: T1543.001

Systemd Service
type: Class
subclass of: Create or Modify System Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-create
  some values from: Operating System Configuration File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Operating System Configuration File
type: NamedIndividual
may-create: Operating System Configuration File
may-modify: Operating System Configuration File
attack-id: T1543.002

Windows Service
type: Class
subclass of: Create or Modify System Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: System Configuration Database
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: System Configuration Database
attack-id: T1543.003

Launch Daemon
type: Class
subclass of: Create or Modify System Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Property List File
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Property List File
attack-id: T1543.004

Event Triggered Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1546

Change Default File Association
type: Class
subclass of: Event Triggered Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: System Configuration Database Record
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: System Configuration Database Record
attack-id: T1546.001

Screensaver
type: Class
subclass of: Event Triggered Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Executable File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: System Configuration Database Record
type: NamedIndividual
creates: Executable File
modifies: System Configuration Database Record
attack-id: T1546.002

Windows Management Instrumentation Event Subscription
type: Class
subclass of: Event Triggered Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Event Log
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Intranet Administrative Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Event Log
produces: Intranet Administrative Network Traffic
attack-id: T1546.003

.bash_profile and .bashrc
type: Class
subclass of: Event Triggered Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: User Init Configuration File
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: User Init Configuration File
attack-id: T1546.004

Trap
type: Class
subclass of: Event Triggered Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: executes
  some values from: Command
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-create
  some values from: Executable Script
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Executable Script
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Event Log
type: NamedIndividual
executes: Command
may-create: Executable Script
may-modify: Executable Script
modifies: Event Log
attack-id: T1546.005

LC_LOAD_DYLIB Addition
type: Class
subclass of: Event Triggered Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Executable Binary
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Executable Binary
attack-id: T1546.006

Netsh Helper DLL
type: Class
subclass of: Event Triggered Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: System Configuration Database Record
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Process
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: System Configuration Database Record
produces: Process
attack-id: T1546.007

Accessibility Features
type: Class
subclass of: Event Triggered Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-create
  some values from: Intranet Administrative Network Traffic
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Executable Binary
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: System Configuration Database Record
type: NamedIndividual
may-create: Intranet Administrative Network Traffic
may-modify: Executable Binary
may-modify: System Configuration Database Record
attack-id: T1546.008

AppCert DLLs
type: Class
subclass of: Event Triggered Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Create Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: loads
  some values from: Shared Library File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: System Configuration Database Record
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Create Process
loads: Shared Library File
modifies: System Configuration Database Record
attack-id: T1546.009

AppInit DLLs
type: Class
subclass of: Event Triggered Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Create Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: loads
  some values from: Shared Library File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: System Configuration Database Record
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Create Process
loads: Shared Library File
modifies: System Configuration Database Record
attack-id: T1546.010

Application Shimming
type: Class
subclass of: Event Triggered Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Shim
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Shim Database
type: NamedIndividual
creates: Shim
modifies: Shim Database
attack-id: T1546.011

Image File Execution Options Injection
type: Class
subclass of: Event Triggered Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: System Configuration Database
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: System Configuration Database
attack-id: T1546.012

PowerShell Profile
type: Class
subclass of: Event Triggered Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: PowerShell Profile Script
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: PowerShell Profile Script
attack-id: T1546.013

Emond
type: Class
subclass of: Event Triggered Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-create
  some values from: Property List File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Property List File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Configuration Resource
type: NamedIndividual
may-create: Property List File
may-modify: Property List File
modifies: Configuration Resource
attack-id: T1546.014

Component Object Model Hijacking
type: Class
subclass of: Event Triggered Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: loads
  some values from: Executable Binary
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: System Configuration Database
type: NamedIndividual
loads: Executable Binary
modifies: System Configuration Database
attack-id: T1546.015

Boot or Logon Autostart Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1547

Registry Run Keys / Startup Folder
type: Class
subclass of: Boot or Logon Autostart Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: System Configuration Init Database Record
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: User Startup Script File
type: NamedIndividual
may-modify: System Configuration Init Database Record
may-modify: User Startup Script File
attack-id: T1547.001

Authentication Package
type: Class
subclass of: Boot or Logon Autostart Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: System Configuration Database Record
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: System Configuration Database Record
attack-id: T1547.002

Time Providers
type: Class
subclass of: Boot or Logon Autostart Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: System Configuration Database Record
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: System Configuration Database Record
attack-id: T1547.003

Winlogon Helper DLL
type: Class
subclass of: Boot or Logon Autostart Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: System Configuration Database Record
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: System Configuration Database Record
attack-id: T1547.004

Security Support Provider
type: Class
subclass of: Boot or Logon Autostart Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: System Configuration Database Record
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: System Configuration Database Record
attack-id: T1547.005

Kernel Modules and Extensions
type: Class
subclass of: Boot or Logon Autostart Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Kernel Module
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Kernel Module
attack-id: T1547.006

Re-opened Applications
type: Class
subclass of: Boot or Logon Autostart Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Application Configuration File
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Application Configuration File
attack-id: T1547.007

LSASS Driver
type: Class
subclass of: Boot or Logon Autostart Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-create
  some values from: Shared Library File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: System Service Software
type: NamedIndividual
may-create: Shared Library File
modifies: System Service Software
attack-id: T1547.008

Shortcut Modification
type: Class
subclass of: Boot or Logon Autostart Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Symbolic Link
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: User Startup Script File
type: NamedIndividual
may-modify: Symbolic Link
may-modify: User Startup Script File
attack-id: T1547.009

Port Monitors
type: Class
subclass of: Boot or Logon Autostart Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: System Configuration Database Record
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: System Configuration Database Record
attack-id: T1547.010

Plist Modification
type: Class
subclass of: Boot or Logon Autostart Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Application Configuration File
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Application Configuration File
attack-id: T1547.011

Print Processors
type: Class
subclass of: Boot or Logon Autostart Execution
attack-id: T1547.012

XDG Autostart Entries
type: Class
subclass of: Boot or Logon Autostart Execution
attack-id: T1547.013

Active Setup
type: Class
subclass of: Boot or Logon Autostart Execution
attack-id: T1547.014

Login Items
type: Class
subclass of: Boot or Logon Autostart Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: User Logon Init Resource
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: User Logon Init Resource
attack-id: T1547.015

Abuse Elevation Control Mechanism
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1548

Setuid and Setgid
type: Class
subclass of: Abuse Elevation Control Mechanism
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Access Control Configuration
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Access Control Configuration
attack-id: T1548.001

Bypass User Access Control
type: Class
subclass of: Abuse Elevation Control Mechanism
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: executes
  some values from: Executable File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Create Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: System Configuration Database Record
type: NamedIndividual
executes: Executable File
invokes: Create Process
may-modify: System Configuration Database Record
attack-id: T1548.002

Sudo and Sudo Caching
type: Class
subclass of: Abuse Elevation Control Mechanism
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Event Log
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Operating System Configuration File
type: NamedIndividual
may-modify: Event Log
modifies: Operating System Configuration File
attack-id: T1548.003

Elevated Execution with Prompt
type: Class
subclass of: Abuse Elevation Control Mechanism
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: System Configuration Database
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: System Call
type: NamedIndividual
creates: System Configuration Database
invokes: System Call
attack-id: T1548.004

Use Alternate Authentication Material
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Lateral Movement Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Authentication Service
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Authentication Service
attack-id: T1550

Application Access Token
type: Class
subclass of: Use Alternate Authentication Material
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-produce
  some values from: Network Traffic
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: uses
  some values from: Access Token
type: NamedIndividual
may-produce: Network Traffic
uses: Access Token
attack-id: T1550.001

Pass The Hash
type: Class
subclass of: Use Alternate Authentication Material
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Authentication
type: NamedIndividual
creates: Authentication
attack-id: T1550.002

Pass The Ticket
type: Class
subclass of: Use Alternate Authentication Material
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Authentication
type: NamedIndividual
creates: Authentication
attack-id: T1550.003

Web Session Cookie
type: Class
subclass of: Use Alternate Authentication Material
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: adds
  some values from: Session Cookie
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Web Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
adds: Session Cookie
produces: Web Network Traffic
attack-id: T1550.004

Unsecured Credentials
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Access Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Credential
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Credential
attack-id: T1552

Credentials in Files
type: Class
subclass of: Unsecured Credentials
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: File
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: File
attack-id: T1552.001

Credentials in Registry
type: Class
subclass of: Unsecured Credentials
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: System Configuration Database
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: System Configuration Database
attack-id: T1552.002

Bash History
type: Class
subclass of: Unsecured Credentials
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Command History Log File
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Command History Log File
attack-id: T1552.003

Private Keys
type: Class
subclass of: Unsecured Credentials
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Private Key
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Private Key
attack-id: T1552.004

Cloud Instance Metadata API
type: Class
subclass of: Unsecured Credentials
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Cloud Instance Metadata
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Cloud Instance Metadata
attack-id: T1552.005

Group Policy Preferences
type: Class
subclass of: Unsecured Credentials
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Group Policy
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Group Policy
attack-id: T1552.006

Container API
type: Class
subclass of: Unsecured Credentials
attack-id: T1552.007

Subvert Trust Controls
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1553

Gatekeeper Bypass
type: Class
subclass of: Subvert Trust Controls
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: File System Metadata
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: File System Metadata
attack-id: T1553.001

Code Signing
type: Class
subclass of: Subvert Trust Controls
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Defense Evasion
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Defense Evasion
attack-id: T1553.002

SIP and Trust Provider Hijacking
type: Class
subclass of: Subvert Trust Controls
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: System Configuration Database Record
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: System Configuration Database Record
attack-id: T1553.003

Install Root Certificate
type: Class
subclass of: Subvert Trust Controls
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Certificate Trust Store
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Certificate Trust Store
attack-id: T1553.004

Mark-of-the-Web Bypass
type: Class
subclass of: Subvert Trust Controls
attack-id: T1553.005

Code Signing Policy Modification
type: Class
subclass of: Subvert Trust Controls
attack-id: T1553.006

Compromise Client Software Binary
type: Class
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Client Application
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Client Application
attack-id: T1554

Credentials from Password Stores
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Access Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Password Store
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-access
  some values from: Database File
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Password Store
may-access: Database File
attack-id: T1555

Keychain
type: Class
subclass of: Credentials from Password Stores
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: MacOS Keychain
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: MacOS Keychain
attack-id: T1555.001

Securityd Memory
type: Class
subclass of: Credentials from Password Stores
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: In-memory Password Store
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: In-memory Password Store
attack-id: T1555.002

Credentials from Web Browsers
type: Class
subclass of: Credentials from Password Stores
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Database File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-access
  some values from: In-memory Password Store
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-invoke
  some values from: Read File
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Database File
may-access: In-memory Password Store
may-invoke: Read File
attack-id: T1555.003

Windows Credential Manager
type: Class
subclass of: Credentials from Password Stores
attack-id: T1555.004

Password Managers
type: Class
subclass of: Credentials from Password Stores
attack-id: T1555.005

Modify Authentication Process
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Access Technique
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Authentication Service
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Authentication Service
attack-id: T1556

Domain Controller Authentication
type: Class
subclass of: Modify Authentication Process
attack-id: T1556.001

Password Filter DLL
type: Class
subclass of: Modify Authentication Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Shared Library File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: System Configuration Database Record
type: NamedIndividual
creates: Shared Library File
modifies: System Configuration Database Record
attack-id: T1556.002

Pluggable Authentication Modules
type: Class
subclass of: Modify Authentication Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Operating System Configuration File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Operating System Shared Library File
type: NamedIndividual
may-modify: Operating System Configuration File
may-modify: Operating System Shared Library File
attack-id: T1556.003

Network Device Authentication
type: Class
subclass of: Modify Authentication Process
attack-id: T1556.004

Reversible Encryption
type: Class
subclass of: Modify Authentication Process
attack-id: T1556.005

Man-in-the-Middle
type: Class
subclass of: Collection Technique
subclass of: Credential Access Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Network Traffic
attack-id: T1557

LLMNR/NBT-NS Poisoning and SMB Relay
type: Class
subclass of: Man-in-the-Middle
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Intranet Multicast Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Intranet Multicast Network Traffic
attack-id: T1557.001

ARP Cache Poisoning
type: Class
subclass of: Man-in-the-Middle
attack-id: T1557.002

DHCP Spoofing
type: Class
subclass of: Man-in-the-Middle
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: DHCP Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
creates: DHCP Network Traffic
attack-id: T1557.003

Steal or Forge Kerberos Tickets
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Access Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-access
  some values from: Kerberos Ticket
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-create
  some values from: Kerberos Ticket
type: NamedIndividual
may-access: Kerberos Ticket
may-create: Kerberos Ticket
attack-id: T1558

Golden Ticket
type: Class
subclass of: Steal or Forge Kerberos Tickets
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: forges
  some values from: Kerberos Ticket Granting Ticket
type: NamedIndividual
forges: Kerberos Ticket Granting Ticket
attack-id: T1558.001

Silver Ticket
type: Class
subclass of: Steal or Forge Kerberos Tickets
attack-id: T1558.002

Kerberoasting
type: Class
subclass of: Steal or Forge Kerberos Tickets
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-produce
  some values from: RPC Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
may-produce: RPC Network Traffic
attack-id: T1558.003
definition: Service Provider Name (SPN) scanning is one way to gather hashes, which results in RPC calls conforming to the NSPI protocol.

AS-REP Roasting
type: Class
subclass of: Steal or Forge Kerberos Tickets
attack-id: T1558.004

Inter-Process Communication Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Execution Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: injects
  some values from: Interprocess Communication
type: NamedIndividual
injects: Interprocess Communication
attack-id: T1559

Component Object Model Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Inter-Process Communication Execution
attack-id: T1559.001

Dynamic Data Exchange Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Inter-Process Communication Execution
attack-id: T1559.002

XPC Services
type: Class
subclass of: Inter-Process Communication Execution
attack-id: T1559.003

Archive Collected Data
type: Class
subclass of: Collection Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Archive File
type: NamedIndividual
creates: Archive File
attack-id: T1560

Archive via Utility
type: Class
subclass of: Archive Collected Data
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Archive File
type: NamedIndividual
creates: Archive File
attack-id: T1560.001

Archive via Library
type: Class
subclass of: Archive Collected Data
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Archive File
type: NamedIndividual
creates: Archive File
attack-id: T1560.002

Archive via Custom Method
type: Class
subclass of: Archive Collected Data
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Custom Archive File
type: NamedIndividual
creates: Custom Archive File
attack-id: T1560.003

Disk Wipe
type: Class
subclass of: Impact Technique
attack-id: T1561

Disk Content Wipe
type: Class
subclass of: Disk Wipe
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Boot Sector
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Partition
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Partition Table
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Volume
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Block Device
type: NamedIndividual
may-modify: Boot Sector
may-modify: Partition
may-modify: Partition Table
may-modify: Volume
modifies: Block Device
attack-id: T1561.001

Disk Structure Wipe
type: Class
subclass of: Disk Wipe
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Boot Sector
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Partition Table
type: NamedIndividual
may-modify: Boot Sector
may-modify: Partition Table
attack-id: T1561.002

Impair Defenses
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1562

Disable or Modify Tools
type: Class
subclass of: Impair Defenses
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: disables
  some values from: Operating System Process
type: NamedIndividual
disables: Operating System Process
attack-id: T1562.001

Disable Windows Event Logging
type: Class
subclass of: Impair Defenses
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Application Configuration
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Operating System Configuration Component
type: NamedIndividual
may-modify: Application Configuration
may-modify: Operating System Configuration Component
attack-id: T1562.002

Impair Command History Logging
type: Class
subclass of: Impair Defenses
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: User Init Script
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Windows Registry Key
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Process Environment Variable
type: NamedIndividual
may-modify: User Init Script
may-modify: Windows Registry Key
modifies: Process Environment Variable
attack-id: T1562.003

Disable or Modify System Firewall
type: Class
subclass of: Impair Defenses
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: System Firewall Configuration
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: System Firewall Configuration
attack-id: T1562.004

Indicator Blocking
type: Class
subclass of: Impair Defenses
attack-id: T1562.006

Disable or Modify Cloud Firewall
type: Class
subclass of: Impair Defenses
attack-id: T1562.007

Disable Cloud Logs
type: Class
subclass of: Impair Defenses
attack-id: T1562.008

Safe Mode Boot
type: Class
subclass of: Impair Defenses
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: disables
  some values from: Endpoint Sensor
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: disables
  some values from: System Configuration Init Database Record
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Endpoint Health Beacon
type: NamedIndividual
disables: Endpoint Sensor
disables: System Configuration Init Database Record
may-modify: Endpoint Health Beacon
attack-id: T1562.009

Downgrade Attack
type: Class
subclass of: Impair Defenses
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Legacy System
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Legacy System
attack-id: T1562.010

Remote Service Session Hijacking
type: Class
subclass of: Lateral Movement Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Remote Session
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Administrative Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Remote Session
produces: Administrative Network Traffic
attack-id: T1563

SSH Hijacking
type: Class
subclass of: Remote Service Session Hijacking
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: SSH Session
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: SSH Session
attack-id: T1563.001

RDP Hijacking
type: Class
subclass of: Remote Service Session Hijacking
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: RDP Session
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: RDP Session
attack-id: T1563.002

Hide Artifacts
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1564

Hidden Files and Directories
type: Class
subclass of: Hide Artifacts
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: File System Metadata
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: File System Metadata
attack-id: T1564.001

Hidden Users
type: Class
subclass of: Hide Artifacts
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: User Init Configuration File
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: User Init Configuration File
attack-id: T1564.002

Hidden Window
type: Class
subclass of: Hide Artifacts
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Property List File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: System Configuration Database
type: NamedIndividual
may-modify: Property List File
may-modify: System Configuration Database
attack-id: T1564.003

NTFS File Attributes
type: Class
subclass of: Hide Artifacts
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: File System Metadata
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: File System Metadata
attack-id: T1564.004

Hidden File System
type: Class
subclass of: Hide Artifacts
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: System Configuration Database
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Storage
type: NamedIndividual
may-modify: System Configuration Database
modifies: Storage
attack-id: T1564.005

Run Virtual Instance
type: Class
subclass of: Hide Artifacts
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: executes
  some values from: Virtualization Software
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-add
  some values from: Virtualization Software
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-create
  some values from: Directory
type: NamedIndividual
creates: File
executes: Virtualization Software
may-add: Virtualization Software
may-create: Directory
attack-id: T1564.006

VBA Stomping
type: Class
subclass of: Hide Artifacts
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Office Application File
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Office Application File
attack-id: T1564.007

Email Hiding Rules
type: Class
subclass of: Hide Artifacts
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-create
  some values from: Email Rule
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Email Rule
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Application Configuration
type: NamedIndividual
may-create: Email Rule
may-modify: Email Rule
modifies: Application Configuration
attack-id: T1564.008

Resource Forking
type: Class
subclass of: Hide Artifacts
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-create
  some values from: Resource Fork
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Resource Fork
type: NamedIndividual
may-create: Resource Fork
may-modify: Resource Fork
attack-id: T1564.009

Process Argument Spoofing
type: Class
subclass of: Hide Artifacts
attack-id: T1564.010

Data Manipulation
type: Class
subclass of: Impact Technique
attack-id: T1565

Stored Data Manipulation
type: Class
subclass of: Data Manipulation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: File
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: File
attack-id: T1565.001

Transmitted Data Manipulation
type: Class
subclass of: Data Manipulation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
may-modify: Network Traffic
attack-id: T1565.002

Runtime Data Manipulation
type: Class
subclass of: Data Manipulation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Executable File
type: NamedIndividual
may-modify: Executable File
attack-id: T1565.003

Phishing
type: Class
subclass of: Initial Access Technique
attack-id: T1566

Spearphishing Attachment
type: Class
subclass of: Phishing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Email
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Inbound Internet Mail Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Email
produces: Inbound Internet Mail Traffic
attack-id: T1566.001

Spearphishing Link
type: Class
subclass of: Phishing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Email
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Inbound Internet Mail Traffic
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: URL
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Email
produces: Inbound Internet Mail Traffic
produces: URL
attack-id: T1566.002

Spearphishing Via Service
type: Class
subclass of: Phishing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: URL
type: NamedIndividual
produces: File
produces: URL
attack-id: T1566.003

Exfiltration Over Web Service
type: Class
subclass of: Exfiltration Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Outbound Internet Web Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Outbound Internet Web Traffic
attack-id: T1567

Exfiltration to Code Repository
type: Class
subclass of: Exfiltration Over Web Service
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-produce
  some values from: Outbound Internet Encrypted Remote Terminal Traffic
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-produce
  some values from: Outbound Internet Encrypted Web Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
may-produce: Outbound Internet Encrypted Remote Terminal Traffic
may-produce: Outbound Internet Encrypted Web Traffic
attack-id: T1567.001

Exfiltration to Cloud Storage
type: Class
subclass of: Exfiltration Over Web Service
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Outbound Internet Encrypted Web Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Outbound Internet Encrypted Web Traffic
attack-id: T1567.002

Dynamic Resolution
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Control Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Outbound Internet DNS Lookup Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Outbound Internet DNS Lookup Traffic
attack-id: T1568

Fast Flux DNS
type: Class
subclass of: Dynamic Resolution
attack-id: T1568.001

Domain Generation Algorithms
type: Class
subclass of: Dynamic Resolution
attack-id: T1568.002

DNS Calculation
type: Class
subclass of: Dynamic Resolution
attack-id: T1568.003

System Services
type: Class
subclass of: Execution Technique
attack-id: T1569
definition: This technique has been deprecated.

Launchctl
type: Class
subclass of: System Services
attack-id: T1569.001

Service Execution
type: Class
subclass of: System Services
attack-id: T1569.002

Lateral Tool Transfer
type: Class
subclass of: Lateral Movement Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Intranet File Transfer Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Intranet File Transfer Traffic
attack-id: T1570

Non-Standard Port
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Control Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
attack-id: T1571

Protocol Tunneling
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Control Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Outbound Internet Network Traffic
attack-id: T1572

Encrypted Channel
type: Class
subclass of: Command and Control Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces
  some values from: Outbound Internet Encrypted Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
produces: Outbound Internet Encrypted Traffic
attack-id: T1573
alternative label: Custom Command and Control Protocol
alternative label: Custom Cryptographic Protocol
alternative label: Multilayer Encryption

Symmetric Cryptography
type: Class
subclass of: Encrypted Channel
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Outbound Internet Encrypted Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
creates: Outbound Internet Encrypted Traffic
attack-id: T1573.001

Asymmetric Cryptography
type: Class
subclass of: Encrypted Channel
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Outbound Internet Encrypted Traffic
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-transfer
  some values from: Certificate File
type: NamedIndividual
creates: Outbound Internet Encrypted Traffic
may-transfer: Certificate File
attack-id: T1573.002

Hijack Execution Flow
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Persistence Technique
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1574

DLL Search Order Hijacking
type: Class
subclass of: Hijack Execution Flow
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-create
  some values from: Shared Library File
type: NamedIndividual
may-create: Shared Library File
attack-id: T1574.001

DLL Side-Loading
type: Class
subclass of: Hijack Execution Flow
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-create
  some values from: Shared Library File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Shared Library File
type: NamedIndividual
may-create: Shared Library File
may-modify: Shared Library File
attack-id: T1574.002

Dylib Hijacking
type: Class
subclass of: Hijack Execution Flow
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-create
  some values from: Shared Library File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-modify
  some values from: Shared Library File
type: NamedIndividual
may-create: Shared Library File
may-modify: Shared Library File
attack-id: T1574.004

Executable Installer File Permissions Weakness
type: Class
subclass of: Hijack Execution Flow
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Service Application
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Service Application
attack-id: T1574.005

LD_PRELOAD
type: Class
subclass of: Hijack Execution Flow
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Operating System Configuration File
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Operating System Configuration File
attack-id: T1574.006

Path Interception by PATH Environment Variable
type: Class
subclass of: Hijack Execution Flow
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Executable File
type: NamedIndividual
creates: Executable File
attack-id: T1574.007

Path Interception by Search Order Hijacking
type: Class
subclass of: Hijack Execution Flow
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Executable File
type: NamedIndividual
creates: Executable File
attack-id: T1574.008

Path Interception by Unquoted Path
type: Class
subclass of: Hijack Execution Flow
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: creates
  some values from: Executable File
type: NamedIndividual
creates: Executable File
attack-id: T1574.009

Services File Permissions Weakness
type: Class
subclass of: Hijack Execution Flow
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Service Application
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Service Application
attack-id: T1574.010
alternative label: Service Registry Permissions Weakness

Services Registry Permissions Weakness
type: Class
subclass of: Hijack Execution Flow
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: System Configuration Init Database Record
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: System Configuration Init Database Record
attack-id: T1574.011

COR_PROFILER
type: Class
subclass of: Hijack Execution Flow
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: adds
  some values from: Shared Library File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: System Configuration Database Record
type: NamedIndividual
adds: Shared Library File
modifies: System Configuration Database Record
attack-id: T1574.012

KernelCallbackTable
type: Class
subclass of: Hijack Execution Flow
attack-id: T1574.013

Modify Cloud Compute Infrastructure
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1578

Create Snapshot
type: Class
subclass of: Modify Cloud Compute Infrastructure
attack-id: T1578.001

Create Cloud Instance
type: Class
subclass of: Modify Cloud Compute Infrastructure
attack-id: T1578.002

Delete Cloud Instance
type: Class
subclass of: Modify Cloud Compute Infrastructure
attack-id: T1578.003

Revert Cloud Instance
type: Class
subclass of: Modify Cloud Compute Infrastructure
attack-id: T1578.004

Cloud Infrastructure Discovery
type: Class
subclass of: Discovery Technique
attack-id: T1580

Acquire Infrastructure
type: Class
subclass of: Resource Development Technique
attack-id: T1583

Domains
type: Class
subclass of: Acquire Infrastructure
attack-id: T1583.001

DNS Server
type: Class
subclass of: Acquire Infrastructure
attack-id: T1583.002

Virtual Private Server
type: Class
subclass of: Acquire Infrastructure
attack-id: T1583.003

Server
type: Class
subclass of: Acquire Infrastructure
attack-id: T1583.004

Botnet
type: Class
subclass of: Acquire Infrastructure
attack-id: T1583.005

Web Services
type: Class
subclass of: Acquire Infrastructure
attack-id: T1583.006

Compromise Infrastructure
type: Class
subclass of: Resource Development Technique
attack-id: T1584

Domains
type: Class
subclass of: Compromise Infrastructure
attack-id: T1584.001

DNS Server
type: Class
subclass of: Compromise Infrastructure
attack-id: T1584.002

Virtual Private Server
type: Class
subclass of: Compromise Infrastructure
attack-id: T1584.003

Server
type: Class
subclass of: Compromise Infrastructure
attack-id: T1584.004

Botnet
type: Class
subclass of: Compromise Infrastructure
attack-id: T1584.005

Web Services
type: Class
subclass of: Compromise Infrastructure
attack-id: T1584.006

Establish Accounts
type: Class
subclass of: Resource Development Technique
attack-id: T1585

Social Media Accounts
type: Class
subclass of: Establish Accounts
attack-id: T1585.001

Email Accounts
type: Class
subclass of: Establish Accounts
attack-id: T1585.002

Compromise Accounts
type: Class
subclass of: Resource Development Technique
attack-id: T1586

Social Media Accounts
type: Class
subclass of: Compromise Accounts
attack-id: T1586.001

Email Accounts
type: Class
subclass of: Compromise Accounts
attack-id: T1586.002

Develop Capabilities
type: Class
subclass of: Resource Development Technique
attack-id: T1587

Malware
type: Class
subclass of: Develop Capabilities
attack-id: T1587.001

Code Signing Certificates
type: Class
subclass of: Develop Capabilities
attack-id: T1587.002

Digital Certificates
type: Class
subclass of: Develop Capabilities
attack-id: T1587.003

Exploits
type: Class
subclass of: Develop Capabilities
attack-id: T1587.004

Obtain Capabilities
type: Class
subclass of: Resource Development Technique
attack-id: T1588

Malware
type: Class
subclass of: Obtain Capabilities
attack-id: T1588.001

Tool
type: Class
subclass of: Obtain Capabilities
attack-id: T1588.002

Code Signing Certificates
type: Class
subclass of: Obtain Capabilities
attack-id: T1588.003

Digital Certificates
type: Class
subclass of: Obtain Capabilities
attack-id: T1588.004

Exploits
type: Class
subclass of: Obtain Capabilities
attack-id: T1588.005

Vulnerabilities
type: Class
subclass of: Obtain Capabilities
attack-id: T1588.006

Gather Victim Identity Information
type: Class
subclass of: Reconnaissance Technique
attack-id: T1589

Credentials
type: Class
subclass of: Gather Victim Identity Information
attack-id: T1589.001

Email Addresses
type: Class
subclass of: Gather Victim Identity Information
attack-id: T1589.002

Employee Names
type: Class
subclass of: Gather Victim Identity Information
attack-id: T1589.003

Gather Victim Network Information
type: Class
subclass of: Reconnaissance Technique
attack-id: T1590

Domain Properties
type: Class
subclass of: Gather Victim Network Information
attack-id: T1590.001

DNS
type: Class
subclass of: Gather Victim Network Information
attack-id: T1590.002

Network Trust Dependencies
type: Class
subclass of: Gather Victim Network Information
attack-id: T1590.003

Network Topology
type: Class
subclass of: Gather Victim Network Information
attack-id: T1590.004

IP Addresses
type: Class
subclass of: Gather Victim Network Information
attack-id: T1590.005

Network Security Appliances
type: Class
subclass of: Gather Victim Network Information
attack-id: T1590.006

Gather Victim Org Information
type: Class
subclass of: Reconnaissance Technique
attack-id: T1591

Determine Physical Locations
type: Class
subclass of: Gather Victim Org Information
attack-id: T1591.001

Business Relationships
type: Class
subclass of: Gather Victim Org Information
attack-id: T1591.002

Identify Business Tempo
type: Class
subclass of: Gather Victim Org Information
attack-id: T1591.003

Identify Roles
type: Class
subclass of: Gather Victim Org Information
attack-id: T1591.004

Gather Victim Host Information
type: Class
subclass of: Reconnaissance Technique
attack-id: T1592

Hardware
type: Class
subclass of: Gather Victim Host Information
attack-id: T1592.001

Software
type: Class
subclass of: Gather Victim Host Information
attack-id: T1592.002

Firmware
type: Class
subclass of: Gather Victim Host Information
attack-id: T1592.003

Client Configurations
type: Class
subclass of: Gather Victim Host Information
attack-id: T1592.004

Search Open Websites/Domains
type: Class
subclass of: Reconnaissance Technique
attack-id: T1593

Social Media
type: Class
subclass of: Search Open Websites/Domains
attack-id: T1593.001

Search Engines
type: Class
subclass of: Search Open Websites/Domains
attack-id: T1593.002

Search Victim-Owned Websites
type: Class
subclass of: Reconnaissance Technique
attack-id: T1594

Active Scanning
type: Class
subclass of: Reconnaissance Technique
attack-id: T1595

Scanning IP Blocks
type: Class
subclass of: Active Scanning
attack-id: T1595.001

Vulnerability Scanning
type: Class
subclass of: Active Scanning
attack-id: T1595.002

Wordlist Scanning
type: Class
subclass of: Active Scanning
attack-id: T1595.003

Search Open Technical Databases
type: Class
subclass of: Reconnaissance Technique
attack-id: T1596

DNS/Passive DNS
type: Class
subclass of: Search Open Technical Databases
attack-id: T1596.001

WHOIS
type: Class
subclass of: Search Open Technical Databases
attack-id: T1596.002

Digital Certificates
type: Class
subclass of: Search Open Technical Databases
attack-id: T1596.003

CDNs
type: Class
subclass of: Search Open Technical Databases
attack-id: T1596.004

Scan Databases
type: Class
subclass of: Search Open Technical Databases
attack-id: T1596.005

Search Closed Sources
type: Class
subclass of: Reconnaissance Technique
attack-id: T1597

Threat Intel Vendors
type: Class
subclass of: Search Closed Sources
attack-id: T1597.001

Purchase Technical Data
type: Class
subclass of: Search Closed Sources
attack-id: T1597.002

Phishing for Information
type: Class
subclass of: Reconnaissance Technique
attack-id: T1598

Spearphishing Service
type: Class
subclass of: Phishing for Information
attack-id: T1598.001

Spearphishing Attachment
type: Class
subclass of: Phishing for Information
attack-id: T1598.002

Spearphishing Link
type: Class
subclass of: Phishing for Information
attack-id: T1598.003

Network Boundary Bridging
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1599

Network Address Translation Traversal
type: Class
subclass of: Network Boundary Bridging
attack-id: T1599.001

Weaken Encryption
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1600

Reduce Key Space
type: Class
subclass of: Weaken Encryption
attack-id: T1600.001

Disable Crypto Hardware
type: Class
subclass of: Weaken Encryption
attack-id: T1600.002

Modify System Image
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1601

Patch System Image
type: Class
subclass of: Modify System Image
attack-id: T1601.001

Downgrade System Image
type: Class
subclass of: Modify System Image
attack-id: T1601.002

Data from Configuration Repository
type: Class
subclass of: Collection Technique
attack-id: T1602

SNMP (MIB Dump)
type: Class
subclass of: Data from Configuration Repository
attack-id: T1602.001

Network Device Configuration Dump
type: Class
subclass of: Data from Configuration Repository
attack-id: T1602.002

Forge Web Credentials
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Access Technique
attack-id: T1606

Web Cookies
type: Class
subclass of: Forge Web Credentials
attack-id: T1606.001

SAML Tokens
type: Class
subclass of: Forge Web Credentials
attack-id: T1606.002

Stage Capabilities
type: Class
subclass of: Resource Development Technique
attack-id: T1608

Upload Malware
type: Class
subclass of: Stage Capabilities
attack-id: T1608.001

Upload Tool
type: Class
subclass of: Stage Capabilities
attack-id: T1608.002

Install Digital Certificate
type: Class
subclass of: Stage Capabilities
attack-id: T1608.003

Drive-by Target
type: Class
subclass of: Stage Capabilities
attack-id: T1608.004

Link Target
type: Class
subclass of: Stage Capabilities
attack-id: T1608.005

Container Administration Command
type: Class
subclass of: Execution Technique
attack-id: T1609

Deploy Container
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Execution Technique
attack-id: T1610

Escape to Host
type: Class
subclass of: Privilege Escalation Technique
attack-id: T1611

Build Image on Host
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1612

Container and Resource Discovery
type: Class
subclass of: Discovery Technique
attack-id: T1613

System Location Discovery
type: Class
subclass of: Discovery Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Configuration Resource
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Configuration Resource
attack-id: T1614

System Language Discovery
type: Class
subclass of: System Location Discovery
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: queries
  some values from: System Configuration Database
type: NamedIndividual
queries: System Configuration Database
attack-id: T1614.001

Group Policy Discovery
type: Class
subclass of: Discovery Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: reads
  some values from: Group Policy
type: NamedIndividual
reads: Group Policy
attack-id: T1615

Cloud Storage Object Discovery
type: Class
subclass of: Discovery Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accesses
  some values from: Cloud Storage
type: NamedIndividual
accesses: Cloud Storage
attack-id: T1619

Reflective Code Loading
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Process Segment
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Process Segment
attack-id: T1620

Multi-Factor Authentication Request Generation
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Access Technique
attack-id: T1621

Debugger Evasion
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
subclass of: Discovery Technique
attack-id: T1622

Plist File Modification
type: Class
subclass of: Defense Evasion Technique
attack-id: T1647

Initial Access
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Tactic
subclass of: Offensive Tactic
type: NamedIndividual
type: Offensive Tactic
display-order: 1

Execution
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Tactic
subclass of: Offensive Tactic
type: NamedIndividual
type: Offensive Tactic
display-order: 2

Persistence
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Tactic
subclass of: Offensive Tactic
type: NamedIndividual
type: Offensive Tactic
display-order: 3

Privilege Escalation
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Tactic
subclass of: Offensive Tactic
type: NamedIndividual
type: Offensive Tactic
display-order: 4

Defense Evasion
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Tactic
subclass of: Offensive Tactic
type: NamedIndividual
type: Offensive Tactic
display-order: 5

Credential Access
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Tactic
subclass of: Offensive Tactic
type: NamedIndividual
type: Offensive Tactic
display-order: 6

Discovery
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Tactic
subclass of: Offensive Tactic
type: NamedIndividual
type: Offensive Tactic
display-order: 7

Lateral Movement
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Tactic
subclass of: Offensive Tactic
type: NamedIndividual
type: Offensive Tactic
display-order: 8

Collection
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Tactic
subclass of: Offensive Tactic
type: NamedIndividual
type: Offensive Tactic
display-order: 9

Exfiltration
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Tactic
subclass of: Offensive Tactic
type: NamedIndividual
type: Offensive Tactic
display-order: 11

Command And Control
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Tactic
subclass of: Offensive Tactic
type: NamedIndividual
type: Offensive Tactic
display-order: 10

Impact
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Tactic
subclass of: Offensive Tactic
type: NamedIndividual
type: Offensive Tactic
display-order: 12

Resource Development
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Tactic
subclass of: Offensive Tactic
type: NamedIndividual
display-order: 0

Reconnaissance
type: Class
subclass of: ATTACK Enterprise Tactic
subclass of: Offensive Tactic
type: NamedIndividual
display-order: -1

TFTP Network Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
definition: TFTP Network Traffic is network traffic typically used to automatically transfer configuration or boot files between machines.

