Information Objects ontology

IRI:
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl
Current version:
1.8
Imported Ontologies:
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl (visualise it with LODE)
Other visualisation:
Ontology source

Abstract

An ontology of information objects, encodings and realizations, as a plugin to DOLCE-Ultralite (reusing mainly the dul:expresses and dul:realizes relations from it). Several patterns are contained inside this ontology: - encodings of information entities - kinds of realizations (gestural motions, depictions, digital, multimedia, speech, etc.) - combinatorial relations between information objects - relations between formal expressions and generalized expressions (lexicalizations, formalizations) - relations between formal expressions and their assignments in formal semantics - relations between information objects and schemata (data structures, KOS, etc.) - authorship - kinds of linguistic objects - copies, reproductions, etc. - cultural combination of information objects (reuse, mixing, metaphorical blending)

Table of Content

  1. Classes
  2. Object Properties
  3. Namespace Declarations

Classes

Bodily motionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#BodilyMotion

An information realization consisting of bodily movements.
has super-classes
actionc
information realizationc
has participantop some physical agentc
has sub-classes
Gesturec

Codec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#Code

Any piece of information expressing computational operations, objects, markup, etc.
has super-classes
information objectc
is realized byop only Digital resourcec

Communicative functionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#CommunicativeFunction

The functions, e.g. defined by Jakobson and by Buhler, which define types of linguistic acts. Jakobson's ones include referential, conative, expressive, phatic, metalinguistic, poetic. Each function has typical roles and tasks that must be played during a linguistic act that achieves the function.
has super-classes
planc

Contract textc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#ContractText

The text of a contract
has super-classes
Textc
expressesop some contractc

Data structurec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#DataStructure

Any data structure, including databases, schemas, lexica, knowledge organizations systems, etc.
has super-classes
information objectc
is realized byop only Digital resourcec
has sub-classes
Database schemac, Knowledge organization systemc
is in domain of
is schema ofop
is in range of
has schemaop

Database schemac back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#DBSchema

Any conceptual, logical or physical schema for a database.
has super-classes
Data structurec

Datumc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#Datum

From WordNet: 'an item of factual information derived from measurement or research'
has super-classes
information objectc

Depictionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#Depiction

An information realization consisting of depicted images/signs of any sort (e.g. graffiti, drawings, inscriptions, pictures, sculptures, etc.), which are inscripted on a medium that lasts longer than the depicting act. It also includes any early form of inscripted iconic expression, which can be considered as original bodily expressions.
has super-classes
information realizationc
physical artifactc
has sub-classes
Drawingc, Graphic artc, Plastic artc, Writingc

Digital photoc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#DigitalPhoto

has super-classes
Digital resourcec

Digital resourcec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#DigitalResource

Any resource that can be computed, e.g. a file, a piece of (implemented) software. This assumes an encoding allowing the computation (e.g. html+http protocol).
has super-classes
information realizationc
has sub-classes
Digital photoc, Web pagec
is in domain of
digitally reproducesop
is in range of
is digitally reproduced byop

Drawingc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#Drawing

wn noun: A representation of forms or objects on a surface by means of lines; "drawings of abstract forms"; "he did complicated pen-and-ink drawings like medieval miniatures"
has super-classes
Depictionc

formal entityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#FormalEntity

has super-classes
formally interprets {@en}op only Formal expressionc
is in domain of
has groundingop
is in range of
is grounding forop

Formal expressionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#FormalExpression

Any information object represented in a FormalLanguage, usually having a formal interpretation by a dul:FormalEntity, and used to formally represent any Entity
has super-classes
information objectc
has representation languageop some Formal languagec
is formal term forop some information objectc
is in domain of
combinatorially related toop, formally representsop, is formal term forop, is formally interpreted asop
is in range of
combinatorially related toop, formally interprets {@en}op, has formal termop, is formally represented inop
is disjoint with
Knowledge organization systemc

Formal languagec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#FormalLanguage

A formal language, created by some human, with a fixed grammar, and usually with an explicit formal semantics (i.e. any FormalExpression that is a wff or a valid element of a FormalLanguage has an interpretation wrt to formal entities such as sets, categories, etc.).
has super-classes
Languagec
has partop only Formal expressionc

