@prefix rdf: . @prefix : . @prefix dc: . @prefix dul: . @prefix owl: . @prefix xml: . @prefix xsd: . @prefix rdfs: . a owl:Ontology ; rdfs:comment "A supplementary ontology used as a generalization of DOLCE+DnS Ultralite (DUL), in order to deal with the systematic polysemy of many lexical items, whose senses create problems when used as OWL classes. For example, it's customary to find lexical items that carry both a sense of physical or abstract location, of event or event type, etc."^^xsd:string ; owl:imports ; owl:versionInfo """1.2 - added Eventuality, and subclass axioms to close all classes under dul:Entity 1.3 - removed disjoint axioms that could be hardly sustainable (Concept-IO, Concept-Description, Description-Situation, Description-IO) 1.4 - updated several obsolete comments, added CollectiveEntity class, deprecated the d0:Event class 1.5 - updated the Topic class as Domain (as a system of subjects), added Subject as anything thatis the focus of an InformationEntity"""^^xsd:string . :Activity a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment """Any action or task planned or executed by an agent intentionally causing and participating in it. E.g. swimming, shopping, knowledge sharing, etc. This is a catch all class to make sense of ambiguous data that cannot be made more precise, e.g. at the lexical level."""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "activity"@en ; owl:equivalentClass [ a owl:Class ; owl:unionOf (dul:Action dul:Task ) ] . :Characteristic a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "An aspect, quality, attribute, or dimensional value of a thing. E.g. radial symmetry, poker face, alkalinity, attractiveness, darkness, geographical coordinates, etc. This is a catch all class to make sense of ambiguous data that cannot be made more precise, e.g. at the lexical level."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "characteristic"@en ; owl:equivalentClass [ a owl:Class ; owl:unionOf (dul:Parameter dul:Quality dul:Region ) ] . :CognitiveEntity a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment """Attitudes, cognitive abilities, ideologies, psychological phenomena, mind, etc. E.g. discernment, homophobia, precognition, etc. Since cognitive entities can be categorized as objects (e.g. a memorised image), events (e.g. an experience of astonishment), or qualities (e.g. a bias in judgment), this is a catch-all class, aimed at making sense of ambiguous data or words, when they cannot be disambiguated in a particular context. In addition, cognitive entities such as emotions can be (jointly) considered at different levels, including the biological or neural substrate for experiencing them, their cognitive state, their bodily expression, or as (an instance of) public notions, e.g. 'sadness'."""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "cognitive entity"@en ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dul:hasLocation ; owl:someValuesFrom dul:PhysicalAgent ], [ a owl:Class ; owl:unionOf (dul:Event dul:Object dul:Quality ) ] . :CollectiveEntity dc:creator "Aldo Gangemi"^^xsd:string ; dc:date "2021-02-21T23:30:55Z"^^xsd:dateTime ; a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment """Either collections (as socially constructed entities) or aggregates (as distributed physical objects whose parts are member of a same collection). This is a catch all class to make sense of ambiguous data that cannot be made more precise, e.g. at the lexical level.""" ; owl:equivalentClass [ a owl:Class ; owl:unionOf (dul:Collection dul:ObjectAggregate ) ] . :Domain a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment """A domain is defined here as a discipline, field, branch of knowledge, standard topic area. E.g. algebra, avionics, ballet, theology, engineering, etc. A domain could be named, or generated by a clustering function. A domain is an intensional notion, which 'synthesizes' social objects, so creating an (evolving, fuzzy) cultural System. Topics can include information objects, concepts, relations, etc."""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "domain"@en ; rdfs:subClassOf :Subject, [ a owl:Class ; owl:intersectionOf (:System [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:minQualifiedCardinality "2"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; owl:onClass dul:SocialObject ; owl:onProperty dul:hasComponent ] ) ] . :Event a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment """Any event or event type, independently of its possible causes. E.g. avalanches, earthquakes, brainwaves, bonfires, tasks, steps, phases, etc. This is a catch all class to make sense of ambiguous data that cannot be made more precise, e.g. at the lexical level. (This is a deprecated class)."""