TFTP Server
type: Class
subclass of: Server
definition: Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is a simple file transfer protocol, typically used to automatically transfer configuration or boot files between machines. It is used where user authentication and directory visibility are not required.

TPM Boot Integrity
type: Class
subclass of: Platform Hardening
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference-TrustedAttestationProtocolUseCases
d3fend-id: D3-TBI
definition: Assuring the integrity of a platform by demonstrating that the boot process starts from a trusted combination of hardware and software and continues until the operating system has fully booted and applications are running. Sometimes called Static Root of Trust Measurement (STRM).
kb-article: ## How it works During the boot process, the BIOS boot block (which with this defense enabled, is the Core Root of Trust for Measurement) measures boot components (firmware, ROM). The TPM hashes those measurements and stores the hashes in Platform Configuration Registers (PCRs). Upon a subsequent boot, these hashes are provided to a verifier which compares the stored measurements to the new boot measurements. Integrity of the boot components is assured if they match. Attestation of the secure boot occurs when a verifying entity requests a Quote which is a concatenation of the requested PCR values, hashed and signed by the TPM's unique RSA key. The TPM signature is trusted because the private key is stored securely in hardware and never leaves the TPM. ## Considerations * The TPM does not perform the follow-on actions of acting on the PCR value information, it just provides the PCR stored information. * The current version of TPM is 2.0.; most existing implementations use TPM 1.2. ## Citations [1] [TPM 2.0 Library](https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/resource/tpm-library-specification/) [2] [TCG Trusted Attestation Protocol (TAP) Use Cases for TPM Families 1.2 and 2.0 and DICE](https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/wp-content/uploads/TCG_TNC_TAP_Use_Cases_v1r0p35_published.pdf)
synonym: STRM
synonym: Static Root of Trust Measurement

Tablet Computer
type: Class
subclass of: Personal Computer
definition: A tablet computer, commonly shortened to tablet, is a mobile device, typically with a mobile operating system and touchscreen display processing circuitry, and a rechargeable battery in a single, thin and flat package. Tablets, being computers, do what other personal computers do, but lack some input/output (I/O) abilities that others have. Modern tablets largely resemble modern smartphones, the only differences being that tablets are relatively larger than smartphones, with screens 7 inches (18 cm) or larger, measured diagonally, and may not support access to a cellular network.
alternative label: Tablet

Target Audience
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Use Case Thing

Technique
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: implemented-by
  some values from: Procedure

Technique Reference
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: kb-reference-of
  some values from: Defensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-link
  some values from: anyURI
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: kb-reference-title
  some values from: string
definition: A reference used to develop KB articles.
pref-label: Technique Reference

Temporal Difference Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Model-free Reinforcement Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-TDL
definition: Temporal difference (TD) learning refers to a class of model-free reinforcement learning methods which learn by bootstrapping from the current estimate of the value function. These methods sample from the environment, like Monte Carlo methods, and perform updates based on current estimates, like dynamic programming methods
kb-article: ## References Temporal difference learning. Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_difference_learning).
comment: Temporal difference (TD) learning refers to a class of model-free reinforcement learning methods which learn by bootstrapping from the current estimate of the value function.

Temporal Logic
type: Class
subclass of: Modal Logic
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-TL
definition: Temporal logic addresses the semantics of tense; i.e., qualifying expressions of when.
kb-article: ## References 1. Temporal logic. (2023, June 4). In _Wikipedia_. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_logic#Temporal_logic)

Terminate Process
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: terminates
  some values from: Process
type: NamedIndividual
terminates: Process
definition: On many computer operating systems, a computer process terminates its execution by making an exit system call. More generally, an exit in a multithreading environment means that a thread of execution has stopped running. For resource management, the operating system reclaims resources (memory, files, etc.) that were used by the process. The process is said to be a dead process after it terminates.

Tertiary Storage
type: Class
subclass of: Hardware Device
subclass of: Memory Block
subclass of: Secondary Storage
definition: Tertiary storage or tertiary memory is memory primarily used for archiving rarely accessed information. It is primarily useful for extraordinarily large data stores. Typical examples include tape libraries and optical jukeboxes.

Test Execution Tool
type: Class
subclass of: Developer Application
definition: A test execution tool is a type of software used to test software, hardware or complete systems. Synonyms of test execution tool include test execution engine, test executive, test manager, test sequencer. Two common forms in which a test execution engine may appear are as a: (a) module of a test software suite (test bench) or an integrated development environment, or (b) stand-alone application software.
alternative label: Test Execution Engine
alternative label: Test Executive
alternative label: Test Manager

Thin Client Computer
type: Class
subclass of: Shared Computer
definition: A thin client is a lightweight computer that has been optimized for establishing a remote connection with a server-based computing environment. The server does most of the work, which can include launching software programs, performing calculations, and storing data. This contrasts with a fat client or a conventional personal computer; the former is also intended for working in a client-server model but has significant local processing power, while the latter aims to perform its function mostly locally. Thin clients are shared computers as the thin client's computing resources are provided by a remote server.

Thread
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
type: NamedIndividual

Thread Start Function
type: Class
subclass of: Subroutine
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: executes
  some values from: Thread
type: NamedIndividual
executes: Thread
definition: A function which invokes a create thread system call.

Ticket Granting Ticket
type: Class
subclass of: Access Token
definition: In some computer security systems, a Ticket Granting Ticket or Ticket to Get Tickets (TGT) is a small, encrypted identification file with a limited validity period. After authentication, this file is granted to a user for data traffic protection by the key distribution center (KDC) subsystem of authentication services such as Kerberos. The TGT file contains the session key, its expiration date, and the user's IP address, which protects the user from man-in-the-middle attacks. The TGT is used to obtain a service ticket from Ticket Granting Service (TGS). User is granted access to network services only after this service ticket is provided.
alternative label: Golden Ticket

Time Series Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Statistical Method
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-TSA
definition: Time series analysis comprises methods for analyzing time series data in order to extract meaningful statistics and other characteristics of the data.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Time series. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_series)

Trace Process
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: monitors
  some values from: Process
type: NamedIndividual
monitors: Process
definition: A trace system call provides a means by which one process (the "tracer") may observe and control the execution of another process (the "tracee"), and examine and change the tracee's memory and registers. It is primarily used to implement breakpoint debugging and system call tracing.
alternative label: Open Process

Trace Thread
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
type: NamedIndividual

Trajectory Prediction
type: Class
subclass of: Forecasting

Transducer Sensor
type: Class
subclass of: Sensor

Transfer Agent Authentication
type: Class
subclass of: Message Hardening
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - RFC 6376: DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) Signatures - IETF
kb-reference: Reference-RFC7208-SenderPolicyFramework-SPF-ForAuthorizingUseOfDomainsInEmail-IETF
kb-reference: Reference-RFC7489-Domain-basedMessageAuthentication-Reporting-AndConformance-DMARC
d3fend-id: D3-TAAN
definition: Validating that server components of a messaging infrastructure are authorized to send a particular message.
kb-article: ## How it works Transfer Agent Authentication can be accomplished in different ways for depending on the protocol. In Email, Sender Policy Framework (SPF), Domain Key Identified Email (DKIM) or Domain-based Message Authentication Reporting and Conformance (DMARC) are used to validate sender domain ownership. ### SPF SPF protocol allows for mail domain owners to specify the mail servers they use when sending email. SPF requires the use of SPF records published in the Domain Name System (DNS). The records record the authorized IPs for email senders. SPF uses the return-path address for domain IP identification. Email that is forwarded may cause the return-path validation problems. ### DKIM DKIM also uses a record entry in DNS for authentication but does not rely on the simple return-path for validation. A signature header is added to email and encryption is used for security. This adds an additional layer of complexity and requires that DKIM servers be configured identified cryptographic signatures. The additional complexity results in a validation process that can survive complex routing of emails. ### DMARC DMARC is an email policy and authentication protocol that seeks to ensure that the "From" field of emails is not spoofed. DMARC makes use of both SPF records and DKIM published key validation. DMARC also has a decision policy framework, contained in a DMARC record, for handling of rejected email. The DMARC framework also updates DMARC domains with authentication statues for allowed senders of that domain. ## Considerations - Additional work is required to ensure that all SPF, DKIM and DMARC records are current and up to date. - Maintenance of DKIM signing keys is needed. - Using SPF without DKIM and DMARC verifies the Return-Path domain however does not prevent spoofing of the displayed From: address. - Parts of an email that are not signed or verified by email authentication methods, such as the message body or the header To: and Subject: fields, can be altered …

Transfer Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Machine Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-TL
definition: Transfer learning (TL) is a research problem in machine learning (ML) that focuses on storing knowledge gained while solving one problem and applying it to a different but related problem.
kb-article: ## References Transfer learning. Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_learning).

Transformer-XL
type: Class
subclass of: Transformer-based Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-TX
definition: Transformer-XL is a transformer architecture that introduces the notion of recurrence to the deep self-attention network. Instead of computing the hidden states from scratch for each new segment, Transformer-XL reuses the hidden states obtained in previous segments.
kb-article: ## References Transformer-XL. (n.d.). Papers with Code. [Link](https://paperswithcode.com/method/transformer-xl)

Transformer-based Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Machine Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-TBL
definition: A transformer is a deep learning model. It is distinguished by its adoption of self-attention, differentially weighting the significance of each part of the input (which includes the recursive output) data.
kb-article: ## References "Transformer (machine learning model)." Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer_(machine_learning_model)).

Translation Lookaside Buffer
type: Class
subclass of: Memory Management Unit Component
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A translation lookaside buffer (TLB) is a memory cache that is used to reduce the time taken to access a user memory location. It is a part of the chip's memory-management unit (MMU).

Transport Link
type: Class
subclass of: Logical Link

Trimmed Mean
type: Class
subclass of: Central Tendency
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-TM
definition: The arithmetic mean of data values after a certain number or proportion of the highest and lowest data values have been discarded.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Central tendency. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_tendency)
synonym: Truncated mean

Trust Store
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
definition: Stores public information necessary to determine if another party can be trusted.

URL
type: Class
subclass of: Identifier
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: addresses
  some values from: Resource
type: NamedIndividual
addresses: Resource
definition: A Uniform Resource Locator (URL), commonly informally termed a web address (a term which is not defined identically) is a reference to a web resource that specifies its location on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it.A URL is a specific type of Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), although many people use the two terms interchangeably. A URL implies the means to access an indicated resource, which is not true of every URI. URLs occur most commonly to reference web pages (http), but are also used for file transfer (ftp), email (mailto), database access (JDBC), and many other applications.
alternative label: Uniform Resource Locator

URL Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Identifier Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: URL
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: URL
kb-reference: Reference - Method and Apparatus for Detecting Malicious Websites - Endgame Inc
kb-reference: Reference - Method and system for detecting restricted content associated with retrieved content - Sophos Ltd
d3fend-id: D3-UA
definition: Determining if a URL is benign or malicious by analyzing the URL or its components.
kb-article: ## How it works URLs may contain components, for example: * scheme * userinfo * host name * port * path * query * fragment These components are used as features in analysis algorithms. Contextual information about a URL such as where it is embedded (ex. emails, files, network protocols), header, path, location, and origin information, as well as information about the content returned from the URL request, may be incorporated into an analytic for URL analysis. For example, if a URL indicates a .pdf file but an executable is actually returned, the combination of these two pieces of information indicates suspicious activity. Additional techniques include: * Extracting features of a URL such as domain name length, ratio of consecutive consonants, percentage of digits in a domain, and number of vowels. Values for each feature are combined to develop a score for the URL. * Determining the probability of a character occurring in the URL given the preceding two characters. For example, for google.com, the probability of a 'g' occurring at the beginning of a word, the probability of an 'o' occurring after a "g, the probability of an o" occurring after a 'g' and "o, and so forth. A dictionary or a list of known good domains is used to determine probability. Probabilities are multiplied to develop a score for the URL. URL analysis may trigger follow-on analytics such as **File Analysis** ## Considerations * Volume of URLs being analyzed, combined with the speed at which they are analyzed * Fidelity of analysis technique at detecting brand new URLs versus analyzing URLs of established domains

URL Reputation Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Identifier Reputation Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: URL
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: URL
kb-reference: Reference - Finding phishing sites
d3fend-id: D3-URA
definition: Analyzing the reputation of a URL.

Uncertainty Sampling
type: Class
subclass of: Active Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-US
definition: Makes the utility inversely proportional to the uncertainty of the model with respect to the sample and will work with any model provided it can assess its uncertainty of a predection.
kb-article: ## References Intro to Active Learning. inovex Blog. [Link](https://www.inovex.de/de/blog/intro-to-active-learning/).

Unit Test Execution Tool
type: Class
subclass of: Test Execution Tool
definition: An unit test execution tool automatically performs unit testing. Unit testing is a software testing method by which individual units of source code are tested to determine whether they are fit for use. Unit test execution tools work with sets of one or more computer program modules together with associated control data, usage procedures, and operating procedures. This contrasts with integration testing, which tests inter-unit dependencies and the modules as a group.

Unix Hard Link
type: Class
subclass of: Hard Link
subclass of: Unix Link
definition: A Unix hard link is a hard link on a Unix file system.

Unix Link
type: Class
subclass of: File System Link
definition: A Unix link is a file link in a Unix file system.

Unlock Account
type: Class
subclass of: Restore User Account Access
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: restores
  some values from: User Account
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Cybersecurity Incident and Vulnerability Response Playbooks
restores: User Account
d3fend-id: D3-ULA
definition: Restoring a user account's access to resources by unlocking a locked User Account.

Unsupervised Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Machine Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-UL
definition: Unsupervised learning creates relationships with unlabeled data without the input of a human or other outside actor. Uses only input data.
kb-abstract: ## References Unsupervised learning. Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsupervised_learning).

Unsupervised Preprocessing
type: Class
subclass of: Semi-Supervised Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-UP
definition: When performing unsupervised learning, the machine is presented with unlabeled data. (Unlabeled data has no target.) Unsupervised learning algorithms seek to discover intrinsic patterns that underlie the data, such as a clustering parameter or a redundant parameter (dimension) that can be reduced.
kb-article: ## References SAS Institute Inc. (n.d.). Decision Trees. In SAS® Visual Data Mining and Machine Learning.[Link](https://documentation.sas.com/doc/en/vdmmlcdc/8.4/vdmmladvug/n1e4spzcnv1f0fn1vsxhbzgdp1bb.htm).

Use Case Goal
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Use Case Thing

Use Case Prerequisite
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Use Case Thing

Use Case Procedure
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Use Case Thing
subclass of: Procedure

Use Case Step
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Use Case Thing
subclass of: Step

User
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-account
  some values from: User Account
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: restricted-by
  some values from: Access Control List
type: NamedIndividual
has-account: User Account
restricted-by: Access Control List
definition: A user is a person [or agent] who uses a computer or network service. Users generally use a system or a software product without the technical expertise required to fully understand it. Power users use advanced features of programs, though they are not necessarily capable of computer programming and system administration. A user often has a user account and is identified to the system by a username (or user name). Other terms for username include login name, screenname (or screen name), nickname (or nick) and handle, which is derived from the identical Citizen's Band radio term. Some software products provide services to other systems and have no direct end users.

User Account
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A user account allows a user to authenticate to a system and potentially to receive authorization to access resources provided by or connected to that system; however, authentication does not imply authorization. To log into an account, a user is typically required to authenticate oneself with a password or other credentials for the purposes of accounting, security, logging, and resource management.

User Account Permissions
type: Class
subclass of: Credential Hardening
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: restricts
  some values from: User Account
type: NamedIndividual
kb-reference: Reference - Configure User Access Control and Permissions
restricts: User Account
d3fend-id: D3-UAP
definition: Restricting a user account's access to resources.

User Action
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Event
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
type: NamedIndividual
definition: An action performed by a user. Executing commands, granting permissions, and accessing resources are examples of user actions.

User Application
type: Class
subclass of: Application
definition: A user application is executed for that an individual user on a user's personal computer or remotely by means of virtualization. This is in contrast to service applications or enterprise software.

User Behavior
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: User Action
type: NamedIndividual
contains: User Action
definition: A user behavior is a pattern of user actions, or set of such patterns. Modeling and analyzing these patterns and monitoring a users actions for meaningful anomalies is known as user behavior analytics (UBA).

User Behavior Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Defensive Technique
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: enables
  some values from: Detect
type: NamedIndividual
enables: Detect
d3fend-id: D3-UBA
definition: User behavior analytics ("UBA") as defined by Gartner, is a cybersecurity process about detection of insider threats, targeted attacks, and financial fraud. UBA solutions look at patterns of human behavior, and then apply algorithms and statistical analysis to detect meaningful anomalies from those patterns-anomalies that indicate potential threats.' Instead of tracking devices or security events, UBA tracks a system's users. Big data platforms are increasing UBA functionality by allowing them to analyze petabytes worth of data to detect insider threats and advanced persistent threats.
kb-article: ## Technique Overview Some techniques monitor patterns of human behavior and then apply algorithms and to identify patterns such as repeated login attempts from a single IP address or large file downloads, or abnormal accesses. Other techniques may have explicit or rigid definitions of "bad behavior" which are then matched against instances in a computer network environment.
synonym: Credential Monitoring
synonym: UBA

User Data Transfer Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: User Behavior Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Resource Access
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Resource Access
kb-reference: Reference-SystemAndMethodThereofForIdentifyingAndRespondingToSecurityIncidentsBasedOnPreemptiveForensics PaloAltoNetworksInc
kb-reference: Reference-SystemForImplementingThreatDetectionUsingThreatAndRiskAssessmentOfAsset-actorInteractions VECTRANETWORKSInc
d3fend-id: D3-UDTA
definition: Analyzing the amount of data transferred by a user.
kb-article: ## How it works Unusual data transfer activity may indicate unauthorized activity. Data transfers can be analyzed by collecting network traffic or application logs. ## Considerations * There is a potential for false positives from anomalies that are not associated with unauthorized activity. * Attackers that move low and slow may not differentiate their data transfer behavior enough for an alert to trigger.

User Geolocation Logon Pattern Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: User Behavior Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Network Traffic
kb-reference: Reference - Method and Apparatus for Network Fraud Detection and Remediation Through Analytics - Idaptive LLC
kb-reference: Reference-System,Method,AndComputerProgramProductForDetectingAndAssessingSecurityRisksInANetwork ExabeamInc
d3fend-id: D3-UGLPA
definition: Monitoring geolocation data of user logon attempts and comparing it to a baseline user behavior profile to identify anomalies in logon location.
kb-article: ## How it works Geolocation data for each user logon attempt is collected and used to create a baseline user behavior profile. Current geolocation logon data is then compared against the user behavior profile. Logon activity that deviates from normal patterns and can help in identifying situations that may be indicative of a remote attacker using stolen credentials. For example: * logons from locations that are different from where a user usually logs in * logons from a location in which an enterprise has no users located * logon that is not physically possible given the elapsed time since a logon from another location. ## Considerations * Potential for false positives from logon anomalies that are not associated with malicious activity. * Attackers may not differentiate their logon behavior enough to trigger an alert.

User Group
type: Class
subclass of: Access Control Group
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: User
type: NamedIndividual
contains: User
definition: User groups are a way to collect user accounts and/or computer accounts into manageable units. Administrators can assign permissions, roles, or access to resources, as well as modify group membership, depending on the operating system.
synonym: Security Group

User Init Configuration File
type: Class
subclass of: Configuration File
subclass of: User Logon Init Resource
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A user initialization configuration file is a file containing the information necessary to configure that part of a user's environment which is common to all applications and actions. User configurations may be overridden by more specific configuration information (such as that found in a application configuration file.)
alternative label: User Configuration File

User Init Script
type: Class
subclass of: Executable Script
subclass of: Init Script
subclass of: User Logon Init Resource
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A script used to initialize and configure elements of the user's applications and user environment.

User Input Function
type: Class
subclass of: Input Function
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Generic function that receives direct user input from an untrusted source.

User Interface
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
definition: The user interface (UI), in the industrial design field of human-machine interaction, is the space where interactions between humans and machines occur. The goal of this interaction is to allow effective operation and control of the machine from the human end, whilst the machine simultaneously feeds back information that aids the operators' decision-making process. Examples of this broad concept of user interfaces include the interactive aspects of computer operating systems, hand tools, heavy machinery operator controls, and process controls. The design considerations applicable when creating user interfaces are related to or involve such disciplines as ergonomics and psychology.
alternative label: UI

User Logon Init Resource
type: Class
subclass of: Local Resource
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A user logon initialization resource contains information used to configure a user's environment when a user logs into a system.

User Manual
type: Class
subclass of: Document
type: NamedIndividual
type: Reference Type

User Manual Reference
type: Class
subclass of: Technique Reference
pref-label: User Manual

User Process
type: Class
subclass of: Process
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A user process is a process running to perform functions in the name of on particular user and user account, such as run an application or application service serving any number users. This is in contrast to a system process, which executes software to fulfill operating system functions.

User Session Init Config Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Operating System Monitoring
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: User Init Configuration File
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: User Init Configuration File
kb-reference: Reference - Identification and extraction of key forensics indicators of compromise using subject-specific filesystem views
kb-reference: Reference-RegistryKeySecurityAndAccessRights
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2020-09-002:ComponentObjectModelHijacking MITRE
kb-reference: Reference-CAR-2020-11-011:RegistryEditFromScreensaver
d3fend-id: D3-USICA
definition: Analyzing modifications to user session config files such as .bashrc or .bash_profile.
synonym: User Startup Config Analysis

User Startup Directory
type: Class
subclass of: User Logon Init Resource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: User Startup Script File
type: NamedIndividual
contains: User Startup Script File
definition: A user startup directory holds information necessary to start the users session with the system.

User Startup Script File
type: Class
subclass of: Executable Script
subclass of: User Logon Init Resource
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A user startup script file is a shortcut file that is executed when a user logs in and starts a session on the host. These indicate applications the user wants started at login. For Windows, these are typically found in the user's startup directory.

User to User Message
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-recipient
  some values from: User Account
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-sender
  some values from: User Account
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: Email
type: NamedIndividual
has-recipient: User Account
has-sender: User Account
may-contain: Email
definition: Personal message, private message (PM), direct message (DM), or personal chat (PC) is a private form of messaging between different members on a given platform. It is only seen and accessible by the users participating in the message.
alternative label: Personal Message
alternative label: Private Message

Utility Software
type: Class
subclass of: Software
definition: Utility applications are software applications designed to help to analyze, configure, optimize or maintain a computer. It is used to support the computer infrastructure - in contrast to application software, which is aimed at directly performing tasks that benefit ordinary users. However, utilities often form part of the application systems. For example, a batch job may run user-written code to update a database and may then include a step that runs a utility to back up the database, or a job may run a utility to compress a disk before copying files.
alternative label: Utility Application

VPN Server
type: Class
subclass of: Server
definition: A VPN server is a type of server that enables hosting and delivery of VPN services. It is a combination of VPN hardware and software technologies that provides VPN clients with connectivity to a secure and/or private network, or rather, the VPN.

Variability
type: Class
subclass of: Descriptive Statistics
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-VAR
definition: Dispersion (also called variability, scatter, or spread) is the extent to which a distribution is stretched or squeezed. A measure of statistical dispersion is a nonnegative real number that is zero if all the data are the same and increases as the data become more diverse.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Statistical dispersion. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_dispersion)

Variance
type: Class
subclass of: Variability
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-VAR
definition: Variance is a measure of dispersion, meaning it is a measure of how far a set of numbers is spread out from their average value.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Variance. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance)

Variance Reduction
type: Class
subclass of: Active Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-VR
definition: Leverages a well-known result from statistical learning and decomposes the model error into a data noise term, a model bias term and a model variance term. As the noise term only depends on the data and the bias is induced by the choice of model, any reduction in the error can only come from the variance term.
kb-article: ## References Intro to Active Learning. inovex Blog. [Link](https://www.inovex.de/de/blog/intro-to-active-learning/).

Vendor
type: Class
subclass of: Provider
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: sells
  some values from: Capability Implementation

Version Control Tool
type: Class
subclass of: Developer Application
definition: Version control tools are tools that used to conduct version control. A component of software configuration management, version control, also known as revision control, source control, or source code management systems are systems responsible for the management of changes to documents, computer programs, large web sites, and other collections of information. Changes are usually identified by a number or letter code, termed the "revision number", "revision level", or simply "revision". For example, an initial set of files is "revision 1". When the first change is made, the resulting set is "revision 2", and so on. Each revision is associated with a timestamp and the person making the change. Revisions can be compared, restored, and with some types of files, merged.
alternative label: Revision Control
alternative label: Source Control

Video Input Device
type: Class
subclass of: Input Device
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Video input devices are used to digitize images or video from the outside world into the computer. The information can be stored in a multitude of formats depending on the user's requirement.

Virtual Address
type: Class
subclass of: Memory Address
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A virtual address in memory is a pointer or marker for a memory space that an operating system allows a process to use. The virtual address points to a location in primary storage that a process can use independently of other processes.
synonym: Logical Address

Virtual Memory Space
type: Class
subclass of: Memory Address Space
definition: Virtual memory is a memory management technique where secondary memory can be used as if it were a part of the main memory. Virtual memory uses hardware and software to enable a computer to compensate for physical memory shortages

Virtualization Software
type: Class
subclass of: Service Application
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Virtualization software allows a single host computer to create and run one or more virtual environments. Virtualization software is most often used to emulate a complete computer system in order to allow a guest operating system to be run, for example allowing Linux to run as a guest on top of a PC that is natively running a Microsoft Windows operating system (or the inverse, running Windows as a guest on Linux).

Volume
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Information Bearer
type: NamedIndividual
definition: In the context of computer operating systems, a volume or logical drive is a single accessible storage area with a single file system, typically (though not necessarily) resident on a single partition of a hard disk. Although a volume might be different from a physical disk drive, it can still be accessed with an operating system's logical interface. However, a volume differs from a partition.
alternative label: Drive Volume
alternative label: Logical Drive

Volume Boot Record
type: Class
subclass of: Boot Record
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A volume boot record (VBR) (also known as a volume boot sector, a partition boot record or a partition boot sector) is a type of boot sector introduced by the IBM Personal Computer. It may be found on a partitioned data storage device, such as a hard disk, or an unpartitioned device, such as a floppy disk, and contains machine code for bootstrapping programs (usually, but not necessarily, operating systems) stored in other parts of the device. On non-partitioned storage devices, it is the first sector of the device. On partitioned devices, it is the first sector of an individual partition on the device, with the first sector of the entire device being a Master Boot Record (MBR) containing the partition table.

Voting
type: Class
subclass of: Ensemble Learning
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-VOT
definition: Voting is another form of ensembling.
kb-article: ## References Ensemble learning. Wikipedia. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_learning).

Weakness
type: Class
subclass of: D3FEND Core
subclass of: D3FEND Thing
definition: A weakness is a condition in a software, firmware, hardware, or service component that, under certain circumstances, could contribute to the introduction of vulnerabilities.

Web API Resource
type: Class
subclass of: Web Resource
definition: A web API resource is an API resource identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and made available from one host to another host via a web protocol and across a network or networks.

Web Application Firewall
type: Class
subclass of: Application Layer Firewall
definition: A web application firewall (or WAF) filters, monitors, and blocks HTTP traffic to and from a web application. A WAF is differentiated from a regular firewall in that a WAF is able to filter the content of specific web applications while regular firewalls serve as a safety gate between servers. By inspecting HTTP traffic, it can prevent attacks stemming from web application security flaws, such as SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), file inclusion, and security misconfigurations.
alternative label: WAF

Web Application Server
type: Class
subclass of: Web Server
definition: A web application server is a web server that hosts applications. Application server frameworks are software frameworks for building application servers. An application server framework provides both facilities to create web applications and a server environment to run them. In the case of Java application servers, the server behaves like an extended virtual machine for running applications, transparently handling connections to the database on one side, and, often, connections to the Web client on the other.

Web Authentication
type: Class
subclass of: Authentication
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-create
  some values from: Session Cookie
type: NamedIndividual
may-create: Session Cookie
definition: A request-response comprising a user credential presentation to a system and a verification response where the verifying party is a web server.

Web File Resource
type: Class
subclass of: Network File Resource
subclass of: Web Resource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: addressed-by
  some values from: URL
type: NamedIndividual
addressed-by: URL
definition: A web file resource is a file resource identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and made available from one host to another host via a web protocol and across a network or networks.

Web Network Traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Web network traffic is network traffic that uses a standard web protocol.

Web Resource
type: Class
subclass of: Network Resource
definition: A web resource is a resource identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and made available from one host to another host via a web protocol and across a network or networks.

Web Resource Access
type: Class
subclass of: Network Resource Access
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Ephemeral digital artifact comprising a request of a network resource and any response from that network resource using a standard web protocol.

Web Script File
type: Class
subclass of: Executable Script
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A file containing a script in a web-scripting programming language. Web scripts may be present and run on the client or on the server side.
alternative label: Web Script

Web Server
type: Class
subclass of: Server
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A web server is server software, or hardware dedicated to running this software, that can satisfy client requests on the World Wide Web. A web server can, in general, contain one or more websites. A web server processes incoming network requests over HTTP and several other related protocols. While the major function is to serve content, a full implementation of HTTP also includes ways of receiving content from clients. This feature is used for submitting web forms, including uploading of files.

Web Server Application
type: Class
subclass of: Service Application
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A web server application (or web app) is an application software that runs on a web server, unlike computer-based software programs that are stored locally on the Operating System (OS) of the device. Web applications are accessed by the user through a web browser with an active internet connection. These applications are programmed using a client-server modeled structure-the user ("client") is provided services through an off-site server that is hosted by a third-party. Examples of commonly-used, web applications, include: web-mail, online retail sales, online banking, and online auctions.
alternative label: Web App
alternative label: Web Application

Web Session Activity Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: User Behavior Analysis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: analyzes
  some values from: Web Resource Access
type: NamedIndividual
analyzes: Web Resource Access
kb-reference: Reference - Host intrusion prevention system using software and user behavior analysis - Sophos Ltd
kb-reference: Reference-SystemAndMethodForDetectionOfAChangeInBehaviorInTheUseOfAWebsiteThroughVectorVelocityAnalysis SilverTailSystems
kb-reference: Reference-SystemAndMethodForNetworkSecurityIncludingDetectionOfAttacksThroughPartnerWebsites EMCIPHoldingCoLLC
kb-reference: Reference-SystemAndMethodThereofForIdentifyingAndRespondingToSecurityIncidentsBasedOnPreemptiveForensics PaloAltoNetworksInc
d3fend-id: D3-WSAA
definition: Monitoring changes in user web session behavior by comparing current web session activity to a baseline behavior profile or a catalog of predetermined malicious behavior.
kb-article: ## How it works User web session data is collected over a period of time to create a user behavior profile. Data collected includes clicks made on a website, average time between clicks, filling out web forms, order in which pages are viewed, and downloading files. Current user web session behavior is then compared against the use behavior profile to identify anomalies and a likelihood that the current user web session is malicious. Current user web session behavior can also be compared to predetermined known malicious behavior profiles that are developed through analysis of malware in run time at a threat research facility. ## Considerations * Potential for false positives from anomalies that are not associated with malicious activity. * Attackers may not differentiate their web session activity enough to trigger an alert.

Weighted Mean
type: Class
subclass of: Central Tendency
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-WM
definition: A mean that incorporates weighting to certain data elements.
kb-article: ## Considerations The arithmetic mean, geometric mean, and harmonic mean can all be weighted. ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Central tendency. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_tendency)

Wide Area Network
type: Class
subclass of: Network
definition: By contrast to a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), not only covers a larger geographic distance, but also generally involves leased telecommunication circuits or Internet links.
alternative label: WAN

Windows OpenFile
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Create File
subclass of: OS API Open File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtOpenFile
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Windows NtOpenFile
definition: Creates, opens, reopens, or deletes a file.

Windows CreateFileA
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Create File
subclass of: OS API Open File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtCreateFile
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtCreateMailslotFile
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtCreateNamedPipeFile
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtCreatePagingFile
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Windows NtCreateFile
invokes: Windows NtCreateMailslotFile
invokes: Windows NtCreateNamedPipeFile
invokes: Windows NtCreatePagingFile
definition: Creates or opens a file or I/O device. The most commonly used I/O devices are as follows: file, file stream, directory, physical disk, volume, console buffer, tape drive, communications resource, mailslot, and pipe. The function returns a handle that can be used to access the file or device for various types of I/O depending on the file or device and the flags and attributes specified.

Windows CreateProcessA
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Create Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtCreateProcess
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtCreateProcessEx
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Windows NtCreateProcess
invokes: Windows NtCreateProcessEx
definition: Creates a new process and its primary thread. The new process runs in the security context of the calling process.

Windows CreateRemoteThread
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Create Thread
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtCreateThreadEx
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Windows NtCreateThreadEx

Windows CreateThread
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Create Thread
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtCreateThread
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtCreateThreadEx
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Windows NtCreateThread
invokes: Windows NtCreateThreadEx
definition: Creates a thread to execute within the virtual address space of the calling process.

Windows DeleteFile
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Delete File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtDeleteFile
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Windows NtDeleteFile
definition: Deletes an existing file.

Windows DuplicateToken
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Copy Token
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtDuplicateToken
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Windows NtDuplicateToken
definition: The DuplicateToken function creates a new access token that duplicates one already in existence.

Windows GetThreadContext
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Get Thread Context
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtGetThreadContext
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Windows NtGetThreadContext
definition: Retrieves the context of the specified thread.

Windows NtGetThreadContext
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Get Thread Context
type: NamedIndividual

Windows NtAllocateVirtualMemory
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Allocate Memory
type: NamedIndividual

Windows NtAllocateVirtualMemoryEx
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Allocate Memory

Windows NtCreateFile
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Create File
type: NamedIndividual

Windows NtCreateMailslotFile
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Create File
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Creates a special File Object called Mailslot.