Gesturec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#Gesture

has super-classes
Bodily motionc

Graphemec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#Grapheme

A part of a word as it can be realized by Writing A spoken information realization can be 'about' a grapheme (as in reading), but it does not 'realize' it. Only Phoneme(s) are realized by spoken information (Voicing). BTW, since spoken realizations are a 'primary' code of communication, the difference between direct and indirect spoken realizations (reading) should be considered relevant. A grapheme is not necessarily able to express a meaning (a dul:SocialObject), although it can in principle (e.g. 'a' in English).
has super-classes
Linguistic objectc
is realized byop only Writingc

Graphic artc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#GraphicArt

wn noun: The arts of drawing or painting or printmaking
has super-classes
Depictionc
has sub-classes
Paintingc

Iconic languagec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#IconicLanguage

A language made up of graphical elements. It can be natural, artificial, and even formal.
has super-classes
Languagec

Iconic objectc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#IconicObject

An information object represented in an IconicLanguage
has super-classes
information objectc
has representation languageop some Iconic languagec

Knowledge organization systemc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#KOS

Knowledge Organization Systems: thesauri, terminologies, classification schemes, subject hierarchies, etc.
has super-classes
Data structurec
has sub-classes
Lexiconc, Thesaurusc
is disjoint with
Formal expressionc

Languagec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#Language

A natural or artificial language, provided with an alphabet (or vocabulary) and combinatorial rules. In the case of natural languages, their components are 'temporary' and 'reconstructed' out of actual usage. For example, a grammar for a natural language has the status of a theory for that language, and alternative ones can exist (e.g. generative vs. construction grammars). Another distinction, between the general (systemic) rules for a language, and the local (contextual) rules for e.g. a certain context, speaker, place, etc., can be made separately. The most comprehensive classification of languages ha probably been made by Umberto Eco, based on the production modes of the 'signs' that are represented in a certain language. It uses several semiotic dimensions, and will be modeled in a forthcoming ontology.
has super-classes
descriptionc
has sub-classes
Formal languagec, Iconic languagec, Natural languagec
is in domain of
is representation language ofop
is in range of
has representation languageop

Lexemec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#Lexeme

Lexical entries for dictionaries, lexica, etc. They are used to create reference forms of words.
has super-classes
Termc
Polyrhematic unitc or Wordc
has schemaop some Lexiconc

Lexiconc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#Lexicon

A collection of lexical items (terms, entries, ...) that are witnessed to have a linguistic relevance.
has super-classes
Knowledge organization systemc

Linguistic actc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#LinguisticAct

A communicative situation including linguistic objects, agents, and a set of contexts: physical (informational realizations), conceptual (social objects), and referential (entities). A linguistic act has an associated CommunicativeFunction that it satisfies.
has super-classes
plan executionc
includes objectop some agentc
is setting forop min 5 entityc
satisfiesop some Communicative functionc
includes objectop some social objectc
is setting forop some information realizationc
includes objectop some Linguistic objectc

Linguistic functionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#LinguisticFunction

Any linguistic function that classifies words according to a LinguisticTheory. This class includes parts of speech, thematic roles, phrase structure components, verbal aspects, etc. e.g. Subject, Object, Instrument, Stative, etc. Each linguistic function must be defined in a LinguisticTheory; e.g. a thematic role can be defined either in a generative grammar, or in construction-based theory.
has super-classes
rolec
is defined inop some Linguistic theoryc

Linguistic objectc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#LinguisticObject

An information object represented in a NaturalLanguage
has super-classes
information objectc
has representation languageop some Natural languagec
has sub-classes
Graphemec, Morphemec, Phonemec, Phrasec, Polyrhematic unitc, Sentencec, Termc, Textc, Wordc
is in domain of
lexicalizesop
is in range of
is lexicalized byop

Linguistic theoryc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#LinguisticTheory

Any theory describing the structure and/or production and understanding of a natural language or a set of natural languages, or a component of one or more natural languages.
has super-classes
theoryc
describesop some is component ofop some Natural languagec

Morphemec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#Morpheme

A part of a word that can express a meaning, which is part of the meaning of the entire word.
has super-classes
Linguistic objectc
expressesop some is component ofop exactly 1
is component ofop some Wordc

Multimedia objectc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#MultimediaObject

An information realization that realizes heterogeneous information objects. Examples include audiovisual performances, web pages, etc.
has super-classes
information realizationc
realizesop min 2
has sub-classes
Web pagec

Natural languagec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#NaturalLanguage