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "event"@en ; rdfs:subClassOf owl:Thing ; owl:deprecated """This class used to be important in order to make sense of ambiguous terms denoting either events or event types. Later, the Eventuality class has been introduced, which extends the tolerance to situations as well. The term 'Event' is DOLCE-Zero is also identical to the restricted Event in DOLCE, hence the reason for deprecation.""" ; owl:equivalentClass [ a owl:Class ; owl:unionOf (dul:Event dul:EventType ) ] . :Eventuality a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment """Any event, situation, activity, event type, etc. Used to abstract from formal criteria that distinguish between event occurrences, their types, and constructed objects (situations, tropes, qua-entities) that provide a setting for multiple entities. This is a catch all class to make sense of ambiguous data that cannot be made more precise, e.g. at the lexical level."""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/d0.owl" ; rdfs:label "accadimento"@it, "eventuality"@en ; owl:equivalentClass [ a owl:Class ; owl:unionOf (dul:Event dul:EventType dul:Situation ) ] . :Location a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment """A location, in a very generic sense e.g. geo-political entities, physical object that are inherently located, spatial coordinates, etc. E.g. Oslo, Australia, Inner Mongolia, resort area, intergalactic space, tundra, tunnel, etc. This is a catch all class to make sense of ambiguous data that cannot be made more precise, e.g. at the lexical level."""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "location"@en ; owl:equivalentClass [ a owl:Class ; owl:unionOf (dul:PhysicalPlace dul:Place dul:SpaceRegion ) ] . :Subject dc:creator "Aldo Gangemi"^^xsd:string ; dc:date "2021-09-22T17:06:09Z"^^xsd:dateTime ; a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment """Any theme, matter, topic, etc. For subjects that become institutionalised or standard, i.e., they get a systematic structure, see Domain. A subject could be named, or generated by a clustering function. A subject can be anything that one considers the focus of a discourse, visual representation, or other communication modalities (i.e., information entities).""" ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/d0.owl" ; rdfs:label "subject" ; owl:equivalentClass [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty :isFocusOf ; owl:someValuesFrom dul:InformationEntity ] . :System a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment """Physical, social, or abstract systems. E.g. viticulture, non-linear systems, democracy, water distribution, etc. Systems are characterized by components with interdependencies, spatio-temporal patterns, reference situations, equilibria, etc. System components can be physical, social, or a mixture of them. As such, System could be considered as (a special kind of) an ObjectAggregate. However, systems have an internal structure (a Configuration) that is not required for object aggregates in general, whose parts only need the membership to a same collection."""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "system"@en ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Class ; owl:intersectionOf (dul:ObjectAggregate [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:minQualifiedCardinality "2"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; owl:onClass dul:Object ; owl:onProperty dul:hasComponent ] ) ] . :hasFocus dc:creator "Aldo Gangemi"^^xsd:string ; dc:date "2021-09-16T16:18:05Z"^^xsd:dateTime ; a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "The aboutness relation when an information entity is summarised, as in the case of subjects, topics, domains, etc." ; rdfs:label "has focus" ; rdfs:subPropertyOf dul:isAbout ; owl:inverseOf :isFocusOf . :isFocusOf dc:creator "Aldo Gangemi"^^xsd:string ; dc:date "2021-09-16T16:14:30Z"^^xsd:dateTime ; a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "The aboutness relation when an information entity is summarised, as in the case of subjects, topics, domains, etc." ; rdfs:label "is focus of" ; rdfs:subPropertyOf dul:isReferenceOf . dul:Action rdfs:subClassOf :Activity . dul:Parameter rdfs:subClassOf :Characteristic . dul:PhysicalPlace rdfs:subClassOf :Location . dul:Place rdfs:subClassOf :Location . dul:Quality rdfs:subClassOf :Characteristic . dul:Region rdfs:subClassOf :Characteristic . dul:SpaceRegion rdfs:subClassOf :Location . dul:Task rdfs:subClassOf :Activity .