Windows NtCreateNamedPipeFile
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Create File
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Creates Named Pipe File Object.

Windows NtCreatePagingFile
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Create File
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Typically used by Control Panel's "System" applet for creating new paged files.

Windows NtCreateProcess
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Create Process
type: NamedIndividual

Windows NtCreateProcessEx
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Create Process
type: NamedIndividual

Windows NtCreateThread
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Create Thread
type: NamedIndividual

Windows NtCreateThreadEx
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Create Thread
type: NamedIndividual

Windows NtDeleteFile
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Delete File
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Deletes the specified file.

Windows NtDuplicateToken
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Copy Token
type: NamedIndividual

Windows NtFlushInstructionCache
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Write Memory
type: NamedIndividual

Windows NtFreeVirtualMemory
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Free Memory
type: NamedIndividual

Windows NtOpenFile
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Open File
type: NamedIndividual

Windows NtOpenProcess
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Trace Process
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Opens a handle to process obj and sets the access rights to this object.

Windows NtOpenThread
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Trace Thread
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Opens a handle to a thread object with the access specified.

Windows NtProtectVirtualMemory
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Allocate Memory
type: NamedIndividual

Windows NtQuerySystemTime
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Get System Time
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Returns current time in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) 8-bytes format.

Windows NtReadFile
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Read File
type: NamedIndividual

Windows NtReadFileScatter
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Read File
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Reads specified block from file into multiple buffers. Each buffer must have one page length.

Windows NtResumeThread
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Resume Thread
type: NamedIndividual

Windows NtSetInformationFile Argument FileDispositionInformation
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Delete File
definition: Request to delete the file when it is closed or cancel a previously requested deletion.

Windows NtSetThreadContext
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Set Thread Context
type: NamedIndividual

Windows NtSuspendProcess
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Suspend Process

Windows NtSuspendThread
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Suspend Thread
type: NamedIndividual

Windows NtTerminateProcess
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Terminate Process
type: NamedIndividual

Windows NtWriteFile
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Write File
type: NamedIndividual

Windows NtWriteFileGather
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Write File
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Writes specified block of file with data from memory pages.

Windows NtWriteVirtualMemory
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Write Memory
type: NamedIndividual

Windows OpenProcess
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Trace Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtOpenProcess
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Windows NtOpenProcess
definition: Opens an existing local process object.

Windows OpenThread
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Trace Thread
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtOpenThread
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Windows NtOpenThread
definition: Opens an existing thread object.

Windows QueryPerformanceCounter
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Get System Time
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtQuerySystemTime
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Windows NtQuerySystemTime
definition: Retrieves the current value of the performance counter, which is a high resolution (<1us) time stamp that can be used for time-interval measurements.

Windows ReadFile
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Read File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtReadFile
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtReadFileScatter
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Windows NtReadFile
invokes: Windows NtReadFileScatter
definition: Reads data from the specified file or input/output (I/O) device. Reads occur at the position specified by the file pointer if supported by the device.

Windows Registry
type: Class
subclass of: System Configuration Database
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains
  some values from: Windows Registry Key
type: NamedIndividual
contains: Windows Registry Key
definition: The Windows Registry is a hierarchical database that stores low-level settings for the Microsoft Windows operating system and for applications that opt to use the registry. The kernel, device drivers, services, Security Accounts Manager, and user interface can all use the registry. The registry also allows access to counters for profiling system performance.

Windows Registry Key
type: Class
subclass of: System Configuration Database Record
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: Windows Registry Key
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: may-contain
  some values from: Windows Registry Value
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: windows-registry-key
  some values from: string
type: NamedIndividual
may-contain: Windows Registry Value
definition: Windows Registry Keys are container objects similar to folders that contain subkeys and/or data entries called values. A key can be a 'Registry Hive' when it is root key of a logical group of keys, subkeys, and values that has a set of supporting files loaded into memory when the operating system is started or a user logs in.

Windows Registry Value
type: Class
subclass of: System Configuration Database Record
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contained-by
  some values from: Windows Registry Key
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: windows-registry-value
  some values from: string
type: NamedIndividual
contained-by: Windows Registry Key
definition: A Windows Registry Value is a data structure consisting of a name, type, data (as a pointer), and the length. Windows Registry Values are always associated with a Windows Registry Key. They store the actual configuration data for the operating system and the programs that run on the system.

Windows ResumeThread
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Resume Thread
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtResumeThread
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Windows NtResumeThread
definition: Decrements a thread's suspend count. When the suspend count is decremented to zero, the execution of the thread is resumed.

Windows SetThreadContext
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Set Thread Context
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtSetThreadContext
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Windows NtSetThreadContext
definition: Sets the context for the specified thread.

Windows Shortcut File
type: Class
subclass of: Shortcut File
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A Microsoft Windows shortcut file.
alternative label: Shell Link

Windows SuspendThread
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Suspend Thread
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtSuspendThread
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Windows NtSuspendThread
definition: Suspends the specified thread.

Windows TerminateProcess
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Terminate Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtTerminateProcess
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Windows NtTerminateProcess
definition: Terminates the specified process and all of its threads.

Windows VirtualAllocEx
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Allocate Memory
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtAllocateVirtualMemory
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtProtectVirtualMemory
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Windows NtAllocateVirtualMemory
invokes: Windows NtProtectVirtualMemory
definition: Reserves, commits, or changes the state of a region of memory within the virtual address space of a specified process. The function initializes the memory it allocates to zero.

Windows VirtualFree
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Free Memory
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtFreeVirtualMemory
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Windows NtFreeVirtualMemory
definition: Releases, decommits, or releases and decommits a region of pages within the virtual address space of the calling process.

Windows VirtualProtectEx
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Allocate Memory
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtAllocateVirtualMemory
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtProtectVirtualMemory
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Windows NtAllocateVirtualMemory
invokes: Windows NtProtectVirtualMemory
definition: Changes the protection on a region of committed pages in the virtual address space of a specified process.

Windows WriteFile
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Write File
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtWriteFile
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtWriteFileGather
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Windows NtWriteFile
invokes: Windows NtWriteFileGather
definition: Writes data to the specified file or input/output (I/O) device.

Windows WriteProcessMemory
type: Class
subclass of: OS API Write Memory
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtFlushInstructionCache
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtProtectVirtualMemory
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: invokes
  some values from: Windows NtWriteVirtualMemory
type: NamedIndividual
invokes: Windows NtFlushInstructionCache
invokes: Windows NtProtectVirtualMemory
invokes: Windows NtWriteVirtualMemory
definition: Writes data to an area of memory in a specified process. The entire area to be written to must be accessible or the operation fails.

Wireless Access Point
type: Class
subclass of: Network Node
subclass of: RF Transceiver
definition: In computer networking, a wireless access point (WAP), or more generally just access point (AP), is a networking hardware device that allows other Wi-Fi devices to connect to a wired network. The AP usually connects to a router (via a wired network) as a standalone device, but it can also be an integral component of the router itself. An AP is differentiated from a hotspot which is a physical location where Wi-Fi access is available.
alternative label: WAP

Wireless Router
type: Class
subclass of: Router
subclass of: Wireless Access Point
definition: A wireless router is a device that performs the functions of a router and also includes the functions of a wireless access point. It is used to provide access to the Internet or a private computer network. Depending on the manufacturer and model, it can function in a wired local area network, in a wireless-only LAN, or in a mixed wired and wireless network.
see also: Wireless Access Point

Write File
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: File
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: File
definition: The write is one of the most basic routines provided by a Unix-like operating system kernel. It writes data from a buffer declared by the user to a given device, such as a file. This is the primary way to output data from a program by directly using a system call. The destination is identified by a numeric code. The data to be written, for instance a piece of text, is defined by a pointer and a size, given in number of bytes. write thus takes three arguments.

Write Memory
type: Class
subclass of: System Call
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: modifies
  some values from: Memory Block
type: NamedIndividual
modifies: Memory Block

Zero Client Computer
type: Class
subclass of: Thin Client Computer
definition: Zero client is also referred as ultra thin client, contains no moving parts but centralizes all processing and storage to just what is running on the server. As a result, it requires no local driver to install, no patch management, and no local operating system licensing fees or updates. The device consumes very little power and is tamper-resistant and completely incapable of storing any data locally, providing a more secure endpoint.

t-SNE Clustering
type: Class
subclass of: Projection-based Clustering
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-TSC
definition: T-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) is a statistical method for visualizing high-dimensional data by giving each datapoint a location in a two or three-dimensional map.
kb-article: ## References Wikipedia. (n.d.). T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding. [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-distributed_stochastic_neighbor_embedding)

AMD64 Code Segment
type: NamedIndividual
type: Image Code Segment
type: Process Code Segment

ARM32 Code Segment
type: NamedIndividual
type: Image Code Segment
type: Process Code Segment

ASCII Domain Name
type: NamedIndividual
type: Domain Name

Adobe PDF File 1.3
type: NamedIndividual
type: Document File
may-contain: Javascript File

BSD Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Process

Bash Script File
type: NamedIndividual
type: Executable Script

Book
type: NamedIndividual
type: Reference Type

CCI-000015
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Account Locking
broader: Domain Account Monitoring
broader: Local Account Monitoring
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-05-13T00:00:00
definition: The organization employs automated mechanisms to support the information system account management functions.

CCI-000016
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Account Locking
date published: 2009-05-13T00:00:00
definition: The information system automatically removes or disables temporary accounts after an organization-defined time period for each type of account.

CCI-000017
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Account Locking
date published: 2009-05-13T00:00:00
definition: The information system automatically disables inactive accounts after an organization-defined time period.

CCI-000018
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
exactly: Domain Account Monitoring
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-05-13T00:00:00
definition: The information system automatically audits account creation actions.

CCI-000020
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Mandatory Access Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-14T00:00:00
definition: The information system dynamically manages user privileges and associated access authorizations.

CCI-000022
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Mandatory Access Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-05-13T00:00:00
definition: The information system enforces one or more organization-defined nondiscretionary access control policies over an organization-defined set of users and resources.

CCI-000025
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
date published: 2009-09-14T00:00:00
definition: The information system enforces information flow control using explicit security attributes on information, source, and destination objects as a basis for flow control decisions.

CCI-000027
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
date published: 2009-05-13T00:00:00
definition: The information system enforces dynamic information flow control based on organization-defined policies.

CCI-000029
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
date published: 2009-05-13T00:00:00
definition: The information system enforces organization-defined limitations on the embedding of data types within other data types.

CCI-000030
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
date published: 2009-05-13T00:00:00
definition: The information system enforces information flow control based on organization-defined metadata.

CCI-000032
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
date published: 2009-09-14T00:00:00
definition: The information system enforces information flow control using organization-defined security policy filters as a basis for flow control decisions for organization-defined information flows.

CCI-000034
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Inbound Traffic Filtering
broader: Outbound Traffic Filtering
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-05-13T00:00:00
definition: The information system provides the capability for a privileged administrator to enable/disable organization-defined security policy filters under organization-defined conditions.

CCI-000035
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Inbound Traffic Filtering
broader: Outbound Traffic Filtering
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-14T00:00:00
definition: The information system provides the capability for privileged administrators to configure the organization-defined security policy filters to support different security policies.

CCI-000037
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Local File Permissions
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: User Account Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-14T00:00:00
definition: The organization implements separation of duties through assigned information system access authorizations.

CCI-000040
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Authorization Event Thresholding
broader: Local Account Monitoring
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-14T00:00:00
definition: The organization audits any use of privileged accounts, or roles, with access to organization-defined security functions or security-relevant information, when accessing other system functions.

CCI-000044
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Account Locking
date published: 2009-09-14T00:00:00
definition: The information system enforces the organization-defined limit of consecutive invalid logon attempts by a user during the organization-defined time period.

CCI-000047
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Account Locking
date published: 2009-09-14T00:00:00
definition: The information system delays next login prompt according to the organization-defined delay algorithm, when the maximum number of unsuccessful attempts is exceeded, automatically locks the account/node for an organization-defined time period or locks the account/node until released by an Administrator IAW organizational policy.

CCI-000056
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Account Locking
date published: 2009-09-14T00:00:00
definition: The information system retains the session lock until the user reestablishes access using established identification and authentication procedures.

CCI-000057
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Account Locking
date published: 2009-05-19T00:00:00
definition: The information system initiates a session lock after the organization-defined time period of inactivity.

CCI-000058
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Account Locking
date published: 2009-05-19T00:00:00
definition: The information system provides the capability for users to directly initiate session lock mechanisms.

CCI-000060
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Account Locking
date published: 2009-05-19T00:00:00
definition: The information system conceals, via the session lock, information previously visible on the display with a publicly viewable image.

CCI-000066
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Remote Terminal Session Detection
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-14T00:00:00
definition: The organization enforces requirements for remote connections to the information system.

CCI-000067
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Remote Terminal Session Detection
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-14T00:00:00
definition: The information system monitors remote access methods.

CCI-000068
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Encrypted Tunnels
date published: 2009-09-14T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements cryptographic mechanisms to protect the confidentiality of remote access sessions.

CCI-000071
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Remote Terminal Session Detection
date published: 2009-05-19T00:00:00
definition: The organization monitors for unauthorized remote connections to the information system on an organization-defined frequency.

CCI-000139
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: System Daemon Monitoring
date published: 2009-09-15T00:00:00
definition: The information system alerts designated organization-defined personnel or roles in the event of an audit processing failure.

CCI-000143
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: System Daemon Monitoring
date published: 2009-05-20T00:00:00
definition: The information system provides a warning when allocated audit record storage volume reaches an organization-defined percentage of maximum audit record storage capacity.

CCI-000144
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: System Daemon Monitoring
date published: 2009-05-20T00:00:00
definition: The information system provides a real-time alert when organization-defined audit failure events occur.

CCI-000162
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Credential Hardening
date published: 2009-05-22T00:00:00
definition: The information system protects audit information from unauthorized access.

CCI-000163
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Platform Hardening
narrower: System Configuration Permissions
date published: 2009-05-22T00:00:00
definition: The information system protects audit information from unauthorized modification.

CCI-000164
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Platform Hardening
date published: 2009-05-22T00:00:00
definition: The information system protects audit information from unauthorized deletion.

CCI-000185
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Credential Hardening
date published: 2009-09-15T00:00:00
definition: The information system, for PKI-based authentication, validates certifications by constructing and verifying a certification path to an accepted trust anchor including checking certificate status information.

CCI-000186
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Credential Hardening
date published: 2009-09-15T00:00:00
definition: The information system, for PKI-based authentication, enforces authorized access to the corresponding private key.

CCI-000187
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Credential Hardening
date published: 2009-09-15T00:00:00
definition: The information system, for PKI-based authentication, maps the authenticated identity to the account of the individual or group.

CCI-000192
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Strong Password Policy
date published: 2009-09-15T00:00:00
definition: The information system enforces password complexity by the minimum number of upper case characters used.

CCI-000193
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Strong Password Policy
date published: 2009-09-15T00:00:00
definition: The information system enforces password complexity by the minimum number of lower case characters used.

CCI-000194
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Strong Password Policy
date published: 2009-09-15T00:00:00
definition: The information system enforces password complexity by the minimum number of numeric characters used.

CCI-000195
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Strong Password Policy
date published: 2009-09-15T00:00:00
definition: The information system, for password-based authentication, when new passwords are created, enforces that at least an organization-defined number of characters are changed.

CCI-000196
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Strong Password Policy
date published: 2009-09-15T00:00:00
definition: The information system, for password-based authentication, stores only cryptographically-protected passwords.

CCI-000197
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Strong Password Policy
date published: 2009-09-15T00:00:00
definition: The information system, for password-based authentication, transmits only cryptographically-protected passwords.

CCI-000198
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Strong Password Policy
date published: 2009-09-15T00:00:00
definition: The information system enforces minimum password lifetime restrictions.

CCI-000199
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Strong Password Policy
date published: 2009-09-15T00:00:00
definition: The information system enforces maximum password lifetime restrictions.

CCI-000200
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Strong Password Policy
date published: 2009-05-22T00:00:00
definition: The information system prohibits password reuse for the organization-defined number of generations.

CCI-000205
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Strong Password Policy
date published: 2009-05-22T00:00:00
definition: The information system enforces minimum password length.

CCI-000213
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Biometric Authentication
broader: Certificate-based Authentication
broader: Multi-factor Authentication
broader: User Account Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-14T00:00:00
definition: The information system enforces approved authorizations for logical access to information and system resources in accordance with applicable access control policies.

CCI-000218
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
date published: 2009-09-14T00:00:00
definition: The information system, when transferring information between different security domains, identifies information flows by data type specification and usage.

CCI-000219
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
date published: 2009-09-14T00:00:00
definition: The information system, when transferring information between different security domains, decomposes information into organization-defined policy-relevant subcomponents for submission to policy enforcement mechanisms.

CCI-000226
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Execution Isolation
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-14T00:00:00
definition: The information system provides the capability for a privileged administrator to configure organization-defined security policy filters to support different security policies.

CCI-000346
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Local File Permissions
narrower: Mandatory Access Control
narrower: User Account Permissions
date published: 2009-09-18T00:00:00
definition: The organization employs automated mechanisms to enforce access restrictions.

CCI-000352
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Executable Allowlisting
narrower: Executable Denylisting
date published: 2009-09-18T00:00:00
definition: The information system prevents the installation of organization-defined critical software programs that are not signed with a certificate that is recognized and approved by the organization.

CCI-000374
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Operating System Monitoring
date published: 2009-09-18T00:00:00
definition: The organization employs automated mechanisms to respond to unauthorized changes to organization-defined configuration settings.

CCI-000381
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Platform Hardening
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-18T00:00:00
definition: The organization configures the information system to provide only essential capabilities.

CCI-000382
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Platform Hardening
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-18T00:00:00
definition: The organization configures the information system to prohibit or restrict the use of organization-defined functions, ports, protocols, and/or services.

CCI-000386
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
exactly: Executable Denylisting
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-18T00:00:00
definition: The organization employs automated mechanisms to prevent program execution on the information system in accordance with the organization-defined specifications.

CCI-000417
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Execution Isolation
broader: Network Isolation
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-18T00:00:00
definition: The organization disables network access by unauthorized components/devices or notifies designated organizational officials.

CCI-000663
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Execution Isolation
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The organization (or information system) enforces explicit rules governing the installation of software by users.

CCI-000764
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Biometric Authentication
broader: Certificate-based Authentication
broader: Multi-factor Authentication
broader: One-time Password
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-17T00:00:00
definition: The information system uniquely identifies and authenticates organizational users (or processes acting on behalf of organizational users).

CCI-000765
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Multi-factor Authentication
date published: 2009-09-17T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements multifactor authentication for network access to privileged accounts.

CCI-000766
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Multi-factor Authentication
date published: 2009-09-17T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements multifactor authentication for network access to non-privileged accounts.

CCI-000767
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Multi-factor Authentication
date published: 2009-09-17T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements multifactor authentication for local access to privileged accounts.

CCI-000768
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Multi-factor Authentication
date published: 2009-09-17T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements multifactor authentication for local access to non-privileged accounts.

CCI-000771
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Multi-factor Authentication
date published: 2009-09-17T00:00:00
definition: The information system uses multifactor authentication for network access to privileged accounts where one of the factors is provided by a device separate from the information system being accessed.

CCI-000772
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Multi-factor Authentication
date published: 2009-09-17T00:00:00
definition: The information system uses multifactor authentication for network access to non-privileged accounts where one of the factors is provided by a device separate from the information system being accessed.

CCI-000774
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: One-time Password
date published: 2009-09-17T00:00:00
definition: The information system uses organization-defined replay-resistant authentication mechanisms for network access to privileged accounts.

CCI-000776
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: One-time Password
date published: 2009-09-17T00:00:00
definition: The information system uses organization-defined replay-resistant authentication mechanisms for network access to non-privileged accounts.

CCI-000804
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Biometric Authentication
broader: Certificate-based Authentication
broader: Multi-factor Authentication
broader: One-time Password
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-17T00:00:00
definition: The information system uniquely identifies and authenticates non-organizational users (or processes acting on behalf of non-organizational users).

CCI-000831
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Credential Eviction
broader: Process Eviction
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-18T00:00:00
definition: The organization implements a configurable capability to automatically disable the information system if organization-defined security violations are detected.

CCI-000877
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Biometric Authentication
broader: Certificate-based Authentication
broader: Multi-factor Authentication
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-18T00:00:00
definition: The organization employs strong authenticators in the establishment of nonlocal maintenance and diagnostic sessions.

CCI-000880
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Operating System Monitoring
date published: 2009-09-18T00:00:00
definition: The organization audits non-local maintenance and diagnostic sessions.

CCI-000884
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Credential Hardening
date published: 2009-09-18T00:00:00
definition: The organization protects nonlocal maintenance sessions by employing organization-defined authenticators that are replay resistant.

CCI-000888
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Encrypted Tunnels
date published: 2009-09-18T00:00:00
definition: The organization employs cryptographic mechanisms to protect the integrity and confidentiality of non-local maintenance and diagnostic communications.

CCI-001009
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: File Encryption
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system uses cryptographic mechanisms to protect and restrict access to information on portable digital media.

CCI-001019
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Disk Encryption
narrower: File Encryption
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The organization employs cryptographic mechanisms to protect information in storage.

CCI-001067
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Platform Hardening
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements privileged access authorization to organization-identified information system components for selected organization-defined vulnerability scanning activities.

CCI-001069
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Executable Allowlisting
narrower: Executable Denylisting
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The organization employs automated mechanisms to detect the presence of unauthorized software on organizational information systems and notify designated organizational officials in accordance with the organization-defined frequency.

CCI-001082
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Local File Permissions
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: System Configuration Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system separates user functionality (including user interface services) from information system management functionality.

CCI-001083
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Local File Permissions
narrower: Mandatory Access Control
narrower: System Configuration Permissions
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system prevents the presentation of information system management-related functionality at an interface for non-privileged users.

CCI-001084
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: System Configuration Permissions
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system isolates security functions from nonsecurity functions.

CCI-001085
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Hardware-based Process Isolation
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system utilizes underlying hardware separation mechanisms to implement security function isolation.

CCI-001086
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: System Configuration Permissions
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system isolates security functions enforcing access and information flow control from both nonsecurity functions and from other security functions.

CCI-001087
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: System Configuration Permissions
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The organization implements an information system isolation boundary to minimize the number of nonsecurity functions included within the boundary containing security functions.

CCI-001089
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: System Configuration Permissions
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The organization implements security functions as a layered structure minimizing interactions between layers of the design and avoiding any dependence by lower layers on the functionality or correctness of higher layers.

CCI-001090
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Network Traffic Filtering
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system prevents unauthorized and unintended information transfer via shared system resources.

CCI-001092
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system protects against or limits the effects of the organization-defined or referenced types of denial of service attacks.

CCI-001094
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system restricts the ability of individuals to launch organization-defined denial of service attacks against other information systems.

CCI-001096
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Local File Permissions
narrower: System Configuration Permissions
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system limits the use of resources by priority.

CCI-001100
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Mandatory Access Control
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system prevents public access into the organization's internal networks except as appropriately mediated by managed interfaces employing boundary protection devices.

CCI-001109
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
exactly: Inbound Traffic Filtering
exactly: Outbound Traffic Filtering
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system at managed interfaces denies network communications traffic by default and allows network communications traffic by exception (i.e., deny all, permit by exception).

CCI-001111
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system prevents remote devices that have established a non-remote connection with the system from communicating outside of that communications path with resources in external networks.

CCI-001115
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system, at managed interfaces, denies network traffic and audits internal users (or malicious code) posing a threat to external information systems.

CCI-001117
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system checks incoming communications to ensure the communications are coming from an authorized source and routed to an authorized destination.

CCI-001118
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Network Isolation
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements host-based boundary protection mechanisms for servers, workstations, and mobile devices.

CCI-001124
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Broadcast Domain Isolation
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system prevents discovery of specific system components composing a managed interface.

CCI-001125
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system enforces adherence to protocol format.

CCI-001127
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Encrypted Tunnels
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system protects the integrity of transmitted information.

CCI-001128
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Encrypted Tunnels
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The organization employs cryptographic mechanisms to recognize changes to information during transmission unless otherwise protected by alternative physical measures.

CCI-001133
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Session Duration Analysis
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system terminates the network connection associated with a communications session at the end of the session or after an organization-defined time period of inactivity.

CCI-001144
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Disk Encryption
narrower: File Encryption
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements required cryptographic protections using cryptographic modules that comply with applicable federal laws, Executive Orders, directives, policies, regulations, standards, and guidance.

CCI-001145
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Disk Encryption
narrower: File Encryption
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The organization employs, at a minimum, FIPS-validated cryptography to protect unclassified information.

CCI-001146
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Disk Encryption
narrower: File Encryption
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The organization employs NSA-approved cryptography to protect classified information.

CCI-001147
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Disk Encryption
narrower: File Encryption
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The organization employs, at a minimum, FIPS-validated cryptography to protect information when such information must be separated from individuals who have the necessary clearances yet lack the necessary access approvals.

CCI-001150
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Remote Terminal Session Detection
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system prohibits remote activation of collaborative computing devices, excluding the organization-defined exceptions where remote activation is to be allowed.

CCI-001166
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Dynamic Analysis
broader: Emulated File Analysis
broader: File Content Rules
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system identifies organization-defined unacceptable mobile code.

CCI-001169
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Executable Denylisting
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system prevents the download of organization-defined unacceptable mobile code.

CCI-001170
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Executable Denylisting
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system prevents the automatic execution of mobile code in organization-defined software applications.

CCI-001178
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Domain Trust Policy
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system provides additional data origin authentication artifacts along with the authoritative name resolution data the system returns in response to external name/address resolution queries.

CCI-001185
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Authentication Cache Invalidation
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system invalidates session identifiers upon user logout or other session termination.

CCI-001199
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Disk Encryption
broader: File Content Rules
broader: File Encryption
broader: File Hashing
broader: Local File Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system protects the confidentiality and/or integrity of organization-defined information at rest.

CCI-001200
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Disk Encryption
narrower: File Encryption
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The organization employs cryptographic mechanisms to prevent unauthorized disclosure of information at rest unless otherwise protected by alternative physical measures.

CCI-001210
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Driver Load Integrity Checking
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system, at organization-defined information system components, loads and executes the operating environment from hardware-enforced, read-only media.

CCI-001211
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Application Configuration Hardening
date published: 2009-09-21T00:00:00
definition: The information system, at organization-defined information system components, loads and executes organization-defined applications from hardware-enforced, read-only media.

CCI-001233
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Software Update
date published: 2009-09-22T00:00:00
definition: The organization employs automated mechanisms on an organization-defined frequency to determine the state of information system components with regard to flaw remediation.

CCI-001237
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Software Update
date published: 2009-09-22T00:00:00
definition: The organization employs automated patch management tools to facilitate flaw remediation to organization-defined information system components.

CCI-001239
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: File Analysis
broader: Network Traffic Analysis
broader: Platform Monitoring
broader: Process Analysis
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-22T00:00:00
definition: The organization employs malicious code protection mechanisms at information system entry and exit points to detect and eradicate malicious code transported by electronic mail, electronic mail attachments, web accesses, removable media, or other common means or inserted through the exploitation of information system vulnerabilities.

CCI-001242
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Dynamic Analysis
broader: Emulated File Analysis
broader: File Content Rules
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-22T00:00:00
definition: The organization configures malicious code protection mechanisms to perform real-time scans of files from external sources at endpoints as the files are downloaded, opened, or executed in accordance with organizational security policy.

CCI-001262
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
date published: 2009-09-22T00:00:00
definition: The information system monitors inbound and outbound communications for unusual or unauthorized activities or conditions.

CCI-001297
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Driver Load Integrity Checking
broader: File Hashing
broader: Pointer Authentication
broader: TPM Boot Integrity
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-22T00:00:00
definition: The information system detects unauthorized changes to software and information.

CCI-001305
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Message Authentication
broader: Sender MTA Reputation Analysis
broader: Sender Reputation Analysis
broader: Transfer Agent Authentication
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-22T00:00:00
definition: The organization employs spam protection mechanisms at information system entry and exit points to detect and take action on unsolicited messages transported by electronic mail, electronic mail attachments, web accesses, removable media, or other common means.

CCI-001310
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Database Query String Analysis
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-22T00:00:00
definition: The information system checks the validity of organization-defined inputs.

CCI-001350
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: File Encryption
date published: 2009-09-22T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements cryptographic mechanisms to protect the integrity of audit information.

CCI-001352
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Mandatory Access Control
date published: 2009-09-22T00:00:00
definition: The organization protects the audit records of non-local accesses to privileged accounts and the execution of privileged functions.

CCI-001356
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
exactly: Authentication Event Thresholding
exactly: Authorization Event Thresholding
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-22T00:00:00
definition: The organization monitors for atypical usage of information system accounts.

CCI-001368
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
date published: 2009-09-22T00:00:00
definition: The information system enforces approved authorizations for controlling the flow of information within the system based on organization-defined information flow control policies.

CCI-001372
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
date published: 2009-09-22T00:00:00
definition: The information system, when transferring information between different security domains, implements organization-defined security policy filters requiring fully enumerated formats that restrict data structure and content.

CCI-001373
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
date published: 2009-09-22T00:00:00
definition: The information system, when transferring information between different security domains, examines the information for the presence of organization-defined unsanctioned information.

CCI-001374
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
date published: 2009-09-22T00:00:00
definition: The information system, when transferring information between different security domains, prohibits the transfer of organization-defined unsanctioned information in accordance with the organization-defined security policy.

CCI-001376
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Domain Trust Policy
date published: 2009-09-22T00:00:00
definition: The information system uniquely identifies source domains for information transfer.

CCI-001377
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Domain Trust Policy
date published: 2009-09-22T00:00:00
definition: The information system uniquely authenticates source domains for information transfer.

CCI-001399
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: User Account Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-22T00:00:00
definition: The information system supports and maintains the binding of organization-defined security attributes to information in storage.

CCI-001400
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: User Account Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-22T00:00:00
definition: The information system supports and maintains the binding of organization-defined security attributes to information in process.

CCI-001401
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: User Account Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-22T00:00:00
definition: The information system supports and maintains the binding of organization-defined security attributes to information in transmission.

CCI-001403
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
exactly: Domain Account Monitoring
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system automatically audits account modification actions.

CCI-001404
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
exactly: Domain Account Monitoring
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system automatically audits account disabling actions.

CCI-001405
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
exactly: Domain Account Monitoring
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system automatically audits account removal actions.

CCI-001414
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
date published: 2009-09-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system enforces approved authorizations for controlling the flow of information between interconnected systems based on organization-defined information flow control policies.

CCI-001424
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: User Account Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-25T00:00:00
definition: The information system dynamically associates security attributes with organization-defined subjects in accordance with organization-defined security policies as information is created and combined.

CCI-001425
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: User Account Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-25T00:00:00
definition: The information system provides authorized individuals (or processes acting on behalf of individuals) the capability to change the value of associated security attributes.

CCI-001426
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: User Account Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-25T00:00:00
definition: The information system maintains the binding of security attributes to information with sufficient assurance that the information--attribute association can be used as the basis for automated policy actions.

CCI-001427
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: User Account Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-25T00:00:00
definition: The information system allows authorized users to associate security attributes with information.

CCI-001428
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: User Account Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-25T00:00:00
definition: The information system displays security attributes in human-readable form on each object that the system transmits to output devices to identify organization-identified special dissemination, handling, or distribution instructions using organization-identified human-readable, standard naming conventions.

CCI-001436
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
date published: 2009-09-25T00:00:00
definition: The organization disables organization-defined networking protocols within the information system deemed to be nonsecure except for explicitly identified components in support of specific operational requirements.

CCI-001452
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Account Locking
date published: 2009-05-25T00:00:00
definition: The information system enforces the organization-defined time period during which the limit of consecutive invalid access attempts by a user is counted.

CCI-001453
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
exactly: Encrypted Tunnels
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2009-09-29T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements cryptographic mechanisms to protect the integrity of remote access sessions.

CCI-001454
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Remote Terminal Session Detection
date published: 2009-09-29T00:00:00
definition: The organization ensures that remote sessions for accessing an organization-defined list of security functions and security-relevant information are audited.

CCI-001493
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Mandatory Access Control
date published: 2009-09-29T00:00:00
definition: The information system protects audit tools from unauthorized access.

CCI-001494
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Platform Hardening
narrower: System Configuration Permissions
date published: 2009-09-29T00:00:00
definition: The information system protects audit tools from unauthorized modification.

CCI-001495
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Platform Hardening
date published: 2009-09-29T00:00:00
definition: The information system protects audit tools from unauthorized deletion.

CCI-001496
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: File Encryption
date published: 2009-09-29T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements cryptographic mechanisms to protect the integrity of audit tools.

CCI-001499
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: System Configuration Permissions
narrower: User Account Permissions
date published: 2009-09-29T00:00:00
definition: The organization limits privileges to change software resident within software libraries.

CCI-001555
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Domain Trust Policy
date published: 2010-05-11T00:00:00
definition: The information system uniquely identifies destination domains for information transfer.

CCI-001556
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Domain Trust Policy
date published: 2010-05-11T00:00:00
definition: The information system uniquely authenticates destination domains for information transfer.

CCI-001557
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Network Traffic Analysis
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2010-05-11T00:00:00
definition: The information system tracks problems associated with the information transfer.

CCI-001574
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
date published: 2010-05-11T00:00:00
definition: The information system rejects or delays, as defined by the organization, network traffic which exceed the organization-defined thresholds.

CCI-001589
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Operating System Monitoring
date published: 2010-05-12T00:00:00
definition: The organization incorporates detection of unauthorized, security-relevant configuration changes into the organization‚Äôs incident response capability to ensure they are tracked.

CCI-001619
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Strong Password Policy
date published: 2010-05-12T00:00:00
definition: The information system enforces password complexity by the minimum number of special characters used.

CCI-001632
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
exactly: Encrypted Tunnels
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2010-05-12T00:00:00
definition: The organization protects nonlocal maintenance sessions by separating the maintenance session from other network sessions with the information system by either physically separated communications paths or logically separated communications paths based upon encryption.

CCI-001662
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Dynamic Analysis
narrower: Emulated File Analysis
narrower: File Content Rules
date published: 2010-05-12T00:00:00
definition: The information system takes organization-defined corrective action when organization-defined unacceptable mobile code is identified.

CCI-001668
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: File Analysis
broader: Network Traffic Analysis
broader: Platform Monitoring
broader: Process Analysis
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2010-05-12T00:00:00
definition: The organization employs malicious code protection mechanisms at workstations, servers, or mobile computing devices on the network to detect and eradicate malicious code transported by electronic mail, electronic mail attachments, web accesses, removable media, or other common means or inserted through the exploitation of information system vulnerabilities.

CCI-001677
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Message Authentication
broader: Sender MTA Reputation Analysis
broader: Sender Reputation Analysis
broader: Transfer Agent Authentication
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2010-05-12T00:00:00
definition: The organization employs spam protection mechanisms at workstations, servers, or mobile computing devices on the network to detect and take action on unsolicited messages transported by electronic mail, electronic mail attachments, web accesses, removable media, or other common means.

CCI-001682
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Account Locking
date published: 2011-05-03T00:00:00
definition: The information system automatically removes or disables emergency accounts after an organization-defined time period for each type of account.

CCI-001683
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Domain Account Monitoring
date published: 2011-05-03T00:00:00
definition: The information system notifies organization-defined personnel or roles for account creation actions.

CCI-001684
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Domain Account Monitoring
date published: 2011-05-03T00:00:00
definition: The information system notifies organization-defined personnel or roles for account modification actions.