A natural language, evolved and used in a community across time. Natural languages components are 'temporary' and 'reconstructed' out of actual usage. For example, a grammar for a (part of a) natural language has the status of a theory for that language, but alternative ones can exist (e.g. generative vs. construction grammars).
has super-classes
Languagec
is conceptualized byop some communityc

Paintingc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#Painting

wn noun: Graphic art consisting of an artistic composition made by applying paints to a surface; "a small painting by Picasso"; "he bought the painting as an investment"; "his pictures hang in the Louvre"
has super-classes
Graphic artc

Phonemec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#Phoneme

A part of a word as it can be realized by Voicing A written information realization can be 'about' a phoneme (as in the case of transcription systems), but it does not 'realize' it: only Grapheme(s) are realized by written information (Writing). A phoneme is not necessarily able to express a meaning (any dul:SocialObject), although it can in principle (e.g. 'a' in English).
has super-classes
Linguistic objectc
is realized byop only Voicingc

Phrasec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#Phrase

A composition of Word(s) that can be considered a higher syntactic unit than a Word, and dul:isComponentOf a Sentence
has super-classes
Linguistic objectc
has componentop some Wordc
is component ofop some Sentencec

Plastic artc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#PlasticArt

wn noun: The arts of shaping or modeling; carving and sculpture
has super-classes
Depictionc
has sub-classes
Sculpturec

Polyrhematic unitc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#Multiword

A LinguisticObject made up of more than one Word, but distinct from a Phrase, which is a higher syntactic unit.
has super-classes
Linguistic objectc
has componentop min 2
has componentop some Wordc

Sculpturec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#Sculpture

wn noun: A three-dimensional work of plastic art
has super-classes
Plastic artc
has sub-classes
Statuec

Sentencec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#Sentence

A composition of Phrase(s), assumed to express a state of affairs (here modelled as a dul:Situation). Graphically, a period is usually considered its boundary.
has super-classes
Linguistic objectc
has componentop some Phrasec
expressesop some situationc

Soundc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#Sound

An information realization consisting of sound waves.
has super-classes
processc
has sub-classes
Voicingc

Speechc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#Speech

Conventional sounds realizing explicit communication. Speech is a primary code of communication (primary means that is an original body expression, especially if first learnt).
has super-classes
information realizationc
Voicingc
realizesop some Linguistic objectc

Statuec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#Statue

wn noun: A sculpture representing a human or animal
has super-classes
Sculpturec

Termc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#Term

A word or multiword that is established in some terminology from a domain of discourse.
has super-classes
Linguistic objectc
Polyrhematic unitc or Wordc
has schemaop some Knowledge organization systemc
has sub-classes
Lexemec

Textc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#Text

A LinguisticObject composed of at least one Sentence, and assumed to be realized in written form.
has super-classes
Linguistic objectc
is realized byop some Writingc
has componentop some Sentencec
has sub-classes
Contract textc

Thesaurusc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#Thesaurus

A collection of categories organized according to a specified syntax, typically used to create a controlled terminology in a domain. A useful rdfs encoding of a typical thesaurus syntax is the SKOS schema.
has super-classes
Knowledge organization systemc

Voicingc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#Voicing

An information realization consisting of uttered sounds. In natural agents, it always co-occurs with bodily movements.
has super-classes
Soundc
has participantop some physical agentc
has sub-classes
Speechc

Web pagec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#WebPage

has super-classes
Digital resourcec
Multimedia objectc

Wordc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#Word

A linguistic object consisting of a string (independently of its physical realization). Its topological unity can change according to its physical realization: as a written realization, its boundaries are blank spaces, as a spoken realization, sometimes is silence, sometimes not, and higher order features intervene. Grammatical notions, such as noun, verb, adjective, etc., are roles defined by a grammar, and words (or larger linguistic objects) can play those roles in a given language. E.g., the word 'share' can play both 'verb' and 'noun' roles in contemporary English, while the word 'come' can only play the 'verb' role in English, and the 'adverb' or 'conjunction' roles in Italian (but if we consider a word as only realized by phonemes, i.e. if we consider the oral realizations of 'come', there is no common word 'come' in the two languages).
has super-classes
Linguistic objectc
has componentop only not (Wordc)

Writingc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#Writing

An information realization based on conventional symbols. It is a secondary code of communication (secondary means that it is about an original bodily expression, i.e. a primary code). Therefore, we are not considering here early forms of iconic expression, which could be considered primary.
has super-classes
Depictionc
realizesop some Linguistic objectc

Object Properties

combinatorially related toop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#combinatoriallyRelatedTo

Any relation holding between two FormalExpression(s), e.g. a function over formal grammars, boolean operators, syntactic relations defined for the logical vocabulary of a formal language, etc. Syntactic relations from logical languages have a correspondance to some formal relation.

has characteristics: symmetric

has super-properties
associated withop
has domain
Formal expressionc
has range
Formal expressionc
is inverse of
combinatorially related toop, combinatorially related toop

digitally reproducesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#digitallyReproduces

has super-properties
reproducesop
has domain
Digital resourcec
has range
information realizationc
is inverse of
is digitally reproduced byop

encodesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#encodes

Any relation between two information entities, with the first used as an alternative encoding of the second. This encoding can preserve all or part of the informational structure. For example, an XML encoding of a plain text file, a digital scanning of a physical paper document, a reproduction of a painting, etc. The encoding can be so precise and close to the medium of realization, that distinguishing the maximally encoded object from its realization is superfluous (as in many cases of computer science information entities). For this reason, the relation holds for either dul:InformationObject(s) or dul:InformationRealization(s). Since the relation holds for either dul:InformationObject(s) or dul:InformationRealization(s), dul:realizes is a subproperty of it.
has super-properties
associated withop
has sub-properties
is formal term forop, lexicalizesop, realizesop, reproducesop
has domain
information entityc
has range
information entityc
is inverse of
is encoded byop

formally interprets {@en}op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#isAssignedTo

The relation between a FormalExpression, and an Entity (a FormalEntity in case of classes, relations, etc.) that it is supposed to be the reference of the symbol (FormalExpression) that the Entity is an intepretation of. In other words, this is the 'formal interpretation' function, by which a logician 'assigns' an Entity to a FormalExpression. For each type of formal expressions defined in a logical language, an assignment assumption should be indicated, for example, owl:Class should be restricted to: isAssignmentOf allValuesFrom Class. In addition, differently from the general relation formallyRepresents, isAssignmentOf is functional (and its inverse is inverse functional), in order to encode the Tarskian correspondence assumption. E.g., the Set of 'all mariachis in Tijuana' isAssignedTo the predicate (FormalExpression) 'TijuanaMariachi' (that isFormalTermFor a Term e.g. 'the mariachis in Tijuana').

has characteristics: inverse functional

has super-properties
is formally represented inop
has domain
entityc
has range
Formal expressionc
is inverse of
is formally interpreted asop

formally representsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#formallyRepresents

The relation between formal expressions, and anything that they are supposed to represent. E.g., 'the predicate 'MariachiInTijuana' formallyRepresents the dul:Collection of all mariachis in Tijuana'; 'the equivalence relation '<=>' formallyRepresents the Concept of two entities having the same properties', 'the constant 'John' formallyRepresents the dul:NaturalPerson 'John'. Notice that a FormalExpression isAssignmentOf (is formally interpreted by) instances of dul:FormalEntity. formallyRepresents is a particular case of 'dul:isAbout', holding only for formal expressions. Anyway, a formal expression that dul:expresses a dul:SocialObject is also possible, but treats formal expressions as any other kind of dul:InformationObject that express a 'social' or 'cognitive' semantics, not a formal one.
has super-properties
is aboutop
has sub-properties
is formally interpreted asop
has domain
Formal expressionc
has range
entityc
is inverse of
is formally represented inop

has authorop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#hasAuthor

has super-properties
associated withop
has domain
information entityc
has range
agentc
is inverse of
is author ofop

has cultural groundingop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#hasCulturalGrounding

has super-properties
associated withop
has domain
social objectc
has range
social objectc
is inverse of
is cultural grounding forop

has cultural mixing withop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#hasCulturalMixingWith

has characteristics: symmetric

has super-properties
associated withop
has domain
social objectc
has range
social objectc
is inverse of
has cultural mixing withop, has cultural mixing withop

has formal termop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#hasFormalTerm

The relation between an InformationObject and a FormalExpression (constant, formula, term, sentence, proposition, axiom, etc.) that it is supposed to be given formal interpretation to formalize the InformationObject. Notice that FormalExpression(s) only are formal terms for InformationObject(s), not for Concept(s) or other for SocialObject(s). On their turn, information object can 'express' (see) SocialObject(s). E.g., the predicate (FormalExpression) 'TijuanaMariachi' isFormalTermFor the Term 'the mariachis in Tijuana' (that expresses the Collection of all mariachis in Tijuana); the Term 'equivalence relation' (that expresses the Concept of 'two entities having the same properties') hasFormalTerm the '<=>' symbol.
has super-properties
is expressed byop
is encoded byop
has domain
information objectc
has range
Formal expressionc
is inverse of
is formal term forop

has groundingop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#hasGrounding