CCI-001685
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Domain Account Monitoring
date published: 2011-05-03T00:00:00
definition: The information system notifies organization-defined personnel or roles for account disabling actions.

CCI-001686
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Domain Account Monitoring
date published: 2011-05-03T00:00:00
definition: The information system notifies organization-defined personnel or roles for account removal actions.

CCI-001695
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Executable Denylisting
date published: 2011-10-07T00:00:00
definition: The information system prevents the execution of organization-defined unacceptable mobile code.

CCI-001744
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Operating System Monitoring
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-02-28T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements organization-defined security responses automatically if baseline configurations are changed in an unauthorized manner.

CCI-001749
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Executable Allowlisting
narrower: Executable Denylisting
date published: 2013-02-28T00:00:00
definition: The information system prevents the installation of organization-defined software components without verification the software component has been digitally signed using a certificate that is recognized and approved by the organization.

CCI-001762
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: System Configuration Permissions
date published: 2013-02-28T00:00:00
definition: The organization disables organization-defined functions, ports, protocols, and services within the information system deemed to be unnecessary and/or nonsecure.

CCI-001764
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Executable Allowlisting
broader: Executable Denylisting
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-02-28T00:00:00
definition: The information system prevents program execution in accordance with organization-defined policies regarding software program usage and restrictions, and/or rules authorizing the terms and conditions of software program usage.

CCI-001767
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Executable Denylisting
date published: 2013-02-28T00:00:00
definition: The organization employs an allow-all, deny-by-exception policy to prohibit the execution of unauthorized software programs on the information system.

CCI-001774
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Executable Allowlisting
date published: 2013-02-28T00:00:00
definition: The organization employs a deny-all, permit-by-exception policy to allow the execution of authorized software programs on the information system.

CCI-001811
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: File Analysis
date published: 2013-03-01T00:00:00
definition: The information system alerts organization-defined personnel or roles when the unauthorized installation of software is detected.

CCI-001812
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Executable Allowlisting
narrower: Executable Denylisting
date published: 2013-03-01T00:00:00
definition: The information system prohibits user installation of software without explicit privileged status.

CCI-001813
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: User Account Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-03-01T00:00:00
definition: The information system enforces access restrictions.

CCI-001855
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: System Daemon Monitoring
date published: 2013-03-14T00:00:00
definition: The information system provides a warning to organization-defined personnel, roles, and/or locations within an organization-defined time period when allocated audit record storage volume reaches an organization-defined percentage of repository maximum audit record storage capacity.

CCI-001858
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: System Daemon Monitoring
date published: 2013-03-14T00:00:00
definition: The information system provides a real-time alert in an organization-defined real-time period to organization-defined personnel, roles, and/or locations when organization-defined audit failure events requiring real-time alerts occur.

CCI-001936
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Multi-factor Authentication
date published: 2013-05-03T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements multifactor authentication for network access to privileged accounts such that one of the factors is provided by a device separate from the system gaining access.

CCI-001937
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Multi-factor Authentication
date published: 2013-05-03T00:00:00
definition: The device used in the information system implementation of multifactor authentication for network access to privileged accounts meets organization-defined strength of mechanism requirements.

CCI-001941
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: One-time Password
date published: 2013-05-03T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements replay-resistant authentication mechanisms for network access to privileged accounts.

CCI-001953
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Biometric Authentication
broader: Certificate-based Authentication
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-05-03T00:00:00
definition: The information system accepts Personal Identity Verification (PIV) credentials.

CCI-001954
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Biometric Authentication
narrower: Certificate-based Authentication
date published: 2013-05-03T00:00:00
definition: The information system electronically verifies Personal Identity Verification (PIV) credentials.

CCI-001957
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: One-time Password
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-05-03T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements organization-defined out-of-band authentication under organization-defined conditions.

CCI-001991
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Certificate-based Authentication
date published: 2013-05-03T00:00:00
definition: The information system, for PKI-based authentication, implements a local cache of revocation data to support path discovery and validation in case of inability to access revocation information via the network.

CCI-002005
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Biometric Authentication
date published: 2013-05-03T00:00:00
definition: The information system, for biometric-based authentication, employs mechanisms that satisfy organization-defined biometric quality requirements.

CCI-002009
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Biometric Authentication
narrower: Certificate-based Authentication
date published: 2013-05-03T00:00:00
definition: The information system accepts Personal Identity Verification (PIV) credentials from other federal agencies.

CCI-002010
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Biometric Authentication
narrower: Certificate-based Authentication
date published: 2013-05-03T00:00:00
definition: The information system electronically verifies Personal Identity Verification (PIV) credentials from other federal agencies.

CCI-002015
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Biometric Authentication
narrower: Certificate-based Authentication
date published: 2013-05-03T00:00:00
definition: The information system accepts Personal Identity Verification-I (PIV-I) credentials.

CCI-002016
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Biometric Authentication
narrower: Certificate-based Authentication
date published: 2013-05-03T00:00:00
definition: The information system electronically verifies Personal Identity Verification-I (PIV-I) credentials.

CCI-002041
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Strong Password Policy
date published: 2013-05-03T00:00:00
definition: The information system allows the use of a temporary password for system logons with an immediate change to a permanent password.

CCI-002145
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: User Account Permissions
date published: 2013-06-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system enforces organization-defined circumstances and/or usage conditions for organization-defined information system accounts.

CCI-002165
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Mandatory Access Control
date published: 2013-06-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system enforces organization-defined discretionary access control policies over defined subjects and objects.

CCI-002169
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Mandatory Access Control
date published: 2013-06-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system enforces a role-based access control policy over defined subjects and objects.

CCI-002178
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Mandatory Access Control
narrower: System Call Filtering
date published: 2013-06-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system enforces the revocation of access authorizations resulting from changes to the security attributes of subjects based on organization-defined rules governing the timing of revocations of access authorizations.

CCI-002179
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Mandatory Access Control
narrower: System Call Filtering
date published: 2013-06-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system enforces the revocation of access authorizations resulting from changes to the security attributes of objects based on organization-defined rules governing the timing of revocations of access authorizations.

CCI-002201
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Domain Trust Policy
date published: 2013-06-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system, when transferring information between different security domains, uses organization-defined data type identifiers to validate data essential for information flow decisions.

CCI-002205
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Domain Trust Policy
date published: 2013-06-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system uniquely identifies and authenticates source by organization, system, application, and/or individual for information transfer.

CCI-002207
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Domain Trust Policy
date published: 2013-06-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system uniquely identifies and authenticates destination by organization, system, application, and/or individual for information transfer.

CCI-002211
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
date published: 2013-06-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system, when transferring information between different security domains, applies the same security policy filtering to metadata as it applies to data payloads.

CCI-002218
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Domain Trust Policy
date published: 2013-06-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system provides access from a single device to computing platforms, applications, or data residing on multiple different security domains, while preventing any information flow between the different security domains.

CCI-002233
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Executable Denylisting
date published: 2013-06-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system prevents organization-defined software from executing at higher privilege levels than users executing the software.

CCI-002235
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Mandatory Access Control
narrower: System Configuration Permissions
date published: 2013-06-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system prevents non-privileged users from executing privileged functions to include disabling, circumventing, or altering implemented security safeguards/countermeasures.

CCI-002238
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Account Locking
date published: 2013-06-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system automatically locks the account or node for either an organization-defined time period, until the locked account or node is released by an administrator, or delays the next logon prompt according to the organization-defined delay algorithm when the maximum number of unsuccessful logon attempts is exceeded.

CCI-002262
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: User Account Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-06-24T00:00:00
definition: The organization provides the means to associate organization-defined types of security attributes having organization-defined security attribute values with information in storage.

CCI-002263
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: User Account Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-06-24T00:00:00
definition: The organization provides the means to associate organization-defined types of security attributes having organization-defined security attribute values with information in process.

CCI-002264
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: User Account Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-06-24T00:00:00
definition: The organization provides the means to associate organization-defined types of security attributes having organization-defined security attribute values with information in transmission.

CCI-002272
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: User Account Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-06-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system dynamically associates security attributes with organization-defined objects in accordance with organization-defined security policies as information is created and combined.

CCI-002277
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: User Account Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-06-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system provides authorized individuals (or processes acting on behalf of individuals) the capability to define the value of associated security attributes.

CCI-002281
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: User Account Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-06-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system maintains the association of organization-defined security attributes to organization-defined subjects.

CCI-002282
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: User Account Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-06-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system maintains the association of organization-defined security attributes to organization-defined objects.

CCI-002283
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: User Account Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-06-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system maintains the integrity of organization-defined security attributes associated with organization-defined subjects.

CCI-002284
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: User Account Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-06-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system maintains the integrity of organization-defined security attributes associated with organization-defined objects.

CCI-002289
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: User Account Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-06-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system supports the association of organization-defined security attributes with organization-defined subjects by authorized individuals (or processes acting on behalf of individuals).

CCI-002290
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: User Account Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-06-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system supports the association of organization-defined security attributes with organization-defined objects by authorized individuals (or processes acting on behalf of individuals).

CCI-002302
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: User Account Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-06-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements organization-defined techniques or technologies with an organization-defined level of assurance in associating security attributes to information.

CCI-002306
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: System Configuration Permissions
broader: User Account Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-06-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system provides authorized individuals the capability to define or change the type of security attributes available for association with subjects.

CCI-002307
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: System Configuration Permissions
broader: User Account Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-06-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system provides authorized individuals the capability to define or change the value of security attributes available for association with subjects.

CCI-002308
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: System Configuration Permissions
broader: User Account Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-06-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system provides authorized individuals the capability to define or change the type of security attributes available for association with objects.

CCI-002309
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: System Configuration Permissions
broader: User Account Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-06-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system provides authorized individuals the capability to define or change the value of security attributes available for association with objects.

CCI-002322
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Remote Terminal Session Detection
date published: 2013-06-24T00:00:00
definition: The organization provides the capability to expeditiously disconnect or disable remote access to the information system within the organization-defined time period.

CCI-002346
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Database Query String Analysis
broader: Disk Encryption
broader: File Encryption
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-06-25T00:00:00
definition: The organization employs organization-defined data mining prevention techniques for organization-defined data storage objects to adequately protect against data mining.

CCI-002347
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: File Access Pattern Analysis
broader: Input Device Analysis
broader: Resource Access Pattern Analysis
broader: User Data Transfer Analysis
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-06-25T00:00:00
definition: The organization employs organization-defined data mining detection techniques for organization-defined data storage objects to adequately detect data mining attempts.

CCI-002353
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: User Account Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-06-25T00:00:00
definition: The information system transmits organization-defined access authorization information using organization-defined security safeguards to organization-defined information systems which enforce access control decisions.

CCI-002355
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: User Account Permissions
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-06-25T00:00:00
definition: The information system enforces access control decisions based on organization-defined security attributes that do not include the identity of the user or process acting on behalf of the user.

CCI-002357
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Mandatory Access Control
narrower: User Account Permissions
date published: 2013-06-25T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements a reference monitor for organization-defined access control policies that is tamperproof.

CCI-002358
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Mandatory Access Control
narrower: User Account Permissions
date published: 2013-06-25T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements a reference monitor for organization-defined access control policies that is always invoked.

CCI-002359
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Mandatory Access Control
narrower: User Account Permissions
date published: 2013-06-25T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements a reference monitor for organization-defined access control policies that is small enough to be subject to analysis and testing, the completeness of which can be assured.

CCI-002361
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Process Termination
date published: 2013-06-26T00:00:00
definition: The information system automatically terminates a user session after organization-defined conditions or trigger events requiring session disconnect.

CCI-002363
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Process Termination
date published: 2013-06-26T00:00:00
definition: The information system provides a logout capability for user-initiated communications sessions whenever authentication is used to gain access to organization-defined information resources.

CCI-002364
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Process Termination
date published: 2013-06-26T00:00:00
definition: The information system displays an explicit logout message to users indicating the reliable termination of authenticated communications sessions.

CCI-002381
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Hardware-based Process Isolation
broader: Kernel-based Process Isolation
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The organization minimizes the number of nonsecurity functions included within the isolation boundary containing security functions.

CCI-002382
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Hardware-based Process Isolation
broader: Kernel-based Process Isolation
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The organization implements security functions as largely independent modules that maximize internal cohesiveness within modules and minimize coupling between modules.

CCI-002384
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Network Traffic Filtering
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The information system prevents unauthorized information transfer via shared resources in accordance with organization-defined procedures when system processing explicitly switches between different information classification levels or security categories.

CCI-002385
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The information system protects against or limits the effects of organization-defined types of denial of service attacks by employing organization-defined security safeguards.

CCI-002394
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: System Configuration Permissions
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The information system protects the availability of resources by allocating organization-defined resources based on priority, quota, and/or organization-defined security safeguards.

CCI-002397
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The information system, in conjunction with a remote device, prevents the device from simultaneously establishing non-remote connections with the system and communicating via some other connection to resources in external networks.

CCI-002400
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The information system audits the identity of internal users associated with denied outgoing communications traffic posing a threat to external information systems.

CCI-002403
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The information system only allows incoming communications from organization-defined authorized sources routed to organization-defined authorized destinations.

CCI-002409
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The information system blocks both inbound and outbound communications traffic between organization-defined communication clients that are independently configured by end users and external service providers.

CCI-002411
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Hardware-based Process Isolation
broader: IO Port Restriction
broader: Kernel-based Process Isolation
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The information system provides the capability to dynamically isolate/segregate organization-defined information system components from other components of the system.

CCI-002420
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Encrypted Tunnels
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The information system maintains the confidentiality and/or integrity of information during preparation for transmission.

CCI-002421
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Encrypted Tunnels
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements cryptographic mechanisms to prevent unauthorized disclosure of information and/or detect changes to information during transmission unless otherwise protected by organization-defined alternative physical safeguards.

CCI-002422
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Encrypted Tunnels
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The information system maintains the confidentiality and/or integrity of information during reception.

CCI-002423
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Encrypted Tunnels
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements cryptographic mechanisms to protect message externals (e.g., message headers and routing information) unless otherwise protected by organization-defined alternative physical safeguards.

CCI-002425
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Encrypted Tunnels
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements cryptographic mechanisms to conceal or randomize communication patterns unless otherwise protected by organization-defined alternative physical safeguards.

CCI-002426
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Encrypted Tunnels
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The information system provides a trusted communications path that is logically isolated and distinguishable from other paths.

CCI-002460
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Executable Denylisting
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The information system enforces organization-defined actions prior to executing mobile code.

CCI-002462
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Domain Trust Policy
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The information system provides additional data integrity verification artifacts along with the authoritative name resolution data the system returns in response to external name/address resolution queries.

CCI-002463
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Domain Trust Policy
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The information system provides data origin artifacts for internal name/address resolution queries.

CCI-002464
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Domain Trust Policy
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The information system provides data integrity protection artifacts for internal name/address resolution queries.

CCI-002465
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Domain Trust Policy
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The information system requests data origin authentication verification on the name/address resolution responses the system receives from authoritative sources.

CCI-002466
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Domain Trust Policy
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The information system requests data integrity verification on the name/address resolution responses the system receives from authoritative sources.

CCI-002467
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: DNS Traffic Analysis
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The information system performs data integrity verification on the name/address resolution responses the system receives from authoritative sources.

CCI-002468
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: DNS Traffic Analysis
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The information system performs data origin verification authentication on the name/address resolution responses the system receives from authoritative sources.

CCI-002470
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Certificate-based Authentication
narrower: Certificate Pinning
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The information system only allows the use of organization-defined certificate authorities for verification of the establishment of protected sessions.

CCI-002475
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Disk Encryption
narrower: File Encryption
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements cryptographic mechanisms to prevent unauthorized modification of organization-defined information at rest on organization-defined information system components.

CCI-002476
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Disk Encryption
narrower: File Encryption
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements cryptographic mechanisms to prevent unauthorized disclosure of organization-defined information at rest on organization-defined information system components.

CCI-002530
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Hardware-based Process Isolation
broader: Kernel-based Process Isolation
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The information system maintains a separate execution domain for each executing process.

CCI-002531
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Hardware-based Process Isolation
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements underlying hardware separation mechanisms to facilitate process separation.

CCI-002533
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Kernel-based Process Isolation
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The information system maintains a separate execution domain for each thread in organization-defined multi-threaded processing.

CCI-002536
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: RF Shielding
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The information system protects organization-defined external and internal wireless links from organization-defined types of signal parameter attacks or references to sources for such attacks.

CCI-002546
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: IO Port Restriction
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-07-02T00:00:00
definition: The organization physically disables or removes organization-defined connection ports or input/output devices on organization-defined information systems or information system components.

CCI-002605
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Software Update
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The organization installs security-relevant software updates within an organization-defined time period of the release of the updates.

CCI-002607
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Software Update
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The organization installs security-relevant firmware updates within an organization-defined time period of the release of the updates.

CCI-002613
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Software Update
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The organization installs organization-defined security-relevant software updates automatically to organization-defined information system components.

CCI-002614
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Software Update
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The organization installs organization-defined security-relevant firmware updates automatically to organization-defined information system components.

CCI-002617
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Software Update
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The organization removes organization-defined software components (e.g., previous versions) after updated versions have been installed.

CCI-002618
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Software Update
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The organization removes organization-defined firmware components (e.g., previous versions) after updated versions have been installed.

CCI-002630
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Script Execution Analysis
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The information system detects organization-defined unauthorized operating system commands through the kernel application programming interface at organization-defined information system hardware components.

CCI-002631
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Script Execution Analysis
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The information system issues a warning, audits the command execution, or prevents the execution of the command when organization-defined unauthorized operating system commands are detected.

CCI-002661
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The information system monitors inbound communications traffic per organization-defined frequency for unusual or unauthorized activities or conditions.

CCI-002662
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The information system monitors outbound communications traffic per organization-defined frequency for unusual or unauthorized activities or conditions.

CCI-002684
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Network Traffic Analysis
broader: Platform Monitoring
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The information system audits and/or alerts organization-defined personnel when unauthorized network services are detected.

CCI-002688
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: File Content Rules
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The information system discovers indicators of compromise.

CCI-002689
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: File Content Rules
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The information system collects indicators of compromise.

CCI-002690
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: File Content Rules
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The information system distributes indicators of compromise.

CCI-002691
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: File Content Rules
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The information system uses indicators of compromise.

CCI-002710
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Driver Load Integrity Checking
broader: File Hashing
broader: Pointer Authentication
broader: TPM Boot Integrity
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The information system performs an integrity check of organization-defined software at startup, at organization-defined transitional states or security-relevant events, or on an organization-defined frequency.

CCI-002711
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: TPM Boot Integrity
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The information system performs an integrity check of organization-defined firmware at startup, at organization-defined transitional states or security-relevant events, or on an organization-defined frequency.

CCI-002712
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Driver Load Integrity Checking
broader: File Hashing
broader: Pointer Authentication
broader: TPM Boot Integrity
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The information system performs an integrity check of organization-defined information at startup, at organization-defined transitional states or security-relevant events, or on an organization-defined frequency.

CCI-002715
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Driver Load Integrity Checking
narrower: File Hashing
narrower: Pointer Authentication
narrower: TPM Boot Integrity
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The information system automatically shuts the information system down, restarts the information system, and/or implements organization-defined security safeguards when integrity violations are discovered.

CCI-002716
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: File Hashing
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements cryptographic mechanisms to detect unauthorized changes to software.

CCI-002717
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: File Hashing
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements cryptographic mechanisms to detect unauthorized changes to firmware.

CCI-002718
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: File Hashing
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements cryptographic mechanisms to detect unauthorized changes to information.

CCI-002723
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Driver Load Integrity Checking
narrower: File Hashing
narrower: Pointer Authentication
narrower: TPM Boot Integrity
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The information system, upon detection of a potential integrity violation, provides the capability to audit the event.

CCI-002724
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Driver Load Integrity Checking
narrower: File Hashing
narrower: Pointer Authentication
narrower: TPM Boot Integrity
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The information system, upon detection of a potential integrity violation, initiates one or more of the following actions: generates an audit record; alerts the current user; alerts organization-defined personnel or roles; and/or organization-defined other actions.

CCI-002726
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Driver Load Integrity Checking
broader: TPM Boot Integrity
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The information system verifies the integrity of the boot process of organization-defined devices.

CCI-002729
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Driver Load Integrity Checking
broader: TPM Boot Integrity
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements organization-defined security safeguards to protect the integrity of boot firmware in organization-defined devices.

CCI-002740
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Executable Allowlisting
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements cryptographic mechanisms to authenticate organization-defined software or firmware components prior to installation.

CCI-002743
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Sender MTA Reputation Analysis
broader: Sender Reputation Analysis
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements spam protection mechanisms with a learning capability to more effectively identify legitimate communications traffic.

CCI-002746
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Database Query String Analysis
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The information system provides a manual override capability for input validation of organization-defined inputs.

CCI-002748
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Database Query String Analysis
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The information system restricts the use of the manual override capability to only organization-defined authorized individuals.

CCI-002749
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Database Query String Analysis
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The information system audits the use of the manual override capability.

CCI-002771
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
date published: 2013-07-11T00:00:00
definition: The information system validates information output from organization-defined software programs and/or applications to ensure that the information is consistent with the expected content.

CCI-002824
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
broader: Dead Code Elimination
broader: Process Segment Execution Prevention
broader: Segment Address Offset Randomization
broader: Stack Frame Canary Validation
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-07-12T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements organization-defined security safeguards to protect its memory from unauthorized code execution.

CCI-002883
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: User Account Permissions
date published: 2013-07-22T00:00:00
definition: The information system restricts the use of maintenance tools to authorized personnel only.

CCI-002890
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Encrypted Tunnels
date published: 2013-07-22T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements cryptographic mechanisms to protect the integrity of nonlocal maintenance and diagnostic communications.

CCI-002891
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Remote Terminal Session Detection
date published: 2013-07-22T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements remote disconnect verification at the termination of nonlocal maintenance and diagnostic sessions.

CCI-003014
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
exactly: Mandatory Access Control
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
date published: 2013-08-30T00:00:00
definition: The information system enforces organization-defined mandatory access control policies over all subjects and objects.

CCI-003123
type: NamedIndividual
type: CCI Control
contributor: DISA FSO
member-of: CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
narrower: Encrypted Tunnels
date published: 2013-09-24T00:00:00
definition: The information system implements cryptographic mechanisms to protect the confidentiality of nonlocal maintenance and diagnostic communications.

CCI Catalog v2022-04-05
type: NamedIndividual
type: Control Correlation Identifier Catalog
has-member: CCI-000015
has-member: CCI-000016
has-member: CCI-000017
has-member: CCI-000018
has-member: CCI-000020
has-member: CCI-000022
has-member: CCI-000025
has-member: CCI-000027
has-member: CCI-000029
has-member: CCI-000030
has-member: CCI-000032
has-member: CCI-000034
has-member: CCI-000035
has-member: CCI-000037
has-member: CCI-000040
has-member: CCI-000044
has-member: CCI-000047
has-member: CCI-000056
has-member: CCI-000057
has-member: CCI-000058
has-member: CCI-000060
has-member: CCI-000066
has-member: CCI-000067
has-member: CCI-000068
has-member: CCI-000071
has-member: CCI-000139
has-member: CCI-000143
has-member: CCI-000144
has-member: CCI-000162
has-member: CCI-000163
has-member: CCI-000164
has-member: CCI-000185
has-member: CCI-000186
has-member: CCI-000187
has-member: CCI-000192
has-member: CCI-000193
has-member: CCI-000194
has-member: CCI-000195
has-member: CCI-000196
has-member: CCI-000197
has-member: CCI-000198
has-member: CCI-000199
has-member: CCI-000200
has-member: CCI-000205
has-member: CCI-000213
has-member: CCI-000218
has-member: CCI-000219
has-member: CCI-000226
has-member: CCI-000346
has-member: CCI-000352
has-member: CCI-000374
has-member: CCI-000381
has-member: CCI-000382
has-member: CCI-000386
has-member: CCI-000417
has-member: CCI-000663
has-member: CCI-000764
has-member: CCI-000765
has-member: CCI-000766
has-member: CCI-000767
has-member: CCI-000768
has-member: CCI-000771
has-member: CCI-000772
has-member: CCI-000774
has-member: CCI-000776
has-member: CCI-000804
has-member: CCI-000831
has-member: CCI-000877
has-member: CCI-000880
has-member: CCI-000884
has-member: CCI-000888
has-member: CCI-001009
has-member: CCI-001019
has-member: CCI-001067
has-member: CCI-001069
has-member: CCI-001082
has-member: CCI-001083
has-member: CCI-001084

Connection-basedClustering
type: NamedIndividual
d3fend-id: D3A-CBC

DISA FSO
type: NamedIndividual
type: Organization
definition: Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) Field Security Office (FSO)

FQDN Domain Name
type: NamedIndividual
type: Domain Name

HTTPS URL
type: NamedIndividual
type: URL

HTTP URL
type: NamedIndividual
type: URL

Internationalized Domain Name
type: NamedIndividual
type: Domain Name

Javascript File
type: NamedIndividual
type: Executable Script

LDIF Record
type: NamedIndividual
type: User Account

Linux ELF File 32bit
type: NamedIndividual
type: Executable Binary
definition: test

Linux ELF File 64bit
type: NamedIndividual
type: Executable Binary

Linux Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Process

Lua Script File
type: NamedIndividual
type: Executable Script

Application Developer Guidance
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
d3fend-comment: A future release of D3FEND will define a taxonomy of Source Code Hardening Techniques.

Active Directory Configuration
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: Authentication Cache Invalidation
related: Domain Trust Policy
related: User Account Permissions
d3fend-comment: M1015 scope is broad, touches on an wide variety of techniques in D3FEND.

Vulnerability Scanning
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
d3fend-comment: Future D3FEND releases will model the scanning and inventory domains.

User Training
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
d3fend-comment: Modeling user training is outside the scope of D3FEND.

User Account Management
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: Local File Permissions
related: Mandatory Access Control
related: System Configuration Permissions

Threat Intelligence Program
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
d3fend-comment: Establishing and running a Threat Intelligence Program is outside the scope of D3FEND.

SSL/TLS Inspection
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: Network Traffic Analysis
d3fend-comment: D3FEND models this as an infrastructure dependency to support D3-NTA.

Restrict Web-Based Content
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: DNS Allowlisting
related: DNS Denylisting
related: File Analysis
related: Inbound Traffic Filtering
related: Network Traffic Analysis
related: Outbound Traffic Filtering
related: URL Analysis
d3fend-comment: M1021 scope is broad, touches on an wide variety of techniques in d3fend.

Restrict File and Directory Permissions
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: Local File Permissions

Restrict Registry Permission
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: System Configuration Permissions

Privileged Process Integrity
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: Bootloader Authentication
related: Driver Load Integrity Checking
related: Mandatory Access Control
related: Process Segment Execution Prevention

Privileged Account Management
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: Domain Account Monitoring
related: Local Account Monitoring
related: Strong Password Policy

Password Policies
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: One-time Password
related: Strong Password Policy

Operating System Configuration
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: Platform Hardening

Remote Data Storage
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
d3fend-comment: IT disaster recovery plans are outside the current scope of D3FEND.

Network Segmentation
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: Broadcast Domain Isolation
related: Encrypted Tunnels
related: Inbound Session Volume Analysis
related: Inbound Traffic Filtering

Network Intrusion Prevention
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: Inbound Traffic Filtering
related: Network Traffic Analysis
related: Outbound Traffic Filtering

Multi-factor Authentication
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: Multi-factor Authentication

Limit Software Installation
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: Executable Allowlisting
related: Executable Denylisting

Limit Hardware Installation
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: IO Port Restriction

Limit Access to Resource Over Network
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: Network Isolation

Account Use Policies
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: Account Locking
related: Authentication Cache Invalidation
related: Authentication Event Thresholding
d3fend-comment: D3-AZET may be related (is potentially related though not called out in ATT&CK definition.)

Filter Network Traffic
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: Network Isolation

Execution Prevention
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: Driver Load Integrity Checking
related: Executable Allowlisting
related: Executable Denylisting
related: Process Segment Execution Prevention

Environment Variable Permissions
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: Application Configuration Hardening
related: System File Analysis

Behavior Prevention on Endpoint
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: Authentication Event Thresholding
related: Authorization Event Thresholding
related: Job Function Access Pattern Analysis
related: Resource Access Pattern Analysis
related: Session Duration Analysis
related: User Data Transfer Analysis
related: User Geolocation Logon Pattern Analysis
related: Web Session Activity Analysis

Encrypt Sensitive Information
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: Disk Encryption
related: Encrypted Tunnels
related: File Encryption
related: Message Encryption

Disable or Remove Feature or Program
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: Application Configuration Hardening
related: Executable Denylisting
related: Mandatory Access Control

Credential Access Protection
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: Hardware-based Process Isolation

Restrict Library Loading
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: System Call Filtering
d3fend-comment: D3-SCF is one possible way to filter library loading.

Code Signing
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: Driver Load Integrity Checking
related: Executable Allowlisting
related: Service Binary Verification

Boot Integrity
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: Bootloader Authentication
related: TPM Boot Integrity

Audit
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: Domain Account Monitoring
related: Local Account Monitoring
related: System File Analysis
d3fend-comment: M1047 scope is broad, touches on an wide variety of techniques in d3fend.

Application Isolation and Sandboxing
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: Dynamic Analysis
related: Hardware-based Process Isolation
related: Mandatory Access Control
related: System Call Filtering
d3fend-comment: "Sandboxing" is often used to describe a detection environment which includes some forms of analysis (see D3-DA.)" Many forms of isolation (e.g., quarantining) are more static in nature and simply limit software's access to system resources.

Antivirus/Antimalware
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: File Content Rules
related: File Hashing
related: Process Analysis
d3fend-comment: Process Analysis and subclasses.

Exploit Protection
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: Application Hardening
related: Exception Handler Pointer Validation
related: Inbound Traffic Filtering
related: Shadow Stack Comparisons

Update Software
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: Software Update

User Account Control
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: Mandatory Access Control

Data Backup
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
d3fend-comment: Comprehensive IT disaster recovery plans are outside the current scope of D3FEND.

Software Configuration
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: Application Configuration Hardening
related: Certificate Pinning

Do Not Mitigate
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation

Pre-compromise
type: NamedIndividual
type: ATTACK Enterprise Mitigation
related: Decoy Environment
related: Decoy Object

MSG Email File
type: NamedIndividual
type: Email

Marketing Material
type: NamedIndividual
type: Reference Type

Microsoft Word DOCB File
type: NamedIndividual
type: Document File

Microsoft Word DOC File
type: NamedIndividual
type: Document File

Microsoft Word DOCM File
type: NamedIndividual
type: Document File

Microsoft Word DOCX File
type: NamedIndividual
type: Document File

Microsoft Word DOT File
type: NamedIndividual
type: Document File

Microsoft Word DOTM File
type: NamedIndividual
type: Document File

Microsoft Word DOTX File
type: NamedIndividual
type: Document File

Microsoft Word WBK File
type: NamedIndividual
type: Document File

NIST SP 800-53 R3
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST SP 800-53 Control Catalog
archived-at: https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-53/rev-4/archive/2013-04-30
version: 3

NIST SP 800-53 R4
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST SP 800-53 Control Catalog
archived-at: https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-53/rev-4/archive/2013-04-30
version: 4

NIST SP 800-53 R5
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST SP 800-53 Control Catalog
has-member: AC-17(8)
has-member: AC-23
has-member: AC-24
has-member: AC-24(1)
has-member: AC-24(2)
has-member: AC-2(1)
has-member: AC-2(13)
has-member: AC-2(2)
has-member: AC-2(3)
has-member: AC-2(4)
has-member: AC-2(5)
has-member: AC-2(6)
has-member: AC-2(7)
has-member: AC-2(9)
has-member: AC-3
has-member: AC-3(11)
has-member: AC-3(13)
has-member: AC-3(3)
has-member: AC-3(7)
has-member: AC-3(8)
has-member: AC-4
has-member: AC-4(1)
has-member: AC-4(10)
has-member: AC-4(11)
has-member: AC-4(12)
has-member: AC-4(13)
has-member: AC-4(14)
has-member: AC-4(15)
has-member: AC-4(17)
has-member: AC-4(19)
has-member: AC-4(20)
has-member: AC-4(21)
has-member: AC-4(26)
has-member: AC-4(27)
has-member: AC-4(28)
has-member: AC-4(29)
has-member: AC-4(3)
has-member: AC-4(30)
has-member: AC-4(32)
has-member: AC-4(4)
has-member: AC-4(5)
has-member: AC-4(6)
has-member: AC-4(8)
has-member: AC-5
has-member: AC-6
has-member: AC-6(1)
has-member: AC-6(10)
has-member: AC-6(3)
has-member: AC-6(4)
has-member: AC-6(5)
has-member: AC-6(6)
has-member: AC-6(9)
has-member: AC-7
has-member: AC-7(3)
has-member: AC-7(4)
has-member: AU-10(5)
has-member: AU-14(2)
has-member: AU-15
has-member: AU-2
has-member: AU-2(1)
has-member: AU-2(2)
has-member: AU-3
has-member: AU-4
has-member: CM-14
has-member: CM-5
has-member: CM-5(1)
has-member: CM-5(3)
has-member: CM-5(5)
has-member: CM-5(6)
has-member: CM-6(3)
has-member: IA-2(1)
has-member: IA-2(2)
has-member: IA-2(4)
has-member: IA-2(6)
has-member: IR-4(12)
has-member: IR-4(13)
has-member: MA-3(3)
has-member: MA-3(4)

AC-17(8)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
broader: Executable Denylisting
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
control-name: Remote Access | Disable Nonsecure Network Protocols

AC-23
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Job Function Access Pattern Analysis
narrower: Local Account Monitoring
narrower: Resource Access Pattern Analysis
narrower: User Data Transfer Analysis
control-name: Data Mining Protection

AC-24
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Mandatory Access Control
control-name: Access Control Decisions

AC-24(1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Mandatory Access Control
narrower: User Account Permissions
control-name: Access Control Decisions | Transmit Access Authorization Information

AC-24(2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Mandatory Access Control
narrower: User Account Permissions
control-name: Access Control Decisions | No User or Process Identity

AC-2(1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
broader: Account Locking
broader: Multi-factor Authentication
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
control-name: Account Management | Automated System Account Management

AC-2(13)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Account Locking
control-name: Account Management | Disable Accounts for High-risk Individuals

AC-2(2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
broader: Account Locking
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
control-name: Account Management | Automated Temporary and Emergency Account Management

AC-2(3)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
broader: Account Locking
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
control-name: Account Management | Disable Accounts

AC-2(4)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
related: Domain Account Monitoring
control-name: Account Management | Automated Audit Actions

AC-2(5)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
related: Account Locking
control-name: Account Management | Inactivity Logout

AC-2(6)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
broader: Mandatory Access Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
control-name: Account Management | Dynamic Privilege Management

AC-2(7)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: User Account Permissions
control-name: Account Management | Privileged User Accounts

AC-2(9)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Mandatory Access Control
narrower: User Account Permissions
control-name: Account Management | Restrictions on Use of Shared and Group Accounts

AC-3
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Executable Allowlisting
narrower: Executable Denylisting
narrower: Mandatory Access Control
control-name: Access Enforcement

AC-3(11)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Mandatory Access Control
control-name: Access Enforcement | Restrict Access to Specific Information Types

AC-3(13)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Mandatory Access Control
control-name: Access Enforcement | Attribute-based Access Control

AC-3(3)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
exactly: Mandatory Access Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
control-name: Access Enforcement | Mandatory Access Control

AC-3(7)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Mandatory Access Control
control-name: Access Enforcement | Role-based Access Control

AC-3(8)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Mandatory Access Control
narrower: System Call Filtering
control-name: Access Enforcement | Revocation of Access Authorizations

AC-4
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
control-name: Information Flow Enforcement

AC-4(1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
control-name: Information Flow Enforcement | Object Security and Privacy Attributes

AC-4(10)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
broader: Inbound Traffic Filtering
broader: Outbound Traffic Filtering
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
control-name: Information Flow Enforcement | Enable and Disable Security or Privacy Policy Filters

AC-4(11)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
broader: Inbound Traffic Filtering
broader: Outbound Traffic Filtering
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
control-name: Information Flow Enforcement | Configuration of Security or Privacy Policy Filters

AC-4(12)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
control-name: Information Flow Enforcement | Data Type Identifiers

AC-4(13)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
control-name: Information Flow Enforcement | Decomposition into Policy-relevant Subcomponents

AC-4(14)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
control-name: Information Flow Enforcement | Security or Privacy Policy Filter Constraints

AC-4(15)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
control-name: Information Flow Enforcement | Detection of Unsanctioned Information

AC-4(17)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Domain Trust Policy
control-name: Information Flow Enforcement | Domain Authentication

AC-4(19)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
control-name: Information Flow Enforcement | Validation of Metadata

AC-4(20)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
control-name: Information Flow Enforcement | Approved Solutions

AC-4(21)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
control-name: Information Flow Enforcement | Physical or Logical Separation of Information Flows

AC-4(26)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: File Content Rules
control-name: Information Flow Enforcement | Audit Filtering Actions

AC-4(27)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
exactly: Inbound Traffic Filtering
exactly: Outbound Traffic Filtering
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
control-name: Information Flow Enforcement | Redundant/independent Filtering Mechanisms

AC-4(28)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
control-name: Information Flow Enforcement | Linear Filter Pipelines

AC-4(29)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
control-name: Information Flow Enforcement | Filter Orchestration Engines

AC-4(3)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
control-name: Information Flow Enforcement | Dynamic Information Flow Control

AC-4(30)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
control-name: Information Flow Enforcement | Filter Mechanisms Using Multiple Processes

AC-4(32)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
control-name: Information Flow Enforcement | Process Requirements for Information Transfer

AC-4(4)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
control-name: Information Flow Enforcement | Flow Control of Encrypted Information

AC-4(5)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
control-name: Information Flow Enforcement | Embedded Data Types

AC-4(6)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
control-name: Information Flow Enforcement | Metadata

AC-4(8)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Inbound Traffic Filtering
narrower: Outbound Traffic Filtering
control-name: Information Flow Enforcement | Security and Privacy Policy Filters

AC-5
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
broader: Local File Permissions
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: User Account Permissions
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
control-name: Separation of Duties

AC-6
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
broader: Local File Permissions
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: User Account Permissions
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
control-name: Least Privilege

AC-6(1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
exactly: System Configuration Permissions
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
control-name: Least Privilege | Authorize Access to Security Functions

AC-6(10)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Local File Permissions
narrower: Mandatory Access Control
narrower: System Configuration Permissions
control-name: Least Privilege | Prohibit Non-privileged Users from Executing Privileged Functions

AC-6(3)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
exactly: System Configuration Permissions
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
control-name: Least Privilege | Network Access to Privileged Commands

AC-6(4)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Hardware-based Process Isolation
control-name: Least Privilege | Separate Processing Domains

AC-6(5)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Local File Permissions
narrower: Mandatory Access Control
narrower: System Configuration Permissions
control-name: Least Privilege | Privileged Accounts

AC-6(6)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Local File Permissions
narrower: Mandatory Access Control
narrower: System Configuration Permissions
control-name: Least Privilege | Privileged Access by Non-organizational Users

AC-6(9)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
broader: Local Account Monitoring
broader: User Behavior Analysis
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
control-name: Least Privilege | Log Use of Privileged Functions

AC-7
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
exactly: Account Locking
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
control-name: Unsuccessful Logon Attempts

AC-7(3)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Account Locking
control-name: Unsuccessful Logon Attempts | Biometric Attempt Limiting

AC-7(4)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
broader: Account Locking
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
control-name: Unsuccessful Logon Attempts | Use of Alternate Authentication Factor

AU-10(5)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
broader: Driver Load Integrity Checking
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
control-name: Non-repudiation | Digital Signatures

AU-14(2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Local Account Monitoring
control-name: Session Audit | Capture and Record Content

AU-15
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Local Account Monitoring
control-name: Alternate Audit Logging Capability

AU-2
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
exactly: Local Account Monitoring
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
control-name: Event Logging

AU-2(1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
exactly: Local Account Monitoring
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
control-name: Event Logging | Compilation of Audit Records from Multiple Sources

AU-2(2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
exactly: Local Account Monitoring
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
control-name: Event Logging | Selection of Audit Events by Component

AU-3
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
exactly: Local Account Monitoring
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
control-name: Content of Audit Records

AU-4
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Local Account Monitoring
control-name: Audit Log Storage Capacity

CM-14
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
related: Driver Load Integrity Checking
related: Message Authentication
control-name: Signed Components

CM-5
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Executable Allowlisting
narrower: Executable Denylisting
narrower: Local Account Monitoring
narrower: Mandatory Access Control
control-name: Access Restrictions for Change

CM-5(1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Local Account Monitoring
control-name: Access Restrictions for Change | Automated Access Enforcement and Audit Records

CM-5(3)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Local Account Monitoring
narrower: System Configuration Permissions
control-name: Access Restrictions for Change | Signed Components

CM-5(5)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Local Account Monitoring
narrower: System Configuration Permissions
control-name: Access Restrictions for Change | Privilege Limitation for Production and Operation

CM-5(6)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Local Account Monitoring
narrower: System Configuration Permissions
control-name: Access Restrictions for Change | Limit Library Privileges

CM-6(3)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
broader: Application Configuration Hardening
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
control-name: Configuration Settings | Unauthorized Change Detection

IA-2(1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Multi-factor Authentication
control-name: Identification and Authentication (organizational Users) | Multi-factor Authentication to Privileged Accounts

IA-2(2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Multi-factor Authentication
control-name: Identification and Authentication (organizational Users) | Multi-factor Authentication to Non-privileged Accounts

IA-2(4)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Local Account Monitoring
control-name: Identification and Authentication (organizational Users) | Local Access to Non-privileged Accounts

IA-2(6)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Multi-factor Authentication
control-name: Identification and Authentication (organizational Users) | Access to Accounts —separate Device

IR-4(12)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
related: Dynamic Analysis
control-name: Incident Handling | Malicious Code and Forensic Analysis

IR-4(13)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
related: Decoy Environment
related: Decoy Object
control-name: Incident Handling | Behavior Analysis

MA-3(3)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: User Account Permissions
control-name: Maintenance Tools | Prevent Unauthorized Removal

MA-3(4)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: User Account Permissions
control-name: Maintenance Tools | Restricted Tool Use

MA-3(5)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: User Account Permissions
control-name: Maintenance Tools | Execution with Privilege

MA-3(6)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Software Update
control-name: Maintenance Tools | Software Updates and Patches

MA-4(1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Local Account Monitoring
control-name: Nonlocal Maintenance | Logging and Review

MA-6
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Software Update
control-name: Timely Maintenance

MA-6(1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Software Update
control-name: Timely Maintenance | Preventive Maintenance

MA-6(2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Software Update
control-name: Timely Maintenance | Predictive Maintenance

MA-6(3)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Software Update
control-name: Timely Maintenance | Automated Support for Predictive Maintenance

RA-3(3)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
broader: File Analysis
broader: Identifier Analysis
broader: Message Analysis
broader: Network Traffic Analysis
broader: Platform Monitoring
broader: Process Analysis
broader: User Behavior Analysis
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
control-name: Risk Assessment | Dynamic Threat Awareness

RA-3(4)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: File Analysis
narrower: Identifier Analysis
narrower: Message Analysis
narrower: Network Traffic Analysis
narrower: Platform Monitoring
narrower: Process Analysis
narrower: User Behavior Analysis
control-name: Risk Assessment | Predictive Cyber Analytics

RA-5
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
broader: Network Traffic Analysis
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
control-name: Vulnerability Monitoring and Scanning

RA-5(2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Network Traffic Analysis
control-name: Vulnerability Monitoring and Scanning | Update Vulnerabilities to Be Scanned

RA-5(3)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Network Traffic Analysis
control-name: Vulnerability Monitoring and Scanning | Breadth and Depth of Coverage

RA-5(4)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
related: Decoy Environment
related: Decoy Object
control-name: Vulnerability Monitoring and Scanning | Discoverable Information

RA-5(5)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Platform Hardening
control-name: Vulnerability Monitoring and Scanning | Privileged Access

RA-5(6)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Platform Hardening
control-name: Vulnerability Monitoring and Scanning | Automated Trend Analyses

RA-5(7)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Executable Allowlisting
narrower: Executable Denylisting
control-name: Vulnerability Monitoring and Scanning | Automated Detection and Notification of Unauthorized Components

SA-10(1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
related: Firmware Verification
related: Platform Hardening
control-name: Developer Configuration Management | Software and Firmware Integrity Verification

SA-10(3)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
related: Firmware Verification
control-name: Developer Configuration Management | Hardware Integrity Verification

SA-10(4)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
related: Firmware Verification
control-name: Developer Configuration Management | Trusted Generation

SA-10(5)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
related: Firmware Verification
related: Platform Hardening
control-name: Developer Configuration Management | Mapping Integrity for Version Control

SA-10(6)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
related: Firmware Verification
related: Platform Hardening
control-name: Developer Configuration Management | Trusted Distribution

SA-11(1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
related: Application Hardening
control-name: Developer Testing and Evaluation | Static Code Analysis

SA-11(8)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
related: Application Hardening
control-name: Developer Testing and Evaluation | Dynamic Code Analysis

SA-8(18)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
related: Encrypted Tunnels
control-name: Security and Privacy Engineering Principles | Trusted Communications Channels

SA-8(22)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
related: Domain Account Monitoring
control-name: Security and Privacy Engineering Principles | Accountability and Traceability

SC-2
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
broader: Local File Permissions
broader: Mandatory Access Control
broader: System Configuration Permissions
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
control-name: Separation of System and User Functionality

SC-2(1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Local File Permissions
narrower: Mandatory Access Control
narrower: System Configuration Permissions
control-name: Separation of System and User Functionality | Interfaces for Non-privileged Users

SC-3
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
broader: Execution Isolation
broader: Network Isolation
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
control-name: Security Function Isolation

SC-3(1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Execution Isolation
control-name: Security Function Isolation | Hardware Separation

SI-2(4)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Software Update
control-name: Flaw Remediation | Automated Patch Management Tools

SI-2(5)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
exactly: Firmware Verification
exactly: Peripheral Firmware Verification
exactly: Software Update
exactly: System Firmware Verification
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
control-name: Flaw Remediation | Automatic Software and Firmware Updates

SI-2(6)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Firmware Verification
narrower: Peripheral Firmware Verification
narrower: Software Update
narrower: System Firmware Verification
control-name: Flaw Remediation | Removal of Previous Versions of Software and Firmware

SI-3
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
broader: File Analysis
broader: Network Traffic Analysis
broader: Platform Monitoring
broader: Process Analysis
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
control-name: Malicious Code Protection

SI-3(10)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
exactly: Dynamic Analysis
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
control-name: Malicious Code Protection | Malicious Code Analysis

SI-3(4)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Local File Permissions
narrower: Mandatory Access Control
narrower: System Configuration Permissions
control-name: Malicious Code Protection | Updates Only by Privileged Users

SI-3(8)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: User Behavior Analysis
control-name: Malicious Code Protection | Detect Unauthorized Commands

SI-4
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
broader: Operating System Monitoring
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
control-name: System Monitoring

SI-4(2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Network Traffic Analysis
control-name: System Monitoring | Automated Tools and Mechanisms for Real-time Analysis

SI-4(4)
type: NamedIndividual
type: NIST Control
member-of: NIST SP 800-53 R5
narrower: Network Traffic Analysis
control-name: System Monitoring | Inbound and Outbound Communications Traffic

PE32 Executable File
type: NamedIndividual
type: Executable Binary

PE32+ Executable File
type: NamedIndividual
type: Executable Binary

Powershell Script File
type: NamedIndividual
type: Executable Script

Reference - CAR-2019-07-001: Access Permission Modification - MITRE
type: NamedIndividual
type: External Knowledge Base
kb-reference-of: System File Analysis
has-link: https://car.mitre.org/analytics/CAR-2019-07-001/
kb-reference-title: CAR-2019-07-001: Access Permission Modification
kb-abstract: Adversaries sometimes modify object access rights at the operating system level. There are varying motivations behind this action - they may not want some files/objects to be changed on systems for persistence reasons and therefore provide admin only rights; also, they may want files to be accessible with lower levels of permissions.
kb-author: MITRE
kb-organization: MITRE

Reference - Account monitoring - Forescout Technologies
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Account Locking
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20190205511A1
kb-reference-title: Account monitoring
kb-abstract: Systems, methods, and related technologies for account access monitoring are described. In certain aspects, a login request associated with a device can be analyzed and a score determined. The score and a threshold can be used to determine whether to initiate an action.
kb-author: Chunhui Zhan, Siying Yang
kb-organization: Forescout Technologies

Reference - CAR-2019-08-002: Active Directory Dumping via NTDSUtil - MITRE
type: NamedIndividual
type: External Knowledge Base
kb-reference-of: Process Spawn Analysis
has-link: https://car.mitre.org/analytics/CAR-2019-08-002/
kb-reference-title: CAR-2019-08-002: Active Directory Dumping via NTDSUtil
kb-abstract: The NTDSUtil tool may be used to dump a Microsoft Active Directory database to disk for processing with a credential access tool such as Mimikatz. This is performed by launching ntdsutil.exe as a privileged user with command line arguments indicating that media should be created for offline Active Directory installation and specifying a folder path. This process will create a copy of the Active Directory database, ntds.dit, to the specified folder path.
kb-author: MITRE
kb-organization: MITRE

Reference - Active firewall system and methodology - McAfee LLC
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Inbound Traffic Filtering
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US6550012B1
kb-reference-title: Active firewall system and methodology
kb-abstract: System and methodology providing automated or "proactive" network security ("active" firewall) are described. The system implements methodology for verifying or authenticating communications, especially between network security components thereby allowing those components to share information. In one embodiment, a system implementing an active firewall is provided which includes methodology for verifying or authenticating communications between network components (e.g., sensor(s), arbiter, and actor(s)), using cryptographic keys or digital certificates. Certificates may be used to digitally sign a message or file and, in a complementary manner, to verify a digital signature. At the outset, particular software components that may participate in authenticated communication are specified, including creating a digital certificate for each such software component. Upon detection by a sensor that an event of interest that has occurred in the computer network system, the system may initiate authenticated communication between the sensor component and a central arbiter (e.g., "event orchestrator") component, so that the sensor may report the event to the arbiter or "brain." Thereafter, the arbiter (if it chooses to act on that information) initiates authenticated communication between itself and a third software component, an "actor" component (e.g., "firewall"). The arbiter may indicate to the actor how it should handle the event. The actor or firewall, upon receiving the information, may now undertake appropriate action, such as dynamically creating or modifying rules for appropriately handling the event, or it may choose to simply ignore the information.
kb-author: Emilio Villa, Adrian Zidaritz, Michael David Varga, Gerhard Eschelbeck, Michael Kevin Jones, Mark James McArdle
kb-organization: McAfee LLC

Reference - Advanced device matching system
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Hardware Component Inventory
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US10892951B2/
kb-reference-title: Advanced device matching system
kb-abstract: Disclosed is a device management system for discovery and management of components added to computer systems and sub-systems. The device management system provides for recognizing a newly added component, and determining if the newly added component is already a part of the system inventory. The newly added component is matched with a component currently on the system, based on at least one matching attribute. A point total is calculated for each match level and a final match score is provided. The match score is compared with an aggressiveness level to determine if a match does indeed exist.
kb-author: Rajneesh Jalan, Joseph M. Schmitt, and Marco Simoes
kb-organization: Device42 Inc

Reference - CAR-2015-07-001: All Logins Since Last Boot - MITRE
type: NamedIndividual
type: External Knowledge Base
kb-reference-of: Credential Compromise Scope Analysis
has-link: https://car.mitre.org/analytics/CAR-2015-07-001/
kb-reference-title: CAR-2015-07-001: All Logins Since Last Boot
kb-abstract: Once a credential dumper like mimikatz runs, every user logged on since boot is potentially compromised, because the credentials were accessed via the memory of lsass.exe. When such an event occurs, this analytic will give the forensic context to identify compromised users. Those users could potentially be used in later events for additional logons. The time field indicates the first and last time a system reported a user logged into a given system. This means that activity could be intermittent between the times given and should not be considered a duration.
kb-author: MITRE
kb-organization: MITRE

Reference - Analysis of the Windows Vista Security Model - Symantec Corporation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Academic Paper Reference
kb-reference-of: Mandatory Access Control
has-link: https://web.archive.org/web/20140407025337/http://www.symantec.com/avcenter/reference/Windows_Vista_Security_Model_Analysis.pdf
kb-reference-title: Analysis of the Windows Vista Security Model
kb-abstract: This paper provides an in-depth technical assessment of the security improvements implemented in Windows Vista, focusing primarily on the areas of User Account Protection and User Interface Privilege Isolation. This paper discusses these features and touches on several of their shortcomings. It then demonstrates how it is possible to combine these attacks to gain full control over the machine from low integrity, low privilege process.
kb-author: Matthew Conover
kb-organization: Symantec Corporation

Reference - Anomaly Detection Using Adaptive Behavioral Profiles - Securonix Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Job Function Access Pattern Analysis
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20160226901A1
kb-reference-title: Anomaly Detection Using Adaptive Behavioral Profiles
kb-abstract: The invention provides a system and method for automatic creation of adaptive behavioral profiles for observables associated with resource states and events in a computer network (IT) infrastructure of an enterprise and for detecting anomalies that represent potential malicious activity and threats as deviations from normal behavior. Separate profiles may be created for each behavioral indicator, as well as for each time series of measurements, and aggregated to create an overall behavioral profile. An anomaly probability is determined from the behavioral profile and used to evaluate the data values of observables. Outlier data values which deviate from normal behavior by more than a predetermined probability threshold are identified for risk analysis as possible threats while inliers within the range of normal behavior are used to update the behavioral profile. Behavioral profiles are created for behavioral indicators based upon observables measured over predetermined time periods using algorithms employing statistical analysis approaches that work for any type of data distribution, and profiles are adapted over time using data aging to more closely represent current behavior. Algorithm parameters for creating profiles are based on the type of data, i.e., its metadata.
kb-author: Igor A. Baikalov; Tanuj Gulati; Sachin Nayyar; Anjaneya Shenoy; Ganpatrao H. Patwardhan
kb-mitre-analysis: The patent describes a technique for detecting anomalous activity within an organization's IT infrastructure to identify threats. Behavioral profiles can be grouped by peer groups that identify functionally similar groups of actors (users or resources) based on their attributes and pre-defined grouping rules. For example, users can be grouped by their job title, organizational hierarchy, or location and can be observed for similarities in access patterns, based on granted access entitlements or actual logged resource access. Behavioral profiles are created from measurements of events over a time period for example: * Transaction counts * Concurrent users per hour * Daily volume of data Outlier data values which deviate from behavioral profile by more than a predetermined probability threshold are identified for risk analysis as possible threats.
kb-organization: Securonix Inc

Reference - Anti-tamper system with self-adjusting guards - ARXAN TECHNOLOGIES Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Process Code Segment Verification
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20150052603A1
kb-reference-title: Anti-tamper system with self-adjusting guards
kb-abstract: An anti-tamper system is disclosed that includes self-adjusting guards inserted in software. Self-adjusting guards include invocation criteria and guard function. During run-time, each time the self-adjusting guard is invoked, the invocation criteria is evaluated and the guard function is only executed if the invocation criteria is satisfied. The invocation criteria can be static or dynamic, satisfied randomly with fixed or varying probability, a monotonically or exponentially decreasing function or most any other type of function. The invocation criteria can be satisfied based on elapsed inter-guard invocation time (time since last guard function execution), target inter-guard invocation time, and/or guard execution time. A method is disclosed of inserting self-adjusting guards into software, and executing the software. Evaluating the invocation criteria can include adjusting the invocation criteria when satisfied. The self-adjusting guards can be inserted into the software at a source or object code level.
kb-author: Kevin Dale Morgan
kb-organization: ARXAN TECHNOLOGIES Inc

Reference - Apparatus for to provide content to and query a reverse domain name system server - Barrracuda Networks
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Reverse Resolution Domain Denylisting
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20100174829A1/en
kb-reference-title: Apparatus for to provide content to and query a reverse domain name system server
kb-abstract: An apparatus is disclosed for to provide content to and query a reverse domain name system (DNS) server without depending on the kindness of domain name system registrars, registrants. DNS replies are observed by firewalls or filters, analyzed, and transmitted to a reverse domain name system server. An embodiment of the present invention can be within a DNS server or SMTP server.
kb-author: Dean Danko
kb-mitre-analysis: This patent includes the description of a method of blocking email traffic from untrusted domains by analyzing the TCP/IP source IP addresses and blocking traffic for IPs whose reverse lookup response FQDN matches a denylist.

Reference - Architecture of transparent network security for application containers - Neuvector Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Mandatory Access Control
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20170093922A1
kb-reference-title: Architecture of transparent network security for application containers
kb-abstract: A system comprises one or more application containers, each application container including computer-readable instructions and initiated via a container service and isolated using operating system-level virtualization. The system also comprises one or more virtual switches configured to route traffic from the application containers. The system further comprises one or more security containers, each security container configured to transparently intercept traffic from the one or more application containers for analysis of network security. The system further comprises a user interface (UI) container configured to receive configuration settings from a user. The system also comprises an analytics container configured to perform analysis on data received from the one or more security containers. The system also comprises a management container configured to configure settings for the one or more security containers and the analytics container.
kb-author: Gang Duan
kb-organization: Neuvector Inc

Reference - Audit User Account Management
type: NamedIndividual
type: Guideline Reference
kb-reference-of: Domain Account Monitoring
kb-reference-of: Local Account Monitoring
has-link: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/audit-user-account-management
kb-reference-title: Audit User Account Management
kb-abstract: Audit User Account Management determines whether the operating system generates audit events when specific user account management tasks are performed.
kb-organization: Microsoft

Reference - Automated computer vulnerability resolution system
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Asset Vulnerability Enumeration
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US7308712B2
kb-reference-title: Automated computer vulnerability resolution system
kb-abstract: A system and process for addressing computer security vulnerabilities. The system and process generally comprise aggregating vulnerability information on a plurality of computer vulnerabilities; constructing a remediation database of said plurality of computer vulnerabilities; constructing a remediation signature to address the computer vulnerabilities; and deploying said remediation signature to a client computer. The remediation signature essentially comprises a sequence of actions to address a corresponding vulnerability. A managed automated approach to the process is contemplated in which the system is capable of selective deployment of remediation signatures; selective resolution of vulnerabilities; scheduled deployment of remediation signatures; and scheduled scanning of client computers for vulnerabilities.
kb-author: Carl E. Banzhof
kb-organization: McAfee LLC

Reference - Automatically generating network resource groups and assigning customized decoy policies thereto - Illusive Networks Ltd
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Decoy Network Resource
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20170310689A1
kb-reference-title: Automatically generating network resource groups and assigning customized decoy policies thereto
kb-abstract: A cyber security system comprising circuitry of a decoy deployer planting one or more decoy lateral attack vectors in each of a first and a second group of resources within a common enterprise network of resources, the first and second groups of resources having different characteristics in terms of subnets, naming conventions, DNS aliases, listening ports, users and their privileges, and installed applications, wherein a lateral attack vector is an object of a first resource within the network that has a potential to be used by an attacker who discovered the first resource to further discover information regarding a second resource within the network, the second resource being previously undiscovered by the attacker, and wherein the decoy lateral attack vectors in the first group conform to the characteristics of the first group, and the decoy lateral attack vectors in the second group conform to the characteristics of the second group.
kb-author: Shlomo Touboul; Hanan Levin; Stephane Roubach; Assaf Mischari; Itai Ben David; Itay Avraham; Adi Ozer; Chen Kazaz; Ofer Israeli; Olga Vingurt; Liad Gareh; Israel Grimberg; Cobby Cohen; Sharon Sultan; Matan Kubovsky
kb-organization: Illusive Networks Ltd

Reference - Automatically generating rules for connection security - Microsoft
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Inbound Traffic Filtering
kb-reference-of: Outbound Traffic Filtering
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20120054825
kb-reference-title: Automatically generating rules for connection security
kb-abstract: A method and system for creating security policies for firewall and connection policies in an integrated manner is provided. The security system provides a user interface through which a user can define a security rule that specifies both a firewall policy and a connection policy. After the security rule is specified, the security system automatically generates a firewall rule and a connection rule to implement the security rule. The security system provides the firewall rule to a firewall engine that is responsible for enforcing the firewall rules and provides the connection rule to an IPsec engine that is responsible for enforcing the connection rules
kb-author: Charles D. Bassett; Eran Yariv; Ian M. Carbaugh; Lokesh Srinivas Koppolu; Maksim Noy; Sarah A. Wahlert; Pradeep Bahl
kb-organization: Microsoft

Reference - CAR-2013-01-002: Autorun Differences - MITRE
type: NamedIndividual
type: External Knowledge Base
kb-reference-of: System File Analysis
has-link: https://car.mitre.org/analytics/CAR-2013-01-002/
kb-reference-title: CAR-2013-01-002: Autorun Differences
kb-abstract: The Sysinternals tool Autoruns checks the registry and file system for known identify persistence mechanisms. It will output any tools identified, including built-in or added-on Microsoft functionality and third party software. Many of these locations are known by adversaries and used to obtain Persistence. Running Autoruns periodically in an environment makes it possible to collect and monitor its output for differences, which may include the removal or addition of persistent tools. Depending on the persistence mechanism and location, legitimate software may be more likely to make changes than an adversary tool. Thus, this analytic may result in significant noise in a highly dynamic environment. While Autoruns is a convenient method to scan for programs using persistence mechanisms its scanning nature does not conform well to streaming based analytics. This analytic could be replaced with one that draws from sensors that collect registry and file information if streaming analytics are desired. Utilizes the Sysinternals autoruns tool (ignoring validated Microsoft entries). Primarily not a detection analytic by itself but through analysis of results by an analyst can be used for such. Building another analytic on top of this one identifying unusual entries would likely be a beneficial alternative.
kb-author: MITRE
kb-organization: MITRE

Reference - Biometric Challenge-Response Authentication - Accenture
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Multi-factor Authentication
has-link: https://www.patentguru.com/US2021110015A1
kb-reference-title: Biometric Challenge-Response Authentication
kb-abstract: Secret biometric responses to authentication challenges for MFA. Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for authenticating users based on a sequence of biometric authentication challenges. In one aspect, a process includes receiving a first image of the face of the user and processing the first image according to a first authentication process to determine whether the face of the user shown in the first image matches the face of an authorized user. A second authentication process including a sequence of biometric authentication challenges is identified. The sequence includes at least one facial expression challenge. The user is authenticated in response to determining that the first authentication process is satisfied based on the face of the user shown in the first image matching the face of the authorized user and the second authentication process is satisfied based on the user providing a valid biometric response to each biometric authentication challenge.
kb-author: Ben McCarty, Ellie Daw
kb-mitre-analysis: MITRE Analysis was not found.
kb-organization: Accenture

Reference - Broadcast isolation and level 3 network switch - Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development LP
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Broadcast Domain Isolation
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US5920699A
kb-reference-title: Broadcast isolation and level 3 network switch
kb-abstract: A network switch comprising a switching Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) and a Virtual Switching Engine (VSE) connected to a plurality of ports. The switching ASIC has a high-speed memory table which enables it to look up addresses that it has previously obtained and to forward unicast packets to said addresses. The VSE is a CPU that makes switching decisions outside of the ASIC and keeps track of any unknown addresses, forwarding the packets out the appropriate ports and answers broadcast packets by proxy for all known addresses without forwarding any of the packets down the VLANs, thereby freeing the VLAN bandwidth from excessive traffic. The system requires no user configuration because the switching methodology is self-adaptive to the network in which it is inserted and has the ability to perform router functions such as level 2 and 3 switching, spanning tree protocols and compatibility with Internetwork Packet and Internetwork Packet Exchange networks.
kb-author: Ballard C. Bare
kb-organization: Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development LP

Reference - CAR-2014-11-007: Remote Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) over RPC - MITRE
type: NamedIndividual
type: External Knowledge Base
kb-reference-of: RPC Traffic Analysis
kb-reference-title: CAR-2014-11-007: Remote Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) over RPC
kb-abstract: As described in ATT&CK, an adversary can use Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) to view or manipulate objects on a remote host. It can be used to remotely edit configuration, start services, query files, and anything that can be done with a WMI class. When remote WMI requests are over RPC (CAR-2014-05-001), it connects to a DCOM interface within the RPC group netsvcs. To detect this activity, a sensor is needed at the network level that can decode RPC traffic or on the host where the communication can be detected more natively, such as Event Tracing for Windows. Using wireshark/tshark decoders, the WMI interfaces can be extracted so that WMI activity over RPC can be detected. Although the description details how to detect remote WMI precisely, a decent estimate has been to look for the string RPCSS within the initial RPC connection on 135/tcp. It returns a superset of this activity, and will trigger on all DCOM-related services running within RPC, which is likely to also be activity that should be detected between hosts. More about RPCSS at : rpcss_dcom_interfaces.html
kb-author: MITRE
kb-organization: MITRE

Reference - CAR-2016-04-004: Successful Local Account Login
type: NamedIndividual
type: External Knowledge Base
kb-reference-of: Local Account Monitoring
has-link: https://car.mitre.org/analytics/CAR-2016-04-004/
kb-reference-title: Reference - CAR-2016-04-004: Successful Local Account Login

Reference - Catia UAF Plugin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Internet Article Reference
kb-reference-of: Data Exchange Mapping
kb-reference-of: Operational Activity Mapping
kb-reference-of: Operational Dependency Mapping
kb-reference-of: Organization Mapping
kb-reference-of: Service Dependency Mapping
kb-reference-of: System Dependency Mapping
has-link: https://www.3ds.com/products-services/catia/products/no-magic/addons/uaf-plugin/
kb-reference-title: Catia UAF Plugin
kb-abstract: MagicDraw offers the most robust standards compliant [Unified Architecture Framework (UAF)], DoDAF 2.0, MODAF 1.2, NAF 3, and NAF 4 via a UAF standardized solution. And what's more, No Magic fully supports all architectural framework products ensuring you achieve project results. No Magic also leads the industry in usability and interoprability, ensuring that you avoid unnecessary cost, schedule and performance risk.
kb-organization: Dassault Systemes

Reference - Certificate and Public Key Pinning
type: NamedIndividual
type: Technique Reference
kb-reference-of: Certificate Pinning
has-link: https://owasp.org/www-community/controls/Certificate_and_Public_Key_Pinning
kb-reference-title: Certificate and Public Key Pinning
kb-abstract: Certificate and Public Key Pinning technical guide to implementing certificate and public key pinning.
kb-author: OWASP
kb-organization: OWASP

Reference - Certificate Transparency
type: NamedIndividual
type: Technique Reference
kb-reference-of: Passive Certificate Analysis
has-link: https://www.certificate-transparency.org/
kb-reference-title: Certificate Transparency
kb-abstract: Google's Certificate Transparency project fixes several structural flaws in the SSL certificate system, which is the main cryptographic system that underlies all HTTPS connections. These flaws weaken the reliability and effectiveness of encrypted Internet connections and can compromise critical TLS/SSL mechanisms, including domain validation, end-to-end encryption, and the chains of trust set up by certificate authorities.
kb-author: Google
kb-organization: Google

Reference - Cisco ASR 9000 Series Aggregation Services Routers - Access List Commands
type: NamedIndividual
type: User Manual Reference
kb-reference-of: Network Traffic Policy Mapping
has-link: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/routers/asr9000/software/asr9k_r4-0/addr_serv/command/reference/ir40asrbook_chapter1.html
kb-reference-title: Cisco ASR 9000 Series Aggregation Services Routers - Access List Commands
kb-abstract: An access control list (ACL) consists of one or more access control entries (ACEs) that collectively define the network traffic profile. This profile can then be referenced by Cisco IOS XR Software software features such as traffic filtering, priority or custom queueing, and dynamic access control. Each ACL includes an action element (permit or deny) and a filter element based on criteria such as source address, destination address, protocol, and protocol-specific parameters.
kb-organization: Cisco

Reference - CAR-2014-11-008: Command Launched from WinLogon - MITRE
type: NamedIndividual
type: External Knowledge Base
kb-reference-of: Process Lineage Analysis
has-link: https://car.mitre.org/analytics/CAR-2014-11-008/
kb-reference-title: CAR-2014-11-008: Command Launched from WinLogon
kb-abstract: An adversary can use accessibility features (Ease of Access), such as StickyKeys or Utilman, to launch a command shell from the logon screen and gain SYSTEM access. Since an adversary does not have physical access to the machine, this technique must be run within Remote Desktop. To prevent an adversary from getting to the login screen without first authenticating, Network-Level Authentication (NLA) must be enabled. If a debugger is set up for one of the accessibility features, then it will intercept the process launch of the feature and instead execute a new command line. This analytic looks for instances of cmd.exe or powershell.exe launched directly from the logon process, winlogon.exe. It should be used in tandem with CAR-2014-11-003, which detects the accessibility programs in the command line.
kb-author: MITRE
kb-organization: MITRE

Reference - CAR-2013-07-005: Command Line Usage of Archiving Software - MITRE
type: NamedIndividual
type: External Knowledge Base
kb-reference-of: Process Spawn Analysis
has-link: https://car.mitre.org/analytics/CAR-2013-07-005/
kb-reference-title: CAR-2013-07-005: Command Line Usage of Archiving Software
kb-abstract: Before exfiltrating data that an adversary has collected, it is very likely that a compressed archive will be created, so that transfer times are minimized and fewer files are transmitted. There is variety between the tools used to compress data, but the command line usage and context of archiving tools, such as ZIP, RAR, and 7ZIP, should be monitored. In addition to looking for RAR or 7z program names, command line usage of 7Zip or RAR can be detected with the flag usage of "\* a \*". This is helpful, as adversaries may change program names.