A formal entity is grounded in some other entity when it is assumed as the (formal, extensional) interpretation of it, for example, the set Dog can be grounded in the collection of all actual dogs (or in some of them that the modeller intends).
has super-properties
associated withop
has domain
formal entityc
has range
entityc
is inverse of
is grounding forop

has representation languageop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#hasRepresentationLanguage

has super-properties
associated withop
has domain
information entityc
has range
Languagec
is inverse of
is representation language ofop

has schemaop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#hasSchema

A relation between social objects and schemata that organize them. For example, a Tag hasSchema a Folksonomy, a Lexeme hasSchema a Lexicon, etc.
has super-properties
associated withop
has domain
social objectc
has range
Data structurec
is inverse of
is schema ofop

is author ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#isAuthorOf

has super-properties
associated withop
has domain
agentc
has range
information entityc
is inverse of
has authorop

is copy ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#isCopyOf

The original information realization of some copy. Differently from reproductions, copies are not planned to have notable differences from the original. Master copies, author-signed paintings, etc. are examples of originals.
has super-properties
associated withop
has domain
information realizationc
has range
information realizationc
is inverse of
is original ofop

is cultural grounding forop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#isCulturalGroundingFor

has super-properties
associated withop
has domain
social objectc
has range
social objectc
is inverse of
has cultural groundingop

is digitally reproduced byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#isDigitallyReproducedBy

has super-properties
is reproduced byop
has domain
information realizationc
has range
Digital resourcec
is inverse of
digitally reproducesop

is encoded byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#isEncodedBy

Any relation between two information entities, with the first used as an alternative encoding of the second. This encoding can preserve all or part of the informational structure. For example, an XML encoding of a plain text file, a digital scanning of a physical paper document, a reproduction of a painting, etc. The encoding can be so precise and close to the medium of realization, that distinguishing the maximally encoded object from its realization is superfluous (as in many cases of computer science information entities). For this reason, the relation holds for either dul:InformationObject(s) or dul:InformationRealization(s). Since the relation holds for either dul:InformationObject(s) or dul:InformationRealization(s), dul:realizes is a subproperty of it.
has super-properties
associated withop
has sub-properties
has formal termop, is lexicalized byop, is realized byop, is reproduced byop
is inverse of
encodesop

is formal term forop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#isFormalTermFor

The relation between an InformationObject and a FormalExpression (constant, formula, term, sentence, proposition, axiom, etc.) that it is supposed to be given formal interpretation to formalize the InformationObject. Notice that FormalExpression(s) only are formal terms for InformationObject(s), not for Concept(s) or for other SocialObject(s). On their turn, information object can 'express' (see) SocialObject(s). E.g., the predicate (FormalExpression) 'TijuanaMariachi' isFormalTermFor the Term 'the mariachis in Tijuana' (that expresses the Collection of all mariachis in Tijuana); the Term 'equivalence relation' (that expresses the Concept of 'two entities having the same properties') hasFormalTerm the '<=>' symbol.
has super-properties
expressesop
encodesop
has domain
Formal expressionc
has range
information objectc
is inverse of
has formal termop

is formally interpreted asop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#isAssignmentOf

The relation between a FormalExpression, and an Entity (a FormalEntity in case of classes, relations, etc.) that it is supposed to be the reference of the symbol (FormalExpression) that the Entity is an intepretation of. In other words, this property expresses the 'formal interpretation' function, by which a logician 'assigns' an Entity to a FormalExpression. For each type of formal expressions defined in a logical language, an assignment assumption should be indicated, for example, owl:Class should be restricted to: isAssignmentOf allValuesFrom Class. In addition, differently from the general relation formallyRepresents, isAssignmentOf is functional (and its inverse is inverse functional), in order to encode the Tarskian correspondence assumption. E.g., the Set of 'all mariachis in Tijuana' isAssignedTo the predicate (FormalExpression) 'TijuanaMariachi' (that isFormalTermFor a Term e.g. 'the mariachis in Tijuana').

has characteristics: functional

has super-properties
formally representsop
has domain
Formal expressionc
has range
entityc
is inverse of
formally interprets {@en}op

is formally represented inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#isFormallyRepresentedIn