Reference - Computational modeling and classification of data streams - Crowdstrike Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: File Content Rules
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20180197089A1/en
kb-reference-title: Computational modeling and classification of data streams
kb-abstract: Example techniques described herein determine a signature or classification of a data stream such as a file. The classification can indicate whether the data stream is associated with malware. A processor can locate training analysis regions of training data streams based on predetermined structure data, and determining training model inputs based on the training analysis regions. The processor can determine a computational model based on the training model inputs. The computational model can receive an input vector and provide a corresponding feature vector. The processor can then locate a trial analysis region of a trial data stream based on the predetermined structure data and determine a trial model input. The processor can operate the computational model based on the trial model input to provide a trial feature vector, e.g., a signature. The processor can operate a second computational model to provide a classification based on the signature.
kb-author: Sven Krasser; David Elkind; Patrick Crenshaw; Brett Meyer
kb-mitre-analysis: Provides a mechanism to classify files using file signatures based on a computational model. Training data that comprises at least a portion of a file, e.g. number of bytes, is used as input to the computational model to develop a file signature and classify the file as malware.
kb-organization: Crowdstrike Inc

Reference - Computer-implemented methods and systems for identifying visually similar text character strings - Greathorn Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Homoglyph Detection
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US10320815B2/en
kb-reference-title: Computer-implemented methods and systems for identifying visually similar text character strings
kb-abstract: Methods and systems are disclosed for selecting text character strings from a corpus of relevant strings that would commonly be considered to be visually similar to human viewer to an input string. The initial corpus may be any sufficiently broad or specific source of text, e.g., the names of users in a computer application system. The character strings in the corpus are classified such that direct, character-by-character comparisons may be limited to a small subset of likely-similar strings. The input string is then directly compared to strings that are likely to be similar to it, taking into account individual characters' similarities, combinations of characters that look similar to individual characters, transposition of characters, and simple additions and deletions.
kb-author: Raymond W. Wallace, III
kb-mitre-analysis: Text input is compared to an engine of look-alike sets of text characters. An estimate of similar characters based on the engine is conducted, and an alert is triggered if the estimated similarity is lower than a given threshold.
kb-organization: Greathorn Inc

Reference - Computer motherboard having peripheral security functions
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: IO Port Restriction
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US8869308B2/en
kb-reference-title: Computer motherboard having peripheral security functions
kb-abstract: A secure motherboard for a computer, wherein each user accessible peripheral port is protected by hardware based peripheral protection circuitry soldered to the motherboard.
kb-author: Aviv Soffer
kb-organization: High Sec Labs Ltd

Reference - Computer Worm Defense System and Method - FireEye Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: File Carving
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20130036472A1
kb-reference-title: Computer Worm Defense System and Method
kb-abstract: "A computer worm defense system comprises multiple containment systems tied together by a management system. Each containment system is deployed on a separate communication network and contains a worm sensor and a blocking system. In various embodiments, the computer worm may be transported from a production network, where the computer worm is not readily identifiable, to an alternate network in the worm sensor where the computer worm may be readily identifiable. Computer worm identifiers generated by a worm sensor of one containment system can be provided not only to the blocking system of the same containment system, but can also be distributed by the management system to blocking systems of other containment systems."
kb-author: Ashar Aziz
kb-mitre-analysis: This patent describes network data being copied by a tap and then analyzed in an analysis environment to determine whether the network data is suspicious using a heuristic module. The analysis environment replays transmission of the suspicious network data between a configured replayer and a virtual machine to detect unauthorized activity.
kb-organization: FireEye Inc

Reference - Configure User Access Control and Permissions
type: NamedIndividual
type: Internet Article Reference
kb-reference-of: User Account Permissions
has-link: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/manage/windows-admin-center/configure/user-access-control
kb-reference-title: Configure User Access Control and Permissions
kb-abstract: When deployed on Windows Server, Windows Admin Center provides a centralized point of management for your server environment. By controlling access to Windows Admin Center, you can improve the security of your management landscape.
kb-author: Microsoft

Reference - Container Image Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Internet Article Reference
kb-reference-of: Container Image Analysis
has-link: https://media.defense.gov/2021/Aug/03/2002820425/-1/-1/0/CTR_Kubernetes_Hardening_Guidance_1.1_20220315.PDF
kb-reference-title: Kubernetes Hardening Guide
kb-abstract: Container Images can contain unneeded, unsecured or insecure files. By analyzing the container image, we can identify whether it respects a specific set of predefined policies.
kb-author: National Security Agency

Reference - CAR-2016-03-002: Create Remote Process via WMIC - MITRE
type: NamedIndividual
type: External Knowledge Base
kb-reference-of: Process Spawn Analysis
kb-reference-of: RPC Traffic Analysis
has-link: https://car.mitre.org/analytics/CAR-2016-03-002/
kb-reference-title: CAR-2016-03-002: Create Remote Process via WMIC
kb-abstract: Adversaries may use Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) to move laterally, by launching executables remotely.The analytic CAR-2014-12-001 describes how to detect these processes with network traffic monitoring and process monitoring on the target host. However, if the command line utility wmic.exe is used on the source host, then it can additionally be detected on an analytic. The command line on the source host is constructed into something like wmic.exe /node:"\<hostname\>" process call create "\<command line\>". It is possible to also connect via IP address, in which case the string "\<hostname\>" would instead look like IP Address. Although this analytic was created after CAR-2014-12-001, it is a much simpler (although more limited) approach. Processes can be created remotely via WMI in a few other ways, such as more direct API access or the built-in utility PowerShell.
kb-author: MITRE
kb-organization: MITRE

Reference - CAR-2019-04-004: Credential Dumping via Mimikatz - MITRE
type: NamedIndividual
type: External Knowledge Base
kb-reference-of: Process Spawn Analysis
has-link: https://car.mitre.org/analytics/CAR-2019-04-004/
kb-reference-title: CAR-2019-04-004: Credential Dumping via Mimikatz
kb-abstract: Credential dumpers like Mimikatz can be loaded into memory and from there read data from another processes. This analytic looks for instances where processes are requesting specific permissions to read parts of the LSASS process in order to detect when credential dumping is occurring. One weakness is that all current implementations are "overtuned" to look for common access patterns used by Mimikatz.
kb-author: MITRE
kb-organization: MITRE

Reference - CAR-2019-08-001: Credential Dumping via Windows Task Manager - MITRE
type: NamedIndividual
type: External Knowledge Base
kb-reference-of: System Call Analysis
has-link: https://car.mitre.org/analytics/CAR-2019-08-001/
kb-reference-title: CAR-2019-08-001: Credential Dumping via Windows Task Manager
kb-abstract: The Windows Task Manager may be used to dump the memory space of lsass.exe to disk for processing with a credential access tool such as Mimikatz. This is performed by launching Task Manager as a privileged user, selecting lsass.exe, and clicking "Create dump file". This saves a dump file to disk with a deterministic name that includes the name of the process being dumped. This requires filesystem data to determine whether files have been created.
kb-author: MITRE
kb-organization: MITRE

Reference - Cyber Command System (CYCS)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Internet Article Reference
kb-reference-of: Operational Dependency Mapping
has-link: https://www.mitre.org/research/technology-transfer/technology-licensing/cyber-command-system-cycs
kb-reference-title: Cyber Command System (CYCS)
kb-abstract: MITRE’s Cyber Command System (CyCS) tool addresses the objective of improved mission assurance in cyberspace by enabling the mapping of mission operations to the network operations that support those missions. This tool provides mission-impact assessment through situational awareness and impact analysis. CyCS addresses mission-assurance challenges for highly distributed enterprise systems of systems through vulnerability, threat, and consequence management.
kb-organization: MITRE

Reference - Cyber vaccine and predictive-malware-defense methods and systems
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: File Content Analysis
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US10848519B2/
kb-reference-title: Cyber vaccine and predictive-malware-defense methods and systems
kb-abstract: Methods and systems for Predictive Malware Defense (PMD) are described. The systems and methods can utilize advanced machine-learning (ML) techniques to generate malware defenses preemptively. Embodiments of PMD can utilize models, which are trained on features extracted from malware families, to predict possible courses of malware evolution. PMD captures these predicted future evolutions in signatures of as yet unseen malware variants to function as a malware vaccine. These signatures of predicted future malware “evolutions” can be added to the training set of a machine-learning (ML) based malware detection and/or mitigation system so that it can detect these new variants as they arrive.
kb-author: Michael Howard, Avi Pfeifer, Mukesh Dalal, Michael Reposa
kb-organization: Charles River Analytics Inc.

Reference - Cybersecurity Incident and Vulnerability Response Playbooks
type: NamedIndividual
type: Guideline Reference
has-link: https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Federal_Government_Cybersecurity_Incident_and_Vulnerability_Response_Playbooks_508C.pdf
kb-reference-title: Cybersecurity Incident & Vulnerability Response Playbooks
kb-author: Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency
kb-organization: Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency

Reference - CAR-2013-10-002: DLL Injection via Load Library - MITRE
type: NamedIndividual
type: External Knowledge Base
kb-reference-of: System Call Analysis
has-link: https://car.mitre.org/analytics/CAR-2013-10-002/
kb-reference-title: CAR-2013-10-002: DLL Injection via Load Library
kb-abstract: Microsoft Windows allows for processes to remotely create threads within other processes of the same privilege level. This functionality is provided via the Windows API CreateRemoteThread. Both Windows and third-party software use this ability for legitimate purposes. For example, the Windows process csrss.exe creates threads in programs to send signals to registered callback routines. Both adversaries and host-based security software use this functionality to inject DLLs, but for very different purposes. An adversary is likely to inject into a program to evade defenses or bypass User Account Control, but a security program might do this to gain increased monitoring of API calls. One of the most common methods of DLL Injection is through the Windows API LoadLibrary. Allocate memory in the target program with VirtualAllocEx Write the name of the DLL to inject into this program with WriteProcessMemory Create a new thread and set its entry point to LoadLibrary using the API CreateRemoteThread. This behavior can be detected by looking for thread creations across processes, and resolving the entry point to determine the function name. If the function is LoadLibraryA or LoadLibraryW, then the intent of the remote thread is clearly to inject a DLL. When this is the case, the source process must be examined so that it can be ignored when it is both expected and a trusted process.
kb-author: MITRE
kb-organization: MITRE

Reference - DNS Whitelist (DNSWL) Email Authentication Method Extension
type: NamedIndividual
type: Specification Reference
kb-reference-of: DNS Allowlisting
has-link: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8904
kb-reference-title: DNS Whitelist (DNSWL) Email Authentication Method Extension

Reference - /DYNAMICBASE (Use address space layout randomization) - Microsoft Docs
type: NamedIndividual
type: User Manual Reference
kb-reference-of: Segment Address Offset Randomization
has-link: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/build/reference/dynamicbase-use-address-space-layout-randomization
kb-reference-title: /DYNAMICBASE (Use address space layout randomization)
kb-author: Microsoft
kb-organization: Microsoft

Reference - Dagger Fact Sheet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Internet Article Reference
kb-reference-of: Operational Dependency Mapping
has-link: https://www.jhuapl.edu/dagger/documents/DaggerFactSheet.pdf
kb-reference-title: Dagger Fact Sheet
kb-abstract: Dagger is a modeling and visualization tool suite that shows how system failures impact mission status. Updated with manual or real-time status, Dagger is used for mission/system planning, situational awareness during mission execution, and course-of-action analysis.
kb-author: Jackie Soenneker
kb-organization: JHU APL

Reference - Dagger: Modeling and visualization for mission impact situational awareness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Academic Paper Reference
kb-reference-of: Operational Dependency Mapping
has-link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7795296
kb-reference-title: Dagger: Modeling and visualization for mission impact situational awareness
kb-abstract: Dagger is a modeling and visualization framework that addresses the challenge of representing knowledge and information for decision-makers, enabling them to better comprehend the operational context of network security data. It allows users to answer critical questions such as “Given that I care about mission X, is there any reason I should be worried about what is going on in cyberspace?” or “If this system fails, will I still be able to accomplish my mission?”.
kb-author: Elisha Peterson
kb-organization: JHU APL

Reference - Mitigate threats by using Windows 10 security features: Data Execution Prevention - Microsoft
type: NamedIndividual
type: User Manual Reference
kb-reference-of: Process Segment Execution Prevention
has-link: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/overview-of-threat-mitigations-in-windows-10#data-execution-prevention
kb-reference-title: Mitigate threats by using Windows 10 security features: Data Execution Prevention
kb-abstract: Malware depends on its ability to insert a malicious payload into memory with the hope that it will be executed later. Wouldn't it be great if you could prevent malware from running if it wrote to an area that has been allocated solely for the storage of information? Data Execution Prevention (DEP) does exactly that, by substantially reducing the range of memory that malicious code can use for its benefit. DEP uses the No eXecute bit on modern CPUs to mark blocks of memory as read-only so that those blocks can't be used to execute malicious code that may be inserted by means of a vulnerability exploit.
kb-author: Nick Schonning, Daniel Simpson, Marty Hernandez Avedon, Trond B. Krokli, jreeds, jcaparas, Andres Mariano Gorzelany, Tina Burden, Thomas Raya, Justin Hall, justanotheranonymoususer, Liza Poggemeyer, Dani Halfin, imba-tjd (Authors for entire page)
kb-organization: Microsoft

Reference - Data processing and scanning systems for generating and populating a data inventory
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Data Inventory
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US11240273B2/
kb-reference-title: Data processing and scanning systems for generating and populating a data inventory
kb-abstract: In particular embodiments, a data processing data inventory generation system is configured to: (1) generate a data model (e.g., a data inventory) for one or more data assets utilized by a particular organization; (2) generate a respective data inventory for each of the one or more data assets; and (3) map one or more relationships between one or more aspects of the data inventory, the one or more data assets, etc. within the data model. In particular embodiments, a data asset (e.g., data system, software application, etc.) may include, for example, any entity that collects, processes, contains, and/or transfers personal data (e.g., such as a software application, “internet of things” computerized device, database, website, data-center, server, etc.). The system may be configured to identify particular data assets and/or personal data in data repositories using any suitable intelligent identity scanning technique.
kb-author: Kabir A. Barday, Mihir S. Karanjkar, Steven W. Finch, Ken A. Browne, Nathan W. Heard, Aakash H. Patel, Jason L. Sabourin, Richard L. Daniel, Dylan D. Patton-Kuhl, Jonathan Blake Brannon
kb-organization: OneTrust LLC

Reference - Database for receiving, storing and compiling information about email messages
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Domain Name Reputation Analysis
kb-reference-of: IP Reputation Analysis
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20050091319A1/
kb-reference-title: Database for receiving, storing and compiling information about email messages
kb-author: Steven Kirsch

Reference - Dead code elimination
type: NamedIndividual
type: Academic Paper Reference
kb-reference-of: Dead Code Elimination
has-link: https://nebelwelt.net/files/15LangSec.pdf
kb-reference-title: The Correctness-Security Gap in Compiler Optimization
kb-abstract: There is a significant body of work devoted to testing, verifying, and certifying the correctness of optimizing compilers. The focus of such work is to determine if source code and optimized code have the same functional semantics. In this paper, we introduce the correctness-security gap, which arises when a compiler optimization preserves the functionality of but violates a security guarantee made by source code. We show with concrete code examples that several standard optimizations, which have been formally proved correct, inhabit this correctness-security gap. We analyze this gap and conclude that it arises due to techniques that model the state of the program but not the state of the underlying machine. We propose a broad research program whose goal is to identify, understand, and mitigate the impact of security errors introduced by compiler optimizations. Our proposal includes research in testing, program analysis, theorem proving, and the development of new, accurate machine models for reasoning about the impact of compiler optimizations on security.
kb-author: Vijay D'Silva, Mathias Payer, Dawn Song
kb-organization: Google Inc, Purdue University, UC Berkeley

Reference - CAR-2014-11-003: Debuggers for Accessibility Applications - MITRE
type: NamedIndividual
type: External Knowledge Base
kb-reference-of: Process Lineage Analysis
has-link: https://car.mitre.org/analytics/CAR-2014-11-006/
kb-reference-title: CAR-2014-11-003: Debuggers for Accessibility Applications
kb-abstract: The Windows Registry location HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options allows for parameters to be set for applications during execution. One feature used by malicious actors is the "Debugger" option. When a key has this value enabled, a Debugging command line can be specified. Windows will launch the Debugging command line, and pass the original command line in as an argument. Adversaries can set a Debugger for Accessibility Applications. The analytic looks for the original command line as an argument to the Debugger. When the strings "sethc.exe", "utilman.exe", "osk.exe", "narrator.exe", and "Magnify.exe" are detected in the arguments, but not as the main executable, it is very likely that a Debugger is set. This analytic could depend on the possibility of the known strings used as arguments for other applications used in the day-to-day environment. Although the chance of the string "sethc.exe" being used as an argument for another application is unlikely, it still is a possibility.
kb-author: MITRE
kb-organization: MITRE

Reference - Deception-Based Responses to Security Attacks - Crowdstrike Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Decoy Network Resource
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20140250524A1/en
kb-reference-title: Deception-Based Responses to Security Attacks
kb-abstract: Deception-based techniques for responding to security attacks are described herein. The techniques include transitioning a security attack to a monitored computing device posing as a computing device impacted by the security attack and enabling the adversary to obtain deceptive information from the monitored computing device. Also, the adversary may obtain a document configured to report identifying information of an entity opening the document, thereby identifying the adversary associated with the attack. Further, the techniques include determining that a domain specified in a domain name request is associated with malicious activity and responding to the request with a network address of a monitored computing device to cause the requesting process to communicate with the monitored computing device in place of an adversary server. Additionally, a service may monitor dormant domains names associated with malicious activity and, in response to a change, respond with an alert or a configuration update.
kb-author: Adam S. Meyers; Dmitri Alperovitch; George Robert Kurtz; David F. Diehl; Sven Krasser
kb-organization: Crowdstrike Inc

Reference - Decoy and deceptive data object technology - Cymmetria Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Decoy Session Token
kb-reference-of: Decoy User Credential
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20170134423A1
kb-reference-title: Decoy and deceptive data object technology
kb-abstract: A computer implemented method of detecting unauthorized access to a protected network by monitoring a dynamically updated deception environment, comprising launching, on one or more decoy endpoints, one or more decoy operating system (OS) managing one or more of a plurality of deception applications mapping a plurality of applications executed in a protected network, updating dynamically a usage indication for a plurality of deception data objects deployed in the protected network to emulate usage of the plurality of deception data objects for accessing the deception application(s) wherein the plurality of deception data objects are configured to trigger an interaction with the deception application(s) when used, detecting usage of data contained in the deception data object(s) by monitoring the interaction and identifying one or more potential unauthorized operations based on analysis of the detection.
kb-author: Dean Sysman; Gadi Evron; Imri Goldberg; Itamar Sher; Shmuel Ur
kb-organization: Cymmetria Inc

Reference - Decoy Network-Based Service for Deceiving Attackers - Amazon Technologies
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Decoy User Credential
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US10873601B1
kb-reference-title: Decoy network-based service for deceiving attackers
kb-abstract: A decoy network-based service uses a decoy credential to lure an attacker to access the decoy network-based service, and monitors the attacker's activity with respect to the decoy network-based service to determine the attacker's motivation. In various examples, a decoy credential is published on an Internet-accessible site, and a system that provides a network-based service (e.g., a service provider network) subsequently receives an access request from a computing device that includes the decoy credential. Based on the decoy credential, the computing device may be provided access to a decoy network-based service, and application programming interface (API) calls made by the computing device may be routed through a decoy control plane. The data relating to the API calls may be stored and analyzed to determine a motivation of the attacker, which may be used in various downstream applications to improve security for customers of the network-based service.
kb-author: Thomas Stickle
kb-mitre-analysis: MITRE analysis was not found.
kb-organization: Amazon Technologies

Reference - Decoy Personas for Safeguarding Online Identity Using Deception - MITRE
type: NamedIndividual
type: Internet Article Reference
kb-reference-of: Decoy Persona
has-link: https://web.archive.org/web/20180407204216/https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Decoy+Personas+for+Safeguarding+Online+Identity+Using+Deception/16159
kb-reference-title: Decoy Personas for Safeguarding Online Identity Using Deception
kb-abstract: What if online scammers weren't sure whether the user account they are targeting is really yours, or whether the information they compiled about you is real? It's worth considering whether decoy online personas might help in the quest to safeguard our digital identities and data. I believe deception tactics, such as selective and careful use of honeypots, holds promise for defending enterprise IT resources. Some forms of deception could also protect individuals against online scammers and other attackers. This approach might not be quite practical today for most people, but in the future we might find it both necessary and achievable. Human attackers and malicious software pursue user accounts and data on-line through harvesting, phishing, password-guessing, software vulnerabilities, and various other means. How might we use decoys to confuse, misdirect, slow down and detect adversaries engaged in such activities? ... The wealth of personal details available on social networking sites allows attackers to target individuals using social engineering, secret question-guessing and other techniques. For some examples of such approaches, see The Use of Fake or Fraudulent LinkedIn Profiles and Data Mining Resumes for Computer Attack Reconnaissance. Setting up one or more fake social network profiles (e.g., on Facebook) that use the person's real name can help the individual deflect the attack or can act as an early warning of an impending attack. A decoy profile could purposefully expose some inaccurate information, while the person's real profile would be more carefully concealed using the site's privacy settings. Decoy profiles would be associated with spamtrap email addresses. Similarly, the person could expose decoy profiles on other sites, for instance those reveal shopping habits (e.g., Amazon), musings (e.g., Twitter), skills (e.g., GitHub), travel (e.g., TripIt), affections (e.g., Pinterest), music taste (e.g., Pandora) and so on. The person's decoy identities coul…
kb-author: Lenny Zeltser
kb-organization: SANS

Reference - Detecting DDoS Attack Using Snort
type: NamedIndividual
type: Academic Paper Reference
kb-reference-of: Inbound Session Volume Analysis
has-link: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338660054_DETECTING_DDoS_ATTACK_USING_Snort
kb-reference-title: DETECTING DDoS ATTACK USING Snort
kb-abstract: A DDoS (Distributed Denial-of-Service) attack is very common and easy toexecute and does not require any sophisticated tools. It can happen to anyone. In this project we deploy snort in our home network as a NIDS (Network Intrusion Detection System) to detect a DDoS attack and prevent it.
kb-author: Manas Gogoi, Sourav Mishra
kb-organization: Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad

Reference - Detecting network reconnaissance by tracking intranet dark-net communications - VECTRA NETWORKS Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Connection Attempt Analysis
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20150264078A1
kb-reference-title: Detecting network reconnaissance by tracking intranet dark-net communications
kb-abstract: A method and system for detecting network reconnaissance is disclosed wherein network traffic can be parsed into unidirectional flows that correspond to sessions. A learning module may categorize computing entities inside the network into assets and generate asset data to monitor the computing entities. If one or more computing entities address a flow to an address of a host that no longer exists, ghost asset data may be recorded and updated in the asset data. When a computing entity inside the network contacts an object in the dark-net, the computing entity may be recorded a potential mapper. When the computing entity tries to contact a number of objects in the dark-net, such that a computed threshold is exceeded, the computing entity is identified a malicious entity performing network reconnaissance.
kb-author: Nicolas BEAUCHESNE; Sungwook Yoon
kb-mitre-analysis: This patent describes detecting an attacker performing internal reconnaissance within an organization's network to gather intelligence about the configuration of the network or identify the next target. Network packets are collected (ex. tapped from a network switch) and processed to create flows that are used to map out the network to identify network assets as well as ghost assets (addresses not assigned to a device or an existing device that is temporarily disabled). Once this mapping is complete it is used to monitor the network to determine if an attacker is attempting to connect to a ghost asset. If an attacker attempts to connect to a ghost asset over a threshold (ex. contacting four ghost assets in less than seven minutes), an alert is generated.
kb-organization: VECTRA NETWORKS Inc

Reference - Detecting script-based malware - Crowdstrike Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: File Content Rules
kb-reference-of: Script Execution Analysis
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20190188384A1
kb-reference-title: Detecting script-based malware
kb-abstract: Described herein are systems, techniques, and computer program products for preventing execution, by a scripting engine, of harmful commands that may be introduced by computer malware or other mechanisms. The system identifies certain host processes that may attempt to utilize a hosted scripting engine. An unmanaged interface module is injected into an identified host process. The unmanaged interface module is configured to detect certain conditions indicating the likelihood that a scripting engine will be instantiated, and in response to inject a managed interface module into the host process. The managed interface module hooks into certain methods of the scripting engine to intercept commands before they are executed by the scripting engine. The managed and unmanaged interface components then communicate with a kernel-mode threat detection component to determine whether any commands should be blocked.
kb-author: Ion-Alexandru IONESCU; Satoshi Tanda
kb-mitre-analysis: The patent describes techniques that can be implemented to detect and block malicious commands and command scripts from being executed by scripting engines. ### Script Execution Monitoring explanation This patent describes software installed on the host system that hooks into methods of a scripting engine to intercept commands before they are executed and block commands if they are determined to be harmful. For example regular expression checking may be used to identify commands having malicious patterns. Expression checking may be used for script files as well as interactively - typed commands. ### File Content Signatures explanation This patent includes File Content Signatures because in the case of a script file, a hash of the file is compared against hashes of known malicious script files to determine whether the script file is malicious.
kb-organization: Crowdstrike Inc

Reference - Detection of Malicious IDNHomoglyph Domains
type: NamedIndividual
type: Internet Article Reference
kb-reference-of: Homoglyph Denylisting
has-link: http://essay.utwente.nl/79263/1/Yazdani_MA_EEMCS.pdf
kb-reference-title: Detection of Malicious IDN Homoglyph Domains Using Active DNS Measurements
kb-abstract: At early stages of Internet development, users were only able to register or access domains with ASCII characters. The introduction of IDN (Internationalized Domain Name) which uses the larger Unicode character set, made it possible for regional users to deal with domain names using their local language alphabet. Beside the advantages provided by IDN, a new type of network threats has also emerged. The reason behind this is that there are many similar-looking characters in Unicode system, called homoglyphs. These characters could be used by an attacker to lure users by replacing one or more characters of a benign domain.
kb-author: Ramin Yazdani
kb-organization: University of Twente

Reference - Deterministic method for detecting and blocking of exploits on interpreted code - K2 Cyber Security Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: System Call Analysis
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20190180036A1/en
kb-reference-title: Deterministic method for detecting and blocking of exploits on interpreted code
kb-abstract: In one aspect, a method useful for preventing exploitation of a vulnerability in an interpreted code by monitoring and validating an execution of the interpreted code in a script file by an application server, includes the step of generating a mapping for an incoming network connection to a specified script file to be executed by an application server. The computerized method includes the step of inserting a hook for monitoring an application programming interface (API) call or a privileged instruction executed by the application server. The computerized method includes the step of inserting a validation code configured to validate the API call or the privileged instruction executed by the interpreted code in a script.
kb-author: Jayant Shukla
kb-mitre-analysis: This patent describes a technique for monitoring API calls. During execution of interpreted code the observed API calls are validated against a whitelist of API calls for that interpreted code file. Action is taken if the observed API call is not in accordance with the list.
kb-organization: K2 Cyber Security Inc

Reference - Digital Identity Guidelines 800-63-3
type: NamedIndividual
type: Guideline Reference
kb-reference-of: Strong Password Policy
has-link: https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-63-3.pdf
kb-reference-title: Digital Identity Guidelines
kb-author: NIST
kb-organization: NIST

Reference - Distributed meta-information query in a network - Bit 9 Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: File Content Rules
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20070028302A1/en
kb-reference-title: Distributed meta-information query in a network
kb-abstract: A security system provides a defense from known and unknown viruses, worms, spyware, hackers, and social engineering attacks. The system can implement centralized policies that allow an administrator to approve, block, quarantine, and log file activities. A server associated with a number of hosts can provide a query for host computers to access security-related meta-information in local host stores. The query is pulled from the server by the hosts. The results of the distributed host query are stored and merged on the server, and exported for display, reports, or security response.
kb-author: Todd Brennan; John Hanratty
kb-mitre-analysis: Provides a mechanism to detect, monitor, locate, and control files installed on host computers. Each host has a host agent that analyzes file system activity and takes action based on policies configured on a server. The policies identify whether to block, log, allow, or quarantine actions such as file accesses and execution of executables. Examples of policies include: * Block/log execution of new executables and detached scripts (e.g., .exe or .bat) * Block/log reading/execution of new embedded content (e.g., macros in .doc) * Block/log installation/modification of Web content (alteration of content in .html or .cgi files) * Block/log execution of new files in an administratively defined 'class'; e.g., an administrator might want to block screen savers .scr, but not the entire class of executables .exe, .dll, .sys, etc . . .
kb-organization: Bit 9 Inc

Reference - Domain age registration alert - Inc Rapid7 Inc RAPID7 Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: DNS Traffic Analysis
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20170026400A1/
kb-reference-title: Domain age registration alert
kb-abstract: Systems and methods of identifying a security risk by monitoring and generating alerts based on attempts to access web domains that have been registered within a short period of time and are therefore identified as "high-risk," including identifying an attempt to access a domain; receiving a registration date of the domain; and detecting a security risk based on the registration date of the domain.
kb-author: Samuel Adams; H D. Moore
kb-organization: Rapid7 Inc.

Reference - RFC 6376: DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) Signatures - IETF
type: NamedIndividual
type: Specification Reference
kb-reference-of: Transfer Agent Authentication
has-link: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6376
kb-reference-title: RFC 6376: DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) Signatures
kb-abstract: DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) permits a person, role, or organization that owns the signing domain to claim some responsibility for a message by associating the domain with the message. This can be an author's organization, an operational relay, or one of their agents. DKIM separates the question of the identity of the Signer of the message from the purported author of the message. Assertion of responsibility is validated through a cryptographic signature and by querying the Signer's domain directly to retrieve the appropriate public key. Message transit from author to recipient is through relays that typically make no substantive change to the message content and thus preserve the DKIM signature.
kb-author: D. Crocker, T. Hansen, M. Kucherawy
kb-organization: Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

Reference - Dynamic selection and generation of a virtual clone for detonation of suspicious content within a honey network - Palo Alto Networks Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Decoy Network Resource
kb-reference-of: Standalone Honeynet
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US9882929B1/en
kb-reference-title: Dynamic selection and generation of a virtual clone for detonation of suspicious content within a honey network
kb-abstract: Techniques for dynamic selection and generation of detonation location of suspicious content with a honey network are disclosed. In some embodiments, a system for dynamic selection and generation of detonation location of suspicious content with a honey network includes a virtual machine (VM) instance manager that manages a plurality of virtual clones executed in an instrumented VM environment, in which the plurality of virtual clones executed in the instrumented VM environment correspond to the honey network that emulates a plurality of devices in an enterprise network; and an intelligent malware detonator that detonates a malware sample in at least one of the plurality of virtual clones executed in the instrumented VM environment.
kb-author: Taylor Ettema; Huagang Xie
kb-organization: Palo Alto Networks Inc

Reference - Embedding contexts for on-line threats into response policy zones - Verisign Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Hierarchical Domain Denylisting
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US10440059B1
kb-reference-title: Embedding contexts for on-line threats into response policy zones
kb-abstract: Hierarchical threat intelligence embedded in subdomain CNAMEs of a DNS denylist. In one embodiment, a response policy zone (RPZ) application generates an RPZ that includes contexts for the on-line threats that are associated with domain names. For a domain name that is associated with an on-line threat, the RPZ application determines a threat specification that describes a characteristic of the on-line threat. The RPZ application then generates an alias based on the domain name and the threat specification. Subsequently, the RPZ application generates a domain name system (DNS) resource record that maps the domain name to the alias, includes the resource record in the RPZ, and transmits the RPZ to a DNS name server that implements the RPZ. Upon receiving a DNS query associated with the domain name, the DNS name server generates a DNS response based on the alias. Because the domain name and the threat specification is reflected in the alias, the DNS response automatically provides a relevant context.
kb-author: Ben McCarty
kb-mitre-analysis: MITRE Analysis was not found.

Reference - End-to-end certificate pinning
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Certificate Pinning
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US9847992B2/en
kb-reference-title: End-to-end Certificate Pinning
kb-abstract: Some embodiments implement end-to-end certificate pinning for content intake from various content providers and for content distribution to various end users. To ensure secure retrieval of content provider content, the content distributor pins the content provider to one or more certificate authorities.
kb-author: Tin Zaw, Reed Morrison, Robert J. Peters
kb-organization: Verizon Digital Media Services Inc

Reference - Enhancing Network Security By Preventing User-Initiated Malware Execution - MITRE
type: NamedIndividual
type: Academic Paper Reference
kb-reference-of: Executable Allowlisting
has-link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1425209
kb-reference-title: Enhancing Network Security By Preventing User-Initiated Malware Execution
kb-abstract: In this paper, we describe characteristics of the most widely used defense techniques for the blocking of user-initiated malware and why these techniques are insufficient. We then introduce a module verification strategy that will eliminate, or at least severely reduce, this problem by extending the classic "defense in depth" network security strategy. We then describe how the augmentation of a standard operating system loader to include references to a database of cryptographic hashes of module executables can be used to implement this strategy. Finally, we describe our efforts towards the creation of a prototype system that implements the module verification strategy.
kb-author: John V. Harrison
kb-mitre-analysis: This paper describes application whitelisting. New software executable code is compared to a database of allowed software to determine if the new executable code should be loaded and executed. A database of cryptographic hashes is first created for all allowed software executables. Prior to loading any new executable code, a hash is computed and compared against the hash database. If the hash for the new code does not appear in the database, the executable is not loaded and executed.

Reference - CAR-2013-05-004: Execution with AT - MITRE
type: NamedIndividual
type: External Knowledge Base
kb-reference-of: Scheduled Job Analysis
has-link: https://car.mitre.org/analytics/CAR-2013-05-004/
kb-reference-title: CAR-2013-05-004: Execution with AT
kb-abstract: In order to gain persistence, privilege escalation, or remote execution, an adversary may use the Windows built-in command AT (at.exe) to schedule a command to be run at a specified time, date, and even host. This method has been used by adversaries and administrators alike. Its use may lead to detection of compromised hosts and compromised users if it is used to move laterally. The built-in Windows tool schtasks.exe (CAR-2013-08-001) offers greater flexibility when creating, modifying, and enumerating tasks. For these reasons, schtasks.exe is more commonly used by administrators, tools/scripts, and power users.

Reference - CAR-2013-08-001: Execution with schtasks - MITRE
type: NamedIndividual
type: External Knowledge Base
kb-reference-of: Scheduled Job Analysis
has-link: https://car.mitre.org/analytics/CAR-2013-08-001/
kb-reference-title: CAR-2013-08-001: Execution with schtasks
kb-abstract: The Windows built-in tool schtasks.exe provides the creation, modification, and running of scheduled tasks on a local or remote computer. It is provided as a more flexible alternative to at.exe, described in CAR-2013-05-004. Although used by adversaries, the tool is also legitimately used by administrators, scripts, and software configurations. The scheduled tasks tool can be used to gain Persistence and can be used in combination with a Lateral Movement technique to remotely gain execution. Additionally, the command has parameters to specify the user and password responsible for creating the task, as well as the user and password combination that the task will run as. The /s flag will cause a task to run as the SYSTEM user, usually indicating privilege escalation.

Reference - FWTK - Firewall Toolkit
type: NamedIndividual
type: Internet Article Reference
has-link: https://blogs.gartner.com/john_pescatore/2008/10/02/this-week-in-network-security-history-the-firewall-toolkit/
kb-reference-title: FWTK - Firewall Toolkit
kb-abstract: delivered to DARPA in ~1993

Reference - FWTK Documentation - fwtk.org
type: NamedIndividual
type: Technique Reference
kb-reference-of: Inbound Traffic Filtering
has-link: https://web.archive.org/web/20070510153306/http://www.fwtk.org/fwtk/docs/documentation.html#1.1
kb-reference-title: FWTK Documentation
kb-abstract: In case you don't already know, FWTK stands for the FireW all Tool Kit. It is used as a base to create a secure firewall system. If you need good documentation, please read the source code. If you are not familiar with C or do not feel comfortable with performing the configuration and security verification yourself, then I would suggest that you purchase a commercial firewall from a vendor (such as TIS, Checkpoint, Raptor, etc.). A machine needs other tools to secure it, including, but hardly limited to, tools to check files (tripwire), audit tools (tiger/cops), secure access methods (kerberos/ssh), something to watch logs and machine states (swatch/watcher some to mind) and filtering and routing tools such as screend/ipfilterd/ipacl. Again, I would recommend that you do not proceed to build a production FWTK firewall unless you are familiar with UNIX security.
kb-author: fwtk.org
kb-organization: fwtk.org

Reference - File-modifying malware detection - Crowdstrike Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: File Access Pattern Analysis
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20180121650A1/en
kb-reference-title: File-modifying malware detection
kb-abstract: A security agent implemented on a computing device is described herein. The security agent is configured to detect file-modifying malware by detecting that a process is traversing a directory of the memory of the computing device and detecting that the process is accessing files in the memory according to specified file access patterns. The security agent can also be configured to correlate actions of multiple processes that correspond to a specified file access pattern and detect that one or more of the multiple processes are malware by correlating their behavior.
kb-author: Daniel W. Brown
kb-mitre-analysis: This patent describes a technique for detecting file modifying malware such as wipers and ransomware that overwrite portions of files and encrypt portions of a computer's memory, respectively. Processes that are traversing a directory are identified along with file access patterns. Processes executing on a computing device that are traversing a directory include: * changing a directory of a process (e.g., iteratively, systematically, repeatedly) * detecting that a process is conducting an "open directory" operation repeatedly * the same process traversing through a directory and recording the locations of data files encountered in each sub - directory In addition to identifying processes traversing a directory, particular file access patterns are also detected that may be indicative of malicious behavior including: * multiple file types being accessed * accessing a large number of files * files located in multiple locations in the directory being accessed If a process is conducting a traversal of the directory and accessing files according to a defined access pattern associated with malicious behavior, a preventative action is performed.
kb-organization: Crowdstrike Inc

Reference - File and Folder Permissions
type: NamedIndividual
type: User Manual Reference
kb-reference-of: Local File Permissions
has-link: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-2000-server/bb727008(v=technet.10)
kb-reference-title: File and Folder Permissions
kb-organization: Microsoft

Reference - File Integrity Monitoring in Microsoft Defender for Cloud - Microsoft
type: NamedIndividual
type: User Manual Reference
kb-reference-of: File Integrity Monitoring
has-link: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/defender-for-cloud/file-integrity-monitoring-overview
kb-reference-title: File Integrity Monitoring in Microsoft Defender for Cloud
kb-organization: Microsoft

Reference - Finding phishing sites
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Domain Name Reputation Analysis
kb-reference-of: IP Reputation Analysis
kb-reference-of: URL Reputation Analysis
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US8839418B2/
kb-reference-title: Finding phishing sites
kb-author: Geoffrey John Hulten, Paul Stephen Rehfuss, Robert Rounthwaite, Joshua Theodore Goodman, Gopalakrishnan Seshadrinathan, Anthony P. Penta, Manav Mishra, Roderic C. Deyo, Elliott Jeb Haber, David Aaron Ward Snelling

Reference - Firewall for interent access - Secure Computing LLC
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Inbound Traffic Filtering
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/GB2317539A
kb-reference-title: Firewall for interent access
kb-abstract: Regulating the flow of internetwork connections through a firewall (10) having a network protocol stack (14,16,18) which includes an Internet Protocol (IP) layer (16). A determination is made of the parameters characteristic of a connection request, including a netelement parameter characteristic of where the connection request came from. A query is generated and a determination is made whether there is a rule corresponding to that query. If there is a rule corresponding to the query, a determination is made whether authentication is required by the rule. If authentication is required by the rule, an authentication protocol is activated and the connection is activated if the authentication protocol is completed successfully.
kb-author: Edward B Stockwell, Alan E Klietz
kb-organization: Secure Computing LLC

Reference - Firewall for processing a connectionless network packet - National Security Agency
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Inbound Traffic Filtering
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US7073196B1
kb-reference-title: Firewall for processing a connectionless network packet
kb-abstract: The present invention is a device for and method of accessing a network by initializing a database, an approved list, and a disapproved list; receiving an connectionless network packet; computing a flow tag based on the connectionless network packet; discarding the connectionless network packet and returning to the second step if the flow tag is on the disapproved list; allowing access to the network and returning to the second step if the flow tag is on the approved list; comparing the flow tag to the database if the flow tag is not on the approved list or the disapproved list; discarding the connectionless network packet, adding the flow tag to the disapproved list, and returning to the second step if the database rejects the flow tag; and allowing access to the network, adding the flow tag to the approved list, and returning to the second step if the database accepts the flow tag.
kb-author: Patrick W. Dowd, John T. McHenry
kb-organization: National Security Agency

Reference - Firewall for processing connection-oriented and connectionless datagrams over a connection-oriented network - National Security Agency
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Inbound Traffic Filtering
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US6615358B1
kb-reference-title: Firewall for processing connection-oriented and connectionless datagrams over a connection-oriented network
kb-abstract: The present invention is a device for and method of accessing an information network by initializing a database, an ATM approved list, an IP approved list, and an IP disapproved list; receiving a datagram; discarding the datagram if it is not on the ATM approved list; determining the datagram's type; allowing access to the network and comparing the connection request, if any, to the database if the datagram is ATM signaling; discarding the datagram if the datagram is ATM signaling and the database denies the request; adding the request to the ATM approved list if the datagram is ATM signaling and the database allows the request; allowing access to the network if the datagram is ATM data that excludes IP data and the request is on the ATM approved list; computing a flow tag if the datagram is ATM data that includes IP data; discarding the datagram if the flow tag is on the IP disapproved list; allowing access to the network if the flow tag is on the IP approved list; comparing the flow tag to the database if the flow tag is neither on the IP approved list nor on the IP disapproved list; discarding the datagram and adding the flow tag to the IP disapproved list if the database rejects the flow tag; and allowing access to the network and adding the flow tag to the corresponding approved list if the database accepts the flow tag; and performing these steps on the next datagram
kb-author: Patrick W. Dowd, John T. McHenry
kb-organization: National Security Agency

Reference - Firewalls that filter based upon protocol commands - Intel Corp
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Inbound Traffic Filtering
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US6832256B1
kb-reference-title: Firewalls that filter based upon protocol commands
kb-abstract: Data transfer is controlled between a first network and a second network of computers by a firewall-proxy combination. Active interpretation of protocol commands exchanged between the first network and the second network is performed to determine specific actions concerning completion of the protocol request. This active firewall-proxy combination may exist on either the first or second network of computers. This method of control provides centralized control and administration for all potentially reachable resources within a network.
kb-author: James E. Toga
kb-organization: Intel Corp

Reference - Firmware Behavior Analysis ConFirm
type: NamedIndividual
type: Academic Paper Reference
kb-reference-of: Firmware Behavior Analysis
has-link: http://sites.nyuad.nyu.edu/moma/pdfs/pubs/C22.pdf
kb-reference-title: ConFirm: Detecting Firmware Modifications in Embedded Systems using Hardware Performance Counters
kb-abstract: The modernization of various critical infrastructure components has dictated the use of microprocessor-based embedded control systems in critical applications. It is often infeasible, however, to employ the same level of security measures used in general purpose computing systems, due to the stringent performance and resource constraints of embedded devices. Furthermore, as software relies on the firmware for proper operation, no software-level technique can detect malicious behavior of the firmware. In this work, we propose ConFirm, a low-cost technique to detect malicious modifications in the firmware of embedded systems by measuring the number of low-level hardware events that occur during the execution of the firmware.
kb-author: Xueyang Wang, Charalambos Konstantinou, Michail Maniatakos, Ramesh Karri
kb-organization: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Polytechnic School of Engineering, New York University and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi

Reference - Firmware Behavior Analysis VIPER
type: NamedIndividual
type: Academic Paper Reference
kb-reference-of: Firmware Behavior Analysis
has-link: https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2046707.2046711
kb-reference-title: VIPER: Verifying the Integrity of PERipherals' Firmware
kb-abstract: Recent research demonstrates that malware can infect peripherals' firmware in a typical x86 computer system, e.g., by exploiting vulnerabilities in the firmware itself or in the firmware update tools. Verifying the integrity of peripherals' firmware is thus an important challenge. We propose software-only attestation protocols to verify the integrity of peripherals' firmware, and show that they can detect all known software-based attacks.
kb-author: Yanlin Li, Jonathan M. McCune, Adrian Perrig
kb-organization: CyLab, Carnegie Mellon University

Reference - Firmware Embedded Monitoring Code Red Balloon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Firmware Embedded Monitoring Code
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US10657262B1/en
kb-reference-title: Method and apparatus for securing embedded device firmware
kb-abstract: Systems and methods for securing embedded devices via both online and offline defensive strategies. One or more security software components may be injected into firmware binary to create a modified firmware binary, which is functionally- and size-equivalent to the original firmware binary. The security software components may retrieve live forensic information related to embedded devices for use in live hardening of the modified firmware binary while the embedded device is online, dynamically patching the firmware
kb-author: Ang Cui, Salvatore J. Stolfo
kb-organization: Red Balloon Security, Inc

Reference - Firmware Embedded Monitoring Code Symbiotes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Academic Paper Reference
kb-reference-of: Firmware Embedded Monitoring Code
has-link: http://nsl.cs.columbia.edu/projects/minestrone/papers/Symbiotes.pdf
kb-reference-title: Defending Embedded Systems with Software Symbiotes
kb-abstract: A large number of embedded devices on the internet, such as routers and VOIP phones, are typically ripe for exploitation. Little to no defensive technology, such as AV scanners or IDS's, are available to protect these devices. We propose a host-based defense mechanism, which we call Symbiotic Embedded Machines (SEM), that is specifically designed to inject intrusion detection functionality into the firmware of the device.
kb-author: Ang Cui, Salvatore J. Stolfo
kb-organization: Department of Computer Science Columbia University

Reference - Firmware Verification Eclypsium
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Firmware Verification
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20200074086A1/en
kb-reference-title: Methods and systems for hardware and firmware security monitoring
kb-abstract: Systems and methods are provided herein for monitoring and identifying potential security vulnerabilities in hardware and / or firmware of host devices .
kb-author: Yuriy Bulygin, Oleksandr Bazhaniuk
kb-organization: ECLYPSIUM , Inc

Reference - Firmware Verification Trapezoid
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Firmware Verification
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US9674183B2/en
kb-reference-title: System and method for hardware-based trust control management
kb-abstract: A trust control management method for security, operable on a computer system generates a unique Trust ID value by combining user-defined values with hardware-specific values associated with the user's computer system and storing the Trust ID value in a memory register physically associated with the hardware of the computer system.
kb-author: Michael J. Dyer, Jose E. Gonzalez, Albert Caballero
kb-organization: Trapezoid, Inc

Reference - Framework for notifying a directory service of authentication events processed outside the directory service - Oracle International Corp
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Account Locking
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20090077645A1
kb-reference-title: Framework for notifying a directory service of authentication events processed outside the directory service
kb-abstract: Methods, systems and machine-readable media for authenticating an end user for a client application are disclosed. According to one embodiment of the invention, a method of authenticating an end user for a client application using a directory service having an authentication control policy that tracks failed authentication attempts and allows lock out of an account after a predetermined number of failures comprises receiving end user identity information and security information at the client application; sending a search request to the directory service for an entry associated with the end user identity information and, if a match is found, receiving a authentication token from the directory service associated with the end user identity information; comparing the received authentication token with the security information; if the authentication token matches the security information, sending a request to update the directory service to indicate that successful authentication of the end user has occurred; and if the authentication token does not match the security information, sending a request to update the directory service to indicate that a failed attempt at authentication of the end user has occurred.
kb-author: Buddhika Nandana Kottahachchi
kb-organization: Oracle International Corp

Reference - /GS (Buffer Security Check) - Microsoft Docs
type: NamedIndividual
type: User Manual Reference
kb-reference-of: Stack Frame Canary Validation
has-link: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/build/reference/gs-buffer-security-check
kb-reference-title: /GS (Buffer Security Check)
kb-organization: Microsoft Docs

Reference - CAR-2019-04-002: Generic Regsvr32 - MITRE
type: NamedIndividual
type: External Knowledge Base
kb-reference-of: Process Lineage Analysis
has-link: https://car.mitre.org/analytics/CAR-2019-04-002/
kb-reference-title: CAR-2019-04-002: Generic Regsvr32
kb-abstract: Regsvr32 can be used to execute arbitrary code in the context of a Windows signed binary, which can be used to bypass application whitelisting. This analytic looks for suspicious usage of the tool. It's not likely that you'll get millions of hits, but it does occur during normal activity so some form of baselining would be necessary for this to be an alerting analytic. Alternatively, it can be used for hunt by looking for new or anomalous DLLs manually.
kb-author: MITRE
kb-organization: MITRE

Reference - Guards for application in software tamperproofing - Purdue Research Foundation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Process Code Segment Verification
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US7287166B1/en
kb-reference-title: Guards for application in software tamperproofing
kb-abstract: A method of protecting a software program from unauthorized modification, and a system for practicing the method. The method utilizes self-protecting software code. Armed internally with self-defensive mechanisms, a self-protecting software program is tamper-resistant. Whenever its integrity is compromised, a self-protecting software program may become unusable due to software program crashes or other errors, or may generate subtle errors that do not immediately result render the program unusable but still result in incorrect software program execution. A self-protecting software program also may be able to repair itself to restore the integrity of its damaged code. The system comprises a computer program for automatically adding self-protection features to a software program.
kb-author: Hoi Chang; Mikhail J. Atallah; John R. Rice
kb-organization: Purdue Research Foundation

Reference - Hardware-assisted system and method for detecting and analyzing system calls made to an operting system kernel - Endgame Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: System Call Analysis
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20180032728A1/en
kb-reference-title: Hardware-assisted system and method for detecting and analyzing system calls made to an operting system kernel
kb-abstract: The present disclosure relates to a system and method for monitoring system calls to an operating system kernel. A performance monitoring unit is used to monitor system calls and to gather information about each system call. The information is gathered upon interrupting the system call and can include system call type, parameters, and information about the calling thread/process, in order to determine whether the system call was generated by malicious software code. Potentially malicious software code is nullified by a malicious code counter-attack module.
kb-author: Matthew D. Spisak
kb-mitre-analysis: This patent describes a technique for monitoring system calls to detect malicious software code. A system call monitoring module operates at the kernel level and traps system calls. Monitoring data includes: * information about the path to the file to be accessed by a system call. * the memory address or range of addresses to be accessed by a system call. * the context for the thread within operating system that will be interrupted by a system call. * the type of system call information about the socket that is being used by system call in order to send or receive data. * the history of system calls in order to monitor for specific sequences of system calls. * the frequency or periodicity of a particular system call or set of systems calls. Captured system call data is analyzed using data analysis algorithms such as machine learning algorithms, artificial intelligence algorithms, pattern recognition algorithms, or other known data analysis techniques. An alert is generated if it is likely that the system call was generated by malicious software code.
kb-organization: Endgame Inc

Reference - Heuristic botnet detection - Palo Alto Networks Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: DNS Traffic Analysis
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20160156644A1
kb-reference-title: Heuristic botnet detection
kb-abstract: In some embodiments, heuristic botnet detection is provided. In some embodiments, heuristic botnet detection includes monitoring network traffic to identify suspicious network traffic; and detecting a bot based on a heuristic analysis of the suspicious network traffic behavior using a processor, in which the suspicious network traffic behavior includes command and control traffic associated with a bot master. In some embodiments, heuristic botnet detection further includes assigning a score to the monitored network traffic, in which the score corresponds to a botnet risk characterization of the monitored network traffic (e.g., based on one or more heuristic botnet detection techniques); increasing the score based on a correlation of additional suspicious behaviors associated with the monitored network traffic (e.g., based on one or more heuristic botnet detection techniques); and determining the suspicious behavior is associated with a botnet based on the score.
kb-author: Xinran Wang; Huagang Xie
kb-mitre-analysis: This patent describes detecting botnets using heuristic analysis techniques on collected network flows. The heuristic techniques include: * Identifying suspicious traffic patterns to detect command and control traffic ex. periodically visiting a known malware URL, a host visiting a malware domain twice every 5 hour and 14 minutes (this is a specific pattern for a variant of Swizzor botnets). * Identifying non-standard behaviors such as connecting to a non-standard HTTP port for HTTP traffic, visiting a non-existent domain, downloading executable files with non-standard executable file extensions, communicating using HTTP header with a shorter than common length * Analyzing visited domain information to identify the following: visiting a domain with a domain name that is longer than a common domain name length, visiting a dynamic DNS domain, visiting a fast-flux domain, and visiting a recently created domain. A score is determined based on these factors and if the score is over a threshold, a responsive action is performed.
kb-organization: Palo Alto Networks Inc

Reference - CAR-2016-03-001: Host Discovery Commands - MITRE
type: NamedIndividual
type: External Knowledge Base
kb-reference-of: Process Spawn Analysis
has-link: https://car.mitre.org/analytics/CAR-2016-03-001/
kb-reference-title: CAR-2016-03-001: Host Discovery Commands
kb-abstract: When entering on a host for the first time, an adversary may try to discover information about the host. There are several built-in Windows commands that can be used to learn about the software configurations, active users, administrators, and networking configuration. These commands should be monitored to identify when an adversary is learning information about the system and environment. The information returned may impact choices an adversary can make when establishing persistence, escalating privileges, or moving laterally. Because these commands are built in, they may be run frequently by power users or even by normal users. Thus, an analytic looking at this information should have well-defined white- or blacklists, and should consider looking at an anomaly detection approach, so that this information can be learned dynamically.
kb-author: MITRE
kb-organization: MITRE

Reference - Host intrusion prevention system using software and user behavior analysis - Sophos Ltd
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Resource Access Pattern Analysis
kb-reference-of: System Daemon Monitoring
kb-reference-of: Web Session Activity Analysis
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20110023115A1
kb-reference-title: Host intrusion prevention system using software and user behavior analysis
kb-abstract: In embodiments of the present invention improved capabilities are described for threat detection using a behavioral-based host-intrusion prevention method and system for monitoring a user interaction with a computer, software application, operating system, graphic user interface, or some other component or client of a computer network, and performing an action to protect the computer network based at least in part on the user interaction and a computer code process executing during or in association with a computer usage session.
kb-author: Clifford C. Wright
kb-mitre-analysis: The patent describes a technique for performing behavior based threat detection. User and code behavior data is collected and stored to create baseline user and code behavior profiles. User behavior data collected over a user session or over multiple sessions can include a user: * clicking on a link * scrolling down a page * opening or closing a window * downloading a file * saving a file * running a file * typing a keyword Code behavior monitored includes code: * copying itself to a system folder * setting a run key to itself in the registry * setting a second runkey to itself in the registry in a different location * disabling OS tools in the registry * opening a hidden file The user interaction and the code process executed during the user session are monitored and compared with predetermined malicious behavior profiles that are typically present in a malicious user session. The predetermined collection of malicious behaviors are created based on analysis of families of malware in run time in a threat research facility. If a match is made an action is taken that can include isolating the computer on which the user interaction occurs and limiting network access to or from the computer.
kb-organization: Sophos Ltd

Reference - How ASLR protects Linux systems from buffer overflow attacks - Network World
type: NamedIndividual
type: Internet Article Reference
kb-reference-of: Segment Address Offset Randomization
has-link: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3331199/what-does-aslr-do-for-linux.html
kb-reference-title: How ASLR protects Linux systems from buffer overflow attacks
kb-abstract: ASLR (Address Space Layout Randomization) is a memory exploitation mitigation technique used on both Linux and Windows systems. Learn how to tell if it's running, enable/disable it, and get a view of how it works.
kb-author: Sandra Henry-Stocker
kb-organization: Network World

Reference - How Does Antivirus Quarantine Work? - Safety Detectives
type: NamedIndividual
type: Internet Article Reference
kb-reference-of: File Removal
has-link: https://www.safetydetectives.com/blog/how-does-antivirus-quarantine-work/
kb-reference-title: How Does Antivirus Quarantine Work?
kb-abstract: Your antivirus has just finished a regular scan and it’s asking whether you want to quarantine the virus it’s found. You click ‘yes’ without putting much thought into what’s actually happening. But what does quarantining actually mean, what does it do and is it safe for your computer? It’s important to understand the details so that you know what’s happening when you send infected files into quarantine.
kb-author: Katarina Glamoslija

Reference - How to change registry values or permissions from a command line or a script
type: NamedIndividual
type: Internet Article Reference
has-link: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/troubleshoot/windows-client/application-management/change-registry-values-permissions
kb-reference-title: How to change registry values or permissions from a command line or a script
kb-abstract: This article describes how to change registry values or permissions from a command line or a script. Applies to: Windows 10 - all editions, Windows Server 2012 R2 Original KB number: 264584
kb-organization: Microsoft

Reference - How trust relationships work for resource forests in Azure Active Directory Domain Services
type: NamedIndividual
type: Internet Article Reference
kb-reference-of: Domain Trust Policy
has-link: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory-domain-services/concepts-forest-trust
kb-reference-title: How trust relationships work for resource forests in Azure Active Directory Domain Services
kb-abstract: Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) provides security across multiple domains or forests through domain and forest trust relationships. Before authentication can occur across trusts, Windows must first check if the domain being requested by a user, computer, or service has a trust relationship with the domain of the requesting account.
kb-author: Microsoft

Reference - IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks - Station and Media Access Control Connectivity Discovery
type: NamedIndividual
type: Specification Reference
kb-reference-of: Hardware Component Inventory
has-link: https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/802.1AB/6047/
kb-reference-title: IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks - Station and Media Access Control Connectivity Discovery
kb-organization: IEEE

Reference - Identification and extraction of key forensics indicators of compromise using subject-specific filesystem views
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20200004962A1/en
kb-reference-title: Identification and extraction of key forensics indicators of compromise using subject-specific filesystem views
kb-abstract: A stackable filesystem that transparently tracks process file writes for forensic analysis. The filesystem comprises a base filesystem, and an overlay filesystem. Processes see the union of the upper and lower filesystems, but process writes are only reflected in the overlay. By providing per-process views of the filesystem using this stackable approach, a forensic analyzer can record a process's file-based activity-i.e., file creation, deletion, modification. These activities are then analyzed to identify indicators of compromise (IoCs). These indicators are then fed into a forensics analysis engine, which then quickly decides whether a subject (e.g., process, user) is malicious. If so, the system takes some proactive action to alert a proper authority, to quarantine the potential attack, or to provide other remediation. The approach enables forensic analysis without requiring file access mediation, or conducting system event-level collection and analysis, making it a lightweight, and non-intrusive solution.
kb-author: Frederico Araujo; Anne E. Kohlbrenner; Marc Philippe Stoecklin; Teryl Paul Taylor

Reference - Identification of traceroute nodes and associated devices
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US10079749B2/en
kb-reference-title: Identification of traceroute nodes and associated devices
kb-abstract: Various embodiments pertain to communication network systems. In particular, various embodiments relate to multi-path probing in communication network systems that can be used to estimate the complete topology of the network. A method includes receiving data at a source node from a tracerouting probe in a network. The data includes information about at least one network node. The method also includes determining an identification for the at least one network node based on information. In addition, the method includes using the identification of the at least one network node to determine an identification of at least one device.
kb-author: Tomas KUBIK, Lan Li, Tomas RYBKA, Karlo ZATYLNY, Chris O'Brien
kb-organization: SolarWinds Worldwide LLC

Reference - Identification of visual international domain name collisions - Verisign Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Homoglyph Detection
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US10599836B2/en
kb-reference-title: Identification of visual international domain name collisions
kb-abstract: Fuzzy OCR to detect domain name homoglyph attacks. Various embodiments of the invention disclosed herein provide techniques for detecting a homograph attack. An IDN collision detection server retrieves a first domain name that includes a punycode element. The IDN collision detection server converts the first domain into a second domain name that includes a Unicode character corresponding to the punycode element. The IDN collision detection server converts the second domain name into an image. The IDN collision detection server performs one or more optical character recognition operations on the image to generate a textual string associated with the image. The IDN collision detection server determines that the textual string matches at least a portion of a third domain name.
kb-author: Ben McCarty, Preston Zeh
kb-mitre-analysis: MITRE Analysis was not found.
kb-organization: Verisign Inc

Reference - Identifying a denial-of-service attack in a cloud-based proxy service - Cloudfare Inc.
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Inbound Session Volume Analysis
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US8613089B1
kb-reference-title: Identifying a denial-of-service attack in a cloud-based proxy service
kb-abstract: A cloud-based proxy service identifies a denial-of-service (DoS) attack including determining that there is a potential DoS attack being directed to an IP address of the cloud-based proxy service; and responsive to determining that there are a plurality of domains that resolve to that IP address, identifying the one of the plurality of domains that is the target of the DoS attack. The domain that is under attack is identified by scattering the plurality of domains to resolve to different IP addresses, where a result of the scattering is that each of those domains resolves to a different IP address, and identifying one of those plurality of domains as the target of the DoS attack by determining that there is an abnormally high amount of traffic being directed to the IP address in which that domain resolves.
kb-author: Lee Hahn Holloway, Srikanth N. Rao, Matthew Browning Prince, Matthieu Philippe Francois Tourne, Ian Gerald Pye, Ray Raymond Bejjani, Terry Paul Rodery, Jr.
kb-organization: Cloudfare Inc.

Reference - Indirect Branching Calls
type: NamedIndividual
type: Academic Paper Reference
kb-reference-of: Indirect Branch Call Analysis
has-link: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download
kb-reference-title: Transparent ROP Exploit Mitigation using Indirect Branch Tracing
kb-abstract: Return-oriented programming (ROP) has become the primary exploitation technique for system compromise in the presence of non-executable page protections. ROP exploits are facilitated mainly by the lack of complete address space randomization coverage or the presence of memory disclosure vulnerabilities, necessitating additional ROP-specific mitigations. In this paper we present a practical runtime ROP exploit prevention technique for the protection of thirdparty applications. Our approach is based on the detection of abnormal control transfers that take place during ROP code execution. This is achieved using hardware features of commodity processors, which incur negligible runtime overhead and allow for completely transparent operation without requiring any modifications to the protected applications. Our implementation for Windows 7, named kBouncer, can be selectively enabled for installed programs in the same fashion as user-friendly mitigation toolkits like Microsoft's EMET. The results of our evaluation demonstrate that kBouncer has low runtime overhead of up to 4%, when stressed with specially crafted workloads that continuously trigger its core detection component, while it has negligible overhead for actual user applications. In our experiments with in-thewild ROP exploits, kBouncer successfully protected all tested applications, including Internet Explorer, Adobe Flash Player, and Adobe Reader.
kb-author: Vasilis Pappas, Michalis Polychronakis, Angelos D. Keromytis Columbia University
kb-organization: Columbia University

Reference - Inferential exploit attempt detection - Crowdstrike Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Memory Boundary Tracking
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US10216934B2/en
kb-reference-title: Inferential exploit attempt detection
kb-abstract: A security agent implemented on a monitored computing device is described herein. The security agent is configured to detect an action of interest (AoI) that may be probative of a security exploit and to determine a context in which that AoI occurred. Based on that context, the security agent is further configured to decide whether the AoI is a security exploit and can take preventative action to prevent the exploit from being completed. Determining that the AoI includes the security exploit is based at least in part on one or more of: determining that the return address is outside memory previously allocated for an object; determining that the object identifier is associated with a vulnerable object; determining that permissions of the memory region include two or more of read, write, and execute; or determining that the memory region is one page in length. Determining that the return address is outside memory previously allocated for an object and the method further including treating code that the return address points to as malicious code.
kb-author: Daniel W. Brown; Ion-Alexandru Ionescu; Loren C. Robinson
kb-organization: Crowdstrike Inc

Reference - Instant process termination tool to recover control of an information handling system - Dell Products LP
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Process Termination
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20060236108A1/en
kb-reference-title: Instant process termination tool to recover control of an information handling system
kb-abstract: A method and system for automatic termination of unauthorized malevolent processes operating on an information handling system. A list of authenticated and essential process list is stored on the information handling system. Unauthorized processes not contained on the list can be automatically terminated by the user by invoking the present invention with a single click of a mouse or pointer device on an icon residing on the display screen of the information handling system. The offending processes are immediately terminated without generating a user prompt, which would ordinarily provide sufficient time for the malware to spawn additional offending processes. The present invention also provides significant means to recover control of a malware-infected information handling system in order to use repair tools and utilities. The present invention can be deployed at the time of manufacture of an information handling system or independently installed by a user.
kb-author: Carlton Andrews
kb-organization: Dell Products LP

Reference - Integrity assurance through early loading in the boot phase - Crowdstrike Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Driver Load Integrity Checking
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20170061127A1
kb-reference-title: Integrity assurance through early loading in the boot phase
kb-abstract: Techniques utilizing library and pre-boot components to ensure that a driver associated with a kernel-mode component is initialized before other drivers during a boot phase are described herein. The library component is processed during a boot phase; the pre-boot component, which may be an alternative to the library component, is processed during a pre-boot phase. By ensuring that the driver is the first driver initialized, the components enable the driver to launch the kernel-mode component before other drivers are initialized. The library component may also determine whether another driver is to be initialized before the kernel-mode component driver, may ensure that kernel-mode component driver is initialized first, and may alert the kernel-mode component. Also, the library component may retrieve information that is to be deleted by the operating system before initialization of drivers and may provide that information to the kernel-mode component.
kb-author: Ion-Alexandru Ionescu
kb-mitre-analysis: To compromise software or to gain control of a host device, a security exploit can modify driver initialization order used by an operating system and place a driver associated with the security exploit first in a list of drivers initialized by the operating system. This patent describes ensuring that a driver associated with the agent is initialized first. To ensure the driver is initialized first, a dependent DLL associated with the driver is configured to be processed before other dependent DLLs. The dependent DLL can be configured to be processed first by various methods, for example if processing is done in alphabetical order, changing its name to be processed first. The dependent DLL, once processed, executes a number of operations to ensure the driver associated with the agent is initialized first. Furthermore, if the initialization order is modified, an alert is provided to the kernel-mode component that notifies the kernel-mode component it was not first and the order had to be altered. It can then take additional actions such as additional monitoring or remediation.
kb-organization: Crowdstrike Inc

Reference - Intrusion detection using a heartbeat - Sophos Ltd
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Endpoint Health Beacon
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20180191752A1
kb-reference-title: Intrusion detection using a heartbeat
kb-abstract: A variety of techniques are disclosed for detection of advanced persistent threats and similar malware. In one aspect, the detection of certain network traffic at a gateway is used to trigger a query of an originating endpoint, which can use internal logs to identify a local process that is sourcing the network traffic. In another aspect, an endpoint is configured to periodically generate and transmit a secure heartbeat, so that an interruption of the heartbeat can be used to signal the possible presence of malware. In another aspect, other information such as local and global reputation information is used to provide context for more accurate malware detection.
kb-author: Kenneth D. Ray
kb-mitre-analysis: This patent describes a health monitor deployed on an endpoint that uses a heartbeat to periodically communicate status to a gateway's remote health monitor. The endpoint health monitor issues a heartbeat for satisfactory status of the endpoint using factors such as: * checking the status of individual software items executing on the endpoint * checking that antivirus and other security software is up to date (e. g., with current virus definition files) and running correctly * checking the integrity of cryptographic key stores * checking other hardware or software components of the endpoint as necessary or helpful for health monitoring A disappearance of the heartbeat from the endpoint may indicate that the endpoint has been compromised.
kb-organization: Sophos Ltd

Reference - LUKS1 On-Disk Format SpecificationVersion 1.2.3
type: NamedIndividual
type: Specification Reference
kb-reference-of: Disk Encryption
has-link: https://mirrors.edge.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/cryptsetup/LUKS_docs/on-disk-format.pdf
kb-reference-title: LUKS1 On-Disk Format SpecificationVersion 1.2.3
kb-abstract: LUKS is short for "Linux Unified Key Setup". It has initially been developed to remedy the unpleasantness a user experienced that arise from deriving the encryption setup from changing user space, and forgotten command line arguments. The result of this changes are an unaccessible encryption storage. The reason for this to happen was, a unstandardised way to read, process and set up encryption keys, and if the user was unlucky, he upgraded to an incompatible version of user space tools that needed a good deal of knowledge to use with old encryption volumes.
kb-author: Clemens Fruhwirth

Reference - Libre NMS - Network Map Extension
type: NamedIndividual
type: User Manual Reference
kb-reference-of: Network Mapping
has-link: https://docs.librenms.org/Extensions/Network-Map/
kb-reference-title: Libre NMS - Network Map Extension
kb-abstract: LibreNMS has the ability to show you a network map based on: * xDP Discovery * MAC addresses
kb-organization: LibreNMS.org

Reference - Libre NMS - Oxidized Extension
type: NamedIndividual
type: User Manual Reference
kb-reference-of: Disk Encryption
has-link: https://docs.librenms.org/Extensions/Oxidized/
kb-reference-title: LibreNMSDocs - Oxidized Extension
kb-abstract: Integrating LibreNMS with Oxidized brings the following benefits: * Config viewing: Current, History, and Diffs all under the Configs tab of each device * Automatic addition of devices to Oxidized: Including filtering and grouping to ease credential management * Configuration searching
kb-organization: LibreNMS.org

Reference - CAR-2019-07-002: Lsass Process Dump via Procdump - MITRE
type: NamedIndividual
type: External Knowledge Base
kb-reference-of: Process Spawn Analysis
has-link: https://car.mitre.org/analytics/CAR-2019-07-002/
kb-reference-title: CAR-2019-07-002: Lsass Process Dump via Procdump
kb-abstract: ProcDump is a sysinternal command-line utility whose primary purpose is monitoring an application for CPU spikes and generating crash dumps during a spike that an administrator or developer can use to determine the cause of the spike. ProcDump may be used to dump the memory space of lsass.exe to disk for processing with a credential access tool such as Mimikatz. This is performed by launching procdump.exe as a privileged user with command line options indicating that lsass.exe should be dumped to a file with an arbitrary name.
kb-author: MITRE
kb-organization: MITRE

Reference - MGT516: Managing Security Vulnerabilities: Enterprise and Cloud
type: NamedIndividual
type: Internet Article Reference
kb-reference-of: Operational Risk Assessment
has-link: https://www.sans.org/cyber-security-courses/managing-enterprise-cloud-security-vulnerabilities/
kb-reference-title: MGT516: Managing Security Vulnerabilities: Enterprise and Cloud
kb-abstract: Vulnerability, patch, and configuration management are not new security topics. In fact, they are some of the oldest security functions. Yet, we still struggle to manage these capabilities effectively. The quantity of outstanding vulnerabilities for most large organizations is overwhelming, and all organizations struggle to keep up with the never-ending onslaught of new vulnerabilities in their infrastructure and applications. When you add in the cloud and the increasing speed with which all organizations must deliver systems, applications, and features to both their internal and external customers, security may seem unachievable. This course will show you the most effective ways to mature your vulnerability management program and move from identifying vulnerabilities to successfully treating them. 16 Cyber42 and lab exercises
kb-author: Jonathan Risto and David Hazar
kb-organization: SANS

Reference - Malicious relay detection on networks - VECTRA NETWORKS Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Relay Pattern Analysis
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20150264083A1
kb-reference-title: Malicious relay detection on networks
kb-abstract: A system and method for detecting malicious relay communications is disclosed. Network communications can be received and analyzed using such network components as a network switch. The received traffic can be parsed into sessions. Relay metadata can be extracted from the sessions and further be used to categorize the sessions into one or more types of relay metadata behaviors. Once a significant amount of sessions are detected an alarm may be triggered and/or alarm data may be generated for analysis by network security administrators.
kb-author: Ryan James PRENGER; Nicolas BEAUCHESNE; Karl Matthew LYNN
kb-mitre-analysis: This patent describes a technique for detecting relay networks, i.e. an attacker outside of the organization's network takes control of an internal host to be used as a source of attacks against other internal targets or exfiltrate data out of the organization. In this defensive technique, metadata from collected network packet captures is extracted to categorize network sessions using known relay behaviors. Information such as the number of bytes sent to and from a potential internal relay host, time of session initiation, packet contents, packet size, flow direction, and packet arrival time statistics are used to categorize the sessions and identify relay behavior. This technique assumes that relay network connections' inter-packet arrival times exhibit a high degree of variance in comparison to standard client-to-server connections. If enough evidence of relay behavior is gathered about a given internal host, the host is identified as suspicious and an alert is generated.
kb-organization: VECTRA NETWORKS Inc