The relation between formal expressions, and anything that they are supposed to represent. E.g., 'the predicate 'MariachiInTijuana' formallyRepresents the dul:Collection of all mariachis in Tijuana'; 'the equivalence relation '<=>' formallyRepresents the concept of two entities having the same properties', 'the constant 'John' formallyRepresents the dul:NaturalPerson John. Notice that formal expressions are formally interpreted by instances of dul:FormalEntity
has super-properties
is reference ofop
has sub-properties
formally interprets {@en}op
has domain
entityc
has range
Formal expressionc
is inverse of
formally representsop

is grounding forop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#isGroundingFor

has super-properties
associated withop
has domain
entityc
has range
formal entityc
is inverse of
has groundingop

is lexicalized byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#isLexicalizedBy

A relation between linguistic objects and other information objects (including other linguistic objects). For example, 'dog' can lexicalize a picture of a dog, a linguistic description of a dog, or the logical class: 'Dog'. This relation is a subPropertyOf encodes . In case of FormalExpression(s), it is not the inverse of isFormalTermFor: formal expressions can be said to 'be formal terms' for a LinguisticObject(s), while, independently, linguistic objects can be said to 'lexicalize' formal expressions. The difference is mainly pragmatic: one can take e.g. the word Dog, and decide to have a logical class 'Dog' for it. Someone else can see the logical class 'Dog', and decide to lexicalize it with the words dog, chien, cane, etc. While the relation seems similar, the pragmatic of using them is very different.
has super-properties
is expressed byop
is encoded byop
has domain
information objectc
has range
Linguistic objectc
is inverse of
lexicalizesop

is original ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#isOriginalOf

has super-properties
associated withop
has domain
information realizationc
has range
information realizationc
is inverse of
is copy ofop

is realized byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isRealizedBy

has super-properties
is encoded byop

is representation language ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#isRepresentationLanguageOf

has super-properties
associated withop
has domain
Languagec
has range
information entityc
is inverse of
has representation languageop

is reproduced byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#isReproducedBy

has super-properties
is encoded byop
has sub-properties
is digitally reproduced byop
has domain
information realizationc
has range
information realizationc
is inverse of
reproducesop

is reused byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#isReusedBy

has super-properties
associated withop
has domain
information entityc
has range
information entityc
is inverse of
reusesop

is schema ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#isSchemaOf

A relation between social objects and schemata that organize them. For example, a Tag hasSchema a Folksonomy, a Lexeme hasSchema a Lexicon, etc.
has super-properties
associated withop
has domain
Data structurec
has range
social objectc
is inverse of
has schemaop

lexicalizesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#lexicalizes

A relation between linguistic objects and other information objects (including other linguistic objects). For example, 'dog' can lexicalize a picture of a dog, a linguistic description of a dog, or the logical class: 'Dog'. This relation is a subPropertyOf encodes . In case of FormalExpression(s), it is not the inverse of isFormalTermFor: formal expressions can be said to 'be formal terms' for a LinguisticObject(s), while, independently, linguistic objects can be said to 'lexicalize' formal expressions. The difference is mainly pragmatic: one can take e.g. the word Dog, and decide to have a logical class 'Dog' for it. Someone else can see the logical class 'Dog', and decide to lexicalize it with the words dog, chien, cane, etc. While the relation seems similar, the pragmatic of using them is very different.
has super-properties
expressesop
encodesop
has domain
Linguistic objectc
has range
information objectc
is inverse of
is lexicalized byop

metaphorically blends withop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#metaphoricallyBlendsWith

This property can be used to relate two social objects that are associated by means of a metaphorical blending, e.g. Greek and Aegyptian sphinges.

has characteristics: symmetric

has super-properties
associated withop
has domain
social objectc
has range
social objectc
is inverse of
metaphorically blends withop, metaphorically blends withop

realizesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#realizes

has super-properties
encodesop

reproducesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#reproduces

has super-properties
encodesop
has sub-properties
digitally reproducesop
has domain
information realizationc
has range
information realizationc
is inverse of
is reproduced byop

reusesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#reuses

Any relation between information entities, where the first one reuses (includes, transforms, reengineers, etc.) the second one.
has super-properties
associated withop
has domain
information entityc
has range
information entityc
is inverse of
is reused byop

Namespace Declarations back to ToC

default namespace
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#
dul
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