Reference - Malware analysis system - Palo Alto Networks Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Dynamic Analysis
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20150319136A1
kb-reference-title: Malware analysis system
kb-abstract: In some embodiments, a malware analysis system includes receiving a potential malware sample from a firewall; analyzing the potential malware sample using a virtual machine to determine if the potential malware sample is malware; and automatically generating a signature if the potential malware sample is determined to be malware. In some embodiments, the potential malware sample does not match a preexisting signature, and the malware is a zero-day attack.
kb-author: Huagang Xie; Xinran Wang; Jiangxia Liu
kb-mitre-analysis: This patent describes a VM sandbox environment that uses heuristic based analysis techniques performed in real-time during a file transfer to determine if the file is malicious. A new signature can then be generated and distributed to automatically block future file transfer requests to download the malicious file.
kb-organization: Palo Alto Networks Inc

Reference - Malware detection in event loops - Crowdstrike Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: System Call Analysis
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20190205530A1
kb-reference-title: Malware detection in event loops
kb-abstract: Example techniques locate or identify malware based on events from or at monitored computing devices. A control unit can detect a sequence of events of various types. The control unit can locate a loop within the sequence of events based at least in part on relative frequencies of the event types. The control unit can determine a distribution of event types of the events within the loop, and determining that software running the sequence is associated with malware based at least in part on the distribution of event types within the loop. In some examples, the control unit can locate a point of commonality among a plurality of stack traces associated with respective events within the loop. The control unit can determine a malware module comprising the point of commonality.
kb-author: Daniel W. Brown
kb-mitre-analysis: The patent describes determining if a sequence of events associated with a process are associated with malware. Based on the relative frequency of events, a loop within a sequence of events is located and a distribution of the events within the loop is determined. The distribution of events is then compared against a catalog of distributions to determine if it is associated with malware.
kb-organization: Crowdstrike Inc

Reference - Malware detection using local computational models - Crowdstrike Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Process Termination
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20190026466A1
kb-reference-title: Malware detection using local computational models
kb-abstract: Example techniques herein determine that a trial data stream is associated with malware ("dirty") using a local computational model (CM). The data stream can be represented by a feature vector. A control unit can receive a first, dirty feature vector (e.g., a false miss) and determine the local CM based on the first feature vector. The control unit can receive a trial feature vector representing the trial data stream. The control unit can determine that the trial data stream is dirty if a broad CM or the local CM determines that the trial feature vector is dirty. In some examples, the local CM can define a dirty region in a feature space. The control unit can determine the local CM based on the first feature vector and other clean or dirty feature vectors, e.g., a clean feature vector nearest to the first feature vector.
kb-author: Sven Krasser,David Elkind, Patrick Crenshaw, Kirby James Koster
kb-organization: Crowdstrike Inc

Reference - Method and Apparatus for Detecting Malicious Websites - Endgame Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: URL Analysis
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20140331319A1
kb-reference-title: Method and Apparatus for Detecting Malicious Websites
kb-abstract: A method and apparatus for detecting malicious websites is disclosed.
kb-author: John Burnet MUNRO, IV; Jason Aaron Trost; Zachary Daniel HANIF
kb-mitre-analysis: This patent describes a domain classification engine on the host computer that analyzes URLs clicked by a user or entered into a web browser to visit a website. URL analysis is done by using a combination of techniques: * Feature extraction: A URL is analyzed against features associated with suspicious URLs such as % of longest consecutive digits in a subdomain, % of longest repeated characters in a subdomain, % of vowels in a high level domain. * Markov analysis: The probability of a digit occurring in normal language given the preceding two digits is determined. For example, if the received URL is google.com, the probability of a 'g' occurring at the beginning of a word, the probability of an 'o' occurring after a "g, the probability of an "o' occurring after a 'g' and "o, and so forth will be determined. The probability of each digit is then multiplied to get a probability for the whole domain name. Probabilities are determined based on a database of existing usage, such as a dictionary, or a list of known good domain names * Domain names are compared against an existing dataset of known unauthorized domain names. A rating is developed based on the results of these techniques, and if the rating is over a set threshold, an action is taken such as blocking access or generating an alert.
kb-organization: Endgame Inc

Reference - Method and apparatus for increasing the speed at which computer viruses are detected - McAfee LLC
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Executable Denylisting
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US5502815A
kb-reference-title: Method and apparatus for increasing the speed at which computer viruses are detected
kb-abstract: The method and apparatus for increasing the speed at which computer viruses are detected stores initial state information concerning the file or volume which is being examined for a virus. This information is stored in a cache in a non-volatile storage medium and when files are subsequently scanned for viruses, the current state information is compared to the initial state information stored in the cache. If the initial state information differs from the current state information then the file or volume is scanned for viruses which change the state information of the file or volume. If the initial state information and current state information is the same then the file or volume is scanned for a subset of viruses which do not change the state information.
kb-author: Paul D. Cozza
kb-organization: McAfee LLC

Reference - Method and Apparatus for Network Fraud Detection and Remediation Through Analytics - Idaptive LLC
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Authentication Event Thresholding
kb-reference-of: Authorization Event Thresholding
kb-reference-of: Resource Access Pattern Analysis
kb-reference-of: Session Duration Analysis
kb-reference-of: User Geolocation Logon Pattern Analysis
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20190081968A1/en
kb-reference-title: Method and Apparatus for Network Fraud Detection and Remediation Through Analytics
kb-abstract: A system and method for assessing the identity fraud risk of an entity's (a user's, computer process's, or device's) behavior within a computer network and then to take appropriate action. The system uses real-time machine learning for its assessment. It records the entity's log-in behavior (conditions at log-in) and behavior once logged in to create an entity profile that helps identify behavior patterns. The system compares new entity behavior with the entity profile to determine a risk score and a confidence level for the behavior. If the risk score and confidence level indicate a credible identity fraud risk at log-in, the system can require more factors of authentication before log-in succeeds. If the system detects risky behavior after log-in, it can take remedial action such as ending the entity's session, curtailing the entity's privileges, or notifying a human administrator.
kb-author: Yanlin Wang; Weizhi Li
kb-mitre-analysis: This patent describes determining a confidence score to detect anomalies in user activity based on comparing a user's behavior profile with current user activity events. The following types of events are used to develop a user entity profile: * logon and logoff times and locations * starting or ending applications * reading or writing files * changing an entity 's authorization * monitoring network traffic User events that deviate from the entity profile over a certain threshold trigger a remedial action.
kb-organization: Idaptive LLC

Reference - Method and apparatus for utilizing a token for resource access - Rsa Security Inc.
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Multi-factor Authentication
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US5657388A/en
kb-reference-title: Method and apparatus for utilizing a token for resource access
kb-abstract: A method and apparatus for utilizing a token which is preferably a "dumb token" to provide secure access by authorized users to a selected resource. The token stores a secret user code in machine readable form, which code is read by a token processor. The token processor also receives a time-varying value and an algorithm, both of which may be stored or generated at either the token or the token processor and preferably a secret personal identification code which may be inputted at the token, but is preferably inputted at the token processor. The secret user code, time-varying value and secret personal identification code are then algorithmically combined by the algorithm, preferably in the token processor, to generate a one-time nonpredictable code which is transmitted to a host processor. The host processor utilizes the received one-time nonpredictable code to determine if the user is authorized access to the resource and grants access to the resource if the user is determined to be authorized. The system may be modified to operate in query/response mode. The token processor may be any of a variety of available portable remote processors or may be a device such as a telephone which is equipped with card or other token reader and with processing capability.
kb-author: Kenneth P. Weiss
kb-organization: Rsa Security Inc.

Reference - Method and system for controlling communication ports
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: IO Port Restriction
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US8566924
kb-reference-title: Method and system for controlling communication ports
kb-abstract: A method for limiting devices and controlling the applications executed from USB ports on personal computers (PCs).
kb-author: Steven V Bacastow
kb-organization: OL Security LLC

Reference - Method and system for detecting algorithm-generated domains - VECTRA NETWORKS Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: DNS Traffic Analysis
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20150264070A1
kb-reference-title: Method and system for detecting algorithm-generated domains
kb-abstract: A method and system for detecting algorithm-generated domains (AGDs) is disclosed wherein domain names requested by an internal host are categorized or classified using curated data sets, active services (e.g. Internet services), and certainty scores to match domain names to domain names or IP addresses used by command and control servers.
kb-author: James Patrick HARLACHER; Aditya Sood; Oskar Ibatullin
kb-mitre-analysis: This patent describes detecting algorithm generated domains (AGD). DNS requests and responses are analyzed by first checking whether the domain matches existing data sets that specify different types of AGDs with known characteristics, such as Evil Twin Domains, Sinkholed domains, sleeper cells, ghost domains, parked domains, and/or bulk-registered domains. In addition to comparing domains against known data sets, the following information is collected to perform analysis: * IP Information: checks for information known about the IP addresses returned in the DNS response, including the number of IP addresses returned, the registered owners of the IP addresses, or different IP addresses returned for the same domain (IP fluxing) * Domain Registration: examines the domain registration date, domain update date, domain expiration date, registrant identity, and authorized name servers associated with a specific domain name. * Domain Popularity: provides information on the popularity of a domain name. Based on analysis of these factors a score is developed; if the score is above a certain threshold, an alert is generated.
kb-organization: VECTRA NETWORKS Inc

Reference - Method and system for detecting external control of compromised hosts - VECTRA NETWORKS Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Remote Terminal Session Detection
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US9407647B2/en
kb-reference-title: Method and system for detecting external control of compromised hosts
kb-abstract: A detection engine may be implemented by receiving network traffic and processing the traffic into one or more session datasets. Sessions not initiated by an internal host may be discarded. The frequency between the communication packets from the internal host to external host may be grouped or processed into rapid-exchange instances. The number of rapid-exchange instances, the time intervals between them, and/or the rhythm and directions of the initiation of the instances may be analyzed to determine that a human actor is manually controlling the external host. In some embodiments, when it is determined that only one human actor is involved, alarm data may be generated that indicates that a network intrusion involving manual remote control has occurred or is underway.
kb-author: Nicolas BEAUCHESNE; Ryan James PRENGER
kb-mitre-analysis: This patent describes detecting an external attacker taking remote control of an internal host. Detection includes identifying sessions where the external host controls the internal host in the opposite direction the session was initiated. The number of rapid-exchange communication instances (i.e, communications that occur between the two hosts with little silence gap), the time intervals between them, and/or the rhythm and direction of the instances, are analyzed to determine if an external human actor is manually controlling the internal host.
kb-organization: VECTRA NETWORKS Inc

Reference - Method and system for detecting malicious payloads - Vectra Networks Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Client-server Payload Profiling
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/EP3293937A1/en
kb-reference-title: Method and system for detecting malicious payloads
kb-abstract: Disclosed is an improved method, system, and computer program product for identifying malicious payloads. The disclosed approach identifies potentially malicious payload exchanges which may be associated with payload injection or root-kit magic key usage. Some examples of data inputs: Information for clients and servers, such as IP address and host information Payloads for both clients and servers Amount of data being transferred Duration of communications Length of time delay between client request and server response
kb-author: Nicolas Beauchesne; John Steven Mancini
kb-mitre-analysis: Extraction of network flow data and using unsupervised machine learning to create a standard baseline. During the monitoring phase, abnormal network metadata will result in an alert.
kb-organization: Vectra Networks Inc

Reference - Method and system for detecting restricted content associated with retrieved content - Sophos Ltd
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: URL Analysis
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20160359883A1
kb-reference-title: Method and system for detecting restricted content associated with retrieved content
kb-abstract: In embodiments of the present invention improved capabilities are described for detecting restricted content associated with retrieved content. The method and system may include receiving a client request for content, saving contextual information from the client request, presenting retrieved content in response to the client request, and presenting the contextual information from the client request, and retrieved content, to a scanning facility. The scanning facility may utilize the contextual information from the client request to aid in the detection of restricted content associated with retrieved content.
kb-author: Fraser Howard; Paul Baccas; Vanja Svajcer; Benjamin John Godwood; William James McCourt
kb-mitre-analysis: This patent describes analyzing contextual information of a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), such as source or origin of the request URI, patterns in the way the URI is delivered, and the locale of the URI. The contextual information is sent to a scanning facility which uses that information along with a blacklist of known malicious domain names, locations, patterns, etc. to block retrieved content associated with the request URI.
kb-organization: Sophos Ltd

Reference - Method and system for detecting suspicious administrative activity - Vectra Networks Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Administrative Network Activity Analysis
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20180077186A1
kb-reference-title: Method and system for detecting suspicious administrative activity
kb-abstract: Disclosed is an improved approach for identifying suspicious administrative host activity within a network. Network traffic is examined to learn the behavior of hosts within a network. This provides an effective way of determining whether or not a host is performing suspicious activity over an administrative protocol.
kb-author: Nicolas Beauchesne; Kevin Song-Kai Ni
kb-mitre-analysis: Collect network traffic metadata directed at administrative services over a period of time to establish a baseline. This baseline is then used to determine suspicious activity that falls outside of the established baseline.
kb-organization: Vectra Networks Inc

Reference - Method and system for detecting threats using metadata vectors - VECTRA NETWORKS Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Protocol Metadata Anomaly Detection
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20160191551A1
kb-reference-title: Method and system for detecting threats using metadata vectors
kb-abstract: An approach for detecting network attacks using metadata vectors may initially involve receiving network communications or packets, extracting metadata items from the packets. The metadata items describe the communications without requiring deep content inspection of the data payload or contents. The communications may be clustered into groups using the metadata items. If a cluster exceeds a threshold, an alarm may be generated.
kb-author: Nicolas BEAUCHESNE; David Lopes Pegna; Karl Lynn
kb-mitre-analysis: This patent describes detecting network threats by first passively collecting network traffic and storing it for processing. Metadata from network traffic such as packet header information or information about a session (ex. time between request/responses) is extracted. After the metadata is extracted, the data is grouped into cluster maps of matching events to track how many instances of a network communication have occurred, such as five requests sent and five responses received. Threshold limits are set on the clusters to monitor them and if a cluster grows too large (ex. ten instances of requests and responses) this can correspond to unauthorized behavior. This method might detect, for example, a network attack using malicious payloads with automated scripts, in which a bot sends replicated malicious payloads to the same destination port.
kb-organization: VECTRA NETWORKS Inc

Reference - Method and system for detecting threats using passive cluster mapping - Vectra Networks Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Protocol Metadata Anomaly Detection
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20160149936A1
kb-reference-title: Method and system for detecting threats using passive cluster mapping
kb-abstract: An approach for detecting network threats is disclosed, that may involve receiving network traffic, plotting the network traffic in a n-dimensional feature space to form a network map, generating a client signature at least by placing new client points in the map, setting a threshold, and generating an alarm if one or more client activity points exceed the threshold. In some embodiments, the network map and the client signature are updated using sliding windows and distance calculations.
kb-author: David Lopes PEGNA; Nicolas Beauchesne
kb-mitre-analysis: This patent describes detecting network threats by first passively collecting network traffic and storing it for processing. The stored network traffic data is used to map network events to create a cluster map. Events are network activity associated with clients, servers, or control modules such as a Kerberos Domain Controller (KDC); account information; services accessed by the client; or the number of times a service is accessed. Events that exceed a threshold from a center of gravity point of a cluster are identified as suspicious activity and an alert is generated.
kb-organization: Vectra Networks Inc

Reference - Method and system for providing software updates to local machines
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US10474448B2/en
kb-reference-title: Method and system for providing software updates to local machines
kb-author: John Melton Reynolds
kb-organization: Sophos Ltd

Reference - Method and system for UDP flood attack detection - Riorey LLC
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Inbound Session Volume Analysis
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US8307430B1
kb-reference-title: Method and system for UDP flood attack detection
kb-abstract: A system and method is provided to identify UDP attacks. A processor determines a spectral density of packet timing intervals, a natural distance between the spectral density and a uniform distribution, and a non-linear amplifier applying a non-linear amplification to the natural distance to detect a denial-of-service attack. It uses the concept of traffic statistics analysis, i.e., spectral densities of arrived-packet timing intervals, calculates the KL-distance measurement and makes decision based on the output of a non-linear Gaussian amplifier, with which one can easily adjust the amplifier via selecting different parameters of mean and variance to satisfy system requirements of false-positive and false-negative UDP attack detections.
kb-author: Hongda Chen, Lijin Lu

Reference - Method for controlling computer network security - Checkpoint Software Technologies Ltd
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Inbound Traffic Filtering
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/EP0658837B1/
kb-reference-title: Method for controlling computer network security
kb-abstract: A method of operating a security system for a computer network in which data is passed in said network as data packets, said system controlling the passage of said data packets in the network according to a security rule, where each aspect of said network controlled by said security rule has been defined, said security rule has been defined in terms of said aspects and converted into a set of filter language instructions.
kb-author: Gil Shwed
kb-organization: Checkpoint Software Technologies Ltd

Reference - Method for file encryption
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: File Encryption
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US9521123B2/en
kb-reference-title: Method for file encryption
kb-abstract: A method for encryption and sealing of a plaintext file by hashing the plaintext file to produce a plaintext hash, encrypting the plaintext file to produce ciphertext, hashing the ciphertext to produce a ciphertext hash, hashing the plaintext hash and the ciphertext hash to produce a result hash, and sealing the ciphertext together with the result hash.
kb-author: Robert R. Jueneman, Duane J. LINSENBARDT, John N. Young, William Reid Carlisle, Burton George Tregub
kb-organization: New Kailung Gear Co Ltd

Reference - Method using kernel mode assistance for the detection and removal of threats which are actively preventing detection and removal from a running system - Symantec Corporation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: System Daemon Monitoring
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US8239947B1
kb-reference-title: Method using kernel mode assistance for the detection and removal of threats which are actively preventing detection and removal from a running system
kb-abstract: A user mode application component invokes the assistance of a kernel mode driver component to detect and/or remediate malicious code on a computer system. The user mode application may include code that detects, for example, spyware and computer viruses, from user mode and when appropriate takes protective action when malicious code is detected. In one aspect, when the user mode application is unable to perform a selected operation in attempting to detect and/or take protective action, the user mode application invokes a kernel mode driver for assistance. The kernel mode driver assists user mode application in detecting malicious code and/or taking protective action by enabling or otherwise performing a selected operation for the user mode application.
kb-author: Adam Glick, Patrick Gardner, Pieter Viljoen
kb-mitre-analysis: This patent describes detecting registry changes using a prohibited change heuristic or a database of prohibited functions/function parameters.
kb-organization: Symantec Corporation

Reference - Mission Dependency Modeling for Cyber Situational Awareness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Academic Paper Reference
kb-reference-of: Operational Dependency Mapping
has-link: https://csis.gmu.edu/noel/pubs/2016_NATO_IST_148.pdf
kb-reference-title: Mission Dependency Modeling for Cyber Situational Awareness
kb-abstract: This paper describes a hierarchical graph-based model that captures mission dependencies at various levels of abstraction, showing interdependencies among mission objectives, tasks, information, and cyber assets. For this work, we employ established tools within a structured methodology for cyber resiliency analysis. Our model is focused on a strategic-level military scenario defined in a formal Request for Information (RFI) to industry and research partners by the NATO Multinational Cyber Defense Capability Development (MN CD2) Work Package 2 (WP2). We enhance this scenario with additional mission and operational context, and then build a mission dependency model for the enhanced scenario. It is anticipated that our mission dependency model will be part of an upcoming demonstration of cyber defense situational awareness capabilities in a NATO Communications and Information (NCI) Agency test environment, integrated with data sources that represent the operational military environment.
kb-author: William Heinbockel, Steven Noel, James Curbo
kb-organization: JHU APL

Reference - Mock attack cybersecurity training system and methods - WOMBAT SECURITY TECHNOLOGIES Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Decoy Public Release
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US9558677B2/
kb-reference-title: Mock attack cybersecurity training system and methods
kb-abstract: A training system senses a user action that may expose the user to a threat, such as a cybersecurity threat. The user action may be in response to a mock attack delivered via a messaging service, a wireless communication service, a fake malware application or another device, service, system or mechanism. The system selects a training action from a collection of available training actions and causes the training action to be delivered to the user.
kb-author: Norman Sadeh-Koniecpol, Kurt Wescoe, Jason Brubaker, Jason Hong
kb-organization: WOMBAT SECURITY TECHNOLOGIES Inc

Reference - Modeling user access to computer resources - Daedalus Group LLC (formerly IBM)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Resource Access Pattern Analysis
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US8214364B2
kb-reference-title: Modeling user access to computer resources
kb-abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide a method for detecting changes in behavior of authorized users of computer resources and reporting the detected changes to the relevant individuals. The method includes evaluating actions performed by each user against user behavioral models and business rules. As a result of the analysis, a subset of users may be identified and reported as having unusual or suspicious behavior. In response, the management may provide feedback indicating that the user behavior is due to the normal expected business needs or that the behavior warrants further review. The management feedback is available for use by machine learning algorithms to improve the analysis of user actions over time. Consequently, investigation of user actions regarding computer resources is facilitated and data loss is prevented more efficiently relative to the prior art approaches with only minimal disruption to the ongoing business processes.
kb-author: Joseph P. Bigus, Leon Gong, Christoph Lingenfelder
kb-organization: Daedalus Group LLC (formerly IBM)

Reference - Modification of a Server to Mimic a Deception Mechanism - Acalvio Technologies Inc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Connected Honeynet
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20170149825A1
kb-reference-title: Modification of a Server to Mimic a Deception Mechanism
kb-abstract: Provided are devices, computer-program products, and methods (e.g., methods implemented by a production system or security agent program or process) for providing services on a production system to mimic a deception mechanism. For example, a method can include determining a deception characteristic of a deception mechanism and determining a production characteristic of the production system. The method can further include determining an additional service or a modification of an existing service of the production system using the deception characteristic and the production characteristic. In some cases, the additional service and/or the modification can be a deterrent to potential attackers of the production system. The method can further include modifying the production system to mimic the deception mechanism, including adding the additional service to the production system or modifying the existing service using the modification.
kb-author: Sreenivas Gukal, Rammohan Varadarajan
kb-organization: Acalvio Technologies Inc

Reference - Munin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Source Code Reference
has-link: https://github.com/Neo23x0/munin
kb-reference-title: Online Hash Checker for Virustotal and Other Services
kb-author: Florian Roth

Reference - NIST RMF Quick Start Guide - Assess Step - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Internet Article Reference
kb-reference-of: Operational Risk Assessment
has-link: https://csrc.nist.gov/CSRC/media/Projects/risk-management/documents/05-Assess%20Step/NIST%20RMF%20Assess%20Step-FAQs.pdf
kb-reference-title: NIST RMF Quick Start Guide - Assess Step - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
kb-abstract: Once security and privacy controls are implemented, they need to be evaluated for correctness and effectiveness. After the initial assessment is completed and the system enters the operations/maintenance phase of the system development life cycle, the controls are assessed on an ongoing basis according to the organization and system’s continuous monitoring plans. The ongoing assessment supports the authorizing official’s decision to continue or discontinue the system’s authorization to operate. Control effectiveness assessments are performed by an independent third-party assessor or assessment team if the system categorization is moderate or high.
kb-organization: NIST

Reference - NIST Special Publication 800-160 Volume 1 - System Security Engineering
type: NamedIndividual
type: Guideline Reference
kb-reference-of: Operational Risk Assessment
has-link: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-160v1
kb-reference-title: NIST Special Publication 800-160 Volume 1 - Systems Security Engineering
kb-abstract: With the continuing frequency, intensity, and adverse consequences of cyber-attacks, disruptions, hazards, and other threats to federal, state, and local governments, the military, businesses, and the critical infrastructure, the need for trustworthy secure systems has never been more important to the long-term economic and national security interests of the United States. Engineering-based solutions are essential to managing the growing complexity, dynamicity, and interconnectedness of today’s systems, as exemplified by cyber-physical systems and systems-of-systems, including the Internet of Things. This publication addresses the engineering-driven perspective and actions necessary to develop more defensible and survivable systems, inclusive of the machine, physical, and human components that compose the systems and the capabilities and services delivered by those systems. It starts with and builds upon a set of well-established International Standards for systems and software engineering published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and infuses systems security engineering methods, practices, and techniques into those systems and software engineering activities. The objective is to address security issues from a stakeholder protection needs, concerns, and requirements perspective and to use established engineering processes to ensure that such needs, concerns, and requirements are addressed with appropriate fidelity and rigor, early and in a sustainable manner throughout the life cycle of the system.
kb-author: Ron Ross, Michael McEvilley, and Janet Carrier Oren
kb-organization: NIST

Reference - NIST Special Publication 800-37 Revision 2 - Risk Management Framework for Information Systems and Organizations
type: NamedIndividual
type: Guideline Reference
kb-reference-of: Operational Risk Assessment
has-link: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-37r2
kb-reference-title: NIST Special Publication 800-37 Revision 2 - Risk Management Framework for Information Systems and Organizations
kb-abstract: This publication describes the Risk Management Framework (RMF) and provides guidelines for applying the RMF to information systems and organizations. The RMF provides a disciplined, structured, and flexible process for managing security and privacy risk that includes information security categorization; control selection, implementation, and assessment; system and common control authorizations; and continuous monitoring. The RMF includes activities to prepare organizations to execute the framework at appropriate risk management levels. The RMF also promotes near real-time risk management and ongoing information system and common control authorization through the implementation of continuous monitoring processes; provides senior leaders and executives with the necessary information to make efficient, cost-effective, risk management decisions about the systems supporting their missions and business functions; and incorporates security and privacy into the system development life cycle. Executing the RMF tasks links essential risk management processes at the system level to risk management processes at the organization level. In addition, it establishes responsibility and accountability for the controls implemented within an organization’s information systems and inherited by those systems.
kb-organization: NIST

Reference - NIST Special Publication 800-53A Revision 5 - Assessing Security and Privacy Controls in Information Systems and Organizations
type: NamedIndividual
type: Guideline Reference
kb-reference-of: Operational Risk Assessment
has-link: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-53Ar5
kb-reference-title: NIST Special Publication 800-53A Revision 5 - Assessing Security and Privacy Controls in Information Systems and Organizations
kb-abstract: This publication provides a methodology and set of procedures for conducting assessments of security and privacy controls employed within systems and organizations within an effective risk management framework. The assessment procedures, executed at various phases of the system development life cycle, are consistent with the security and privacy controls in NIST Special Publication 800-53, Revision 5. The procedures are customizable and can be easily tailored to provide organizations with the needed flexibility to conduct security and privacy control assessments that support organizational risk management processes and are aligned with the stated risk tolerance of the organization. Information on building effective security and privacy assessment plans is also provided with guidance on analyzing assessment results.
kb-organization: NIST

Reference - NISTIR 8011 Volume 1 - Automation Support for Security Control Assessments
type: NamedIndividual
type: Guideline Reference
kb-reference-of: Operational Risk Assessment
has-link: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.8011-1
kb-reference-title: NIST Interagency Report 8011 Volume 1 - Automation Support for Security Control Assessments
kb-abstract: This volume introduces concepts to support automated assessment of most of the security controls in NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-53. Referencing SP 800-53A, the controls are divided into more granular parts (determination statements) to be assessed. The parts of the control assessed by each determination statement are called control items. The control items are then grouped into the appropriate security capabilities. As suggested by SP 800-53 Revision 4, security capabilities are groups of controls that support a common purpose. For effective automated assessment, testable defect checks are defined that bridge the determination statements to the broader security capabilities to be achieved and to the SP 800-53 security control items themselves. The defect checks correspond to security sub-capabilities-called sub-capabilities because each is part of a larger capability. Capabilities and sub-capabilities are both designed with the purpose of addressing a series of attack steps. Automated assessments (in the form of defect checks) are performed using the test assessment method defined in SP 800-53A by comparing a desired and actual state (or behavior).
kb-author: Kelley Dempsey, Paul Eavy, and George Moore
kb-organization: NIST

Reference - Near-Memory & In-Memory Detection of Fileless Malware
type: NamedIndividual
type: Academic Paper Reference
kb-reference-of: Host Shutdown
has-link: https://web.inf.ufpr.br/mazalves/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2021/03/memsys2020.pdf
kb-reference-title: Near-Memory & In-Memory Detection of Fileless Malware
kb-abstract: Fileless malware are recent threats to computer systems that load directly into memory, and whose aim is to prevent anti-viruses (AVs) from successfully matching byte patterns against suspicious files written on disk. Their detection requires that software-based AVs continuously scan memory, which is expensive due to repeated locks and polls. However, research advances introduced near-memory and in-memory processing, which allow memory controllers to trigger basic computations without moving data to the CPU. In this paper, we address AVs performance overhead by moving them to the hardware, i.e., we propose instrumenting processors’ memory controller or smart memories (near- and in-memory malware detection, respectively) to accelerate memory scanning procedures. To do so, we present MINI-ME, the Malware Identification based on Near- and In-Memory Evaluation mechanism, a hardware-based AV accelerator that interrupts the program’s execution if malicious patterns are discovered in their memory. We prototyped MINI-ME in a simulator and tested it with a set of 21 thousand in-the-wild malware samples, which resulted in multiple signatures matching with less than 1% of performance overhead and rates of 100% detection, and zero false-positives and false-negatives.
kb-author: Marcus Botacin, André Grégio, Marco Antonio Zanata Alves

Reference - Network-Based Buffer Overflow Detection by Exploit Code Analysis - Information Security Research Centre
type: NamedIndividual
type: Academic Paper Reference
kb-reference-of: Byte Sequence Emulation
has-link: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/21172/1/21172.pdf
kb-reference-title: Network-Based Buffer Overflow Detection by Exploit Code Analysis
kb-abstract: Buffer overflow attacks continue to be a major security problem and detecting attacks of this nature is therefore crucial to network security. Signature based network based intrusion detection systems (NIDS) compare network traffic to signatures modelling suspicious or attack traffic to detect network attacks. Since detection is based on pattern matching, a signature modelling the attack must exist for the NIDS to detect it, and it is therefore only capable of detecting known attacks. This paper proposes a method to detect buffer overflow attacks by parsing the payload of network packets in search of shellcode which is the remotely executable component of a buffer overflow attack. By analysing the shellcode it is possible to determine which system calls the exploit uses, and hence the operation of the exploit. Current NIDS-based buffer overflow detection techniques mainly rely upon specific signatures for each new attack. Our approach is able to detect previously unseen buffer overflow attacks, in addition to existing ones, without the need for specific signatures for each new attack. The method has been implemented and tested for buffer overflow attacks on Linux on the Intel x86 architecture using the Snort NIDS.
kb-author: Stig Andersson, Andrew Clark, and George Mohay
kb-organization: Information Security Research Centre

Reference - Network-level polymorphic shellcode detection using emulation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Academic Paper Reference
kb-reference-of: Byte Sequence Emulation
has-link: https://www.cs.unc.edu/~fabian/course_papers/polymorphic-detect.pdf
kb-reference-title: Network-level polymorphic shellcode detection using emulation
kb-author: Michalis Polychronakis

Reference - Network firewall with proxy - Secure Computing LLC
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Inbound Traffic Filtering
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/GB2318031A
kb-reference-title: Network firewall with proxy
kb-abstract: A proxy which is part of a firewall controls exchanges of information between two application entities. The proxy interrogates attempts to establish a communication session by requesting entities with a server entity in lower layers in accordance with defined authentication procedures. The Proxy interfaces with networking software to direct a communication stack to monitor connection requests to any address on specific ports. The requestor's address, and the server's address are checked against a access control list. If either address is invalid, the proxy closes the connection. If both are valid, a new connection is setup such that both the requestor and server are transparently connected to the proxy with variable higher levels being connected in a relay mode. Protocol data units are interrogated for conformance to a protocol session, and optionally further decoded to add additional application specific filtering. In one embodiment, an OSI architecture comprises the levels.
kb-author: Michael W Green, Ricky Ronald Kruse
kb-organization: Secure Computing LLC

Reference - OS Query Windows User Collection Code
type: NamedIndividual
type: Source Code Reference
has-link: https://github.com/osquery/osquery/blob/d2be385d71f401c85872f00d479df8f499164c5a/osquery/tables/system/windows/users.cpp
kb-reference-title: OS Query Windows User Collection Code

Reference - Open source intelligence deceptions - Illusive Networks Ltd
type: NamedIndividual
type: Patent Reference
kb-reference-of: Decoy File
has-link: https://patents.google.com/patent/US10333976B1/en
kb-reference-title: Open source intelligence deceptions
kb-abstract: A system to detect attackers who attempt to breach an enterprise network and attackers who have already breached the enterprise network, including an open source intelligence (OSINT) discoverer scanning the Internet to discover data related to an enterprise that is available online, an OSINT replacer generating deceptive files by replacing placeholders within template files with deceptive information, based on the data discovered by the OSINT discoverer, an OSINT distributor planting the deceptive files generated by the OSINT replacer within designated OSINT resources, and a deception management server that alerts an administrator in response to an attacker attempting to make a connection within the network using information in a deceptive file planted by the OSINT distributor.
kb-author: Hadar Yudovich; Nimrod Lavi; Sharon Bittan; Tom Kahana; Tom Sela
kb-mitre-analysis: Seems to focus on configuration oriented files to put in decoy hostnames etc. to publish on internet sites, then monitor the decoy "objects".
kb-organization: Illusive Networks Ltd

Reference - Organizational Management in SAP ERP HCM
type: NamedIndividual
type: Book Reference
kb-reference-of: Organization Mapping
has-link: https://www.sap-press.com/organizational-management-in-sap-erp-hcm_3996/
kb-reference-title: Organization Mapping in SAP ERP HCM
kb-author: Soham Ray
kb-organization: SAP Press

Reference - CAR-2014-11-002: Outlier Parents of Cmd - MITRE
type: NamedIndividual
type: External Knowledge Base
kb-reference-of: Process Lineage Analysis
has-link: https://car.mitre.org/analytics/CAR-2014-11-002/
kb-reference-title: CAR-2014-11-002: Outlier Parents of Cmd
kb-abstract: Many programs create command prompts as part of their normal operation including malware used by attackers. This analytic attempts to identify suspicious programs spawning cmd.exe by looking for programs that do not normally create cmd.exe. While this analytic does not take the user into account, doing so could generate further interesting results. It is very common for some programs to spawn cmd.exe as a subprocess, for example to run batch files or windows commands. However many process don't routinely launch a command prompt - for example Microsoft Outlook. A command prompt being launched from a process that normally doesn't launch command prompts could be the result of malicious code being injected into that process, or of an attacker replacing a legitimate program with a malicious one.
kb-author: MITRE
kb-organization: MITRE

Reference - Overview of the seccomp sandbox
type: NamedIndividual
type: Internet Article Reference
kb-reference-of: System Call Filtering
has-link: https://code.google.com/archive/p/seccompsandbox/wikis/overview.wiki
kb-reference-title: Overview of the seccomp sandbox

Reference - Password and Key Rotation - SSH
type: NamedIndividual
type: Internet Article Reference
kb-reference-of: Credential Rotation
has-link: https://www.ssh.com/academy/iam/password-key-rotation
kb-reference-title: Password and Key Rotation
kb-organization: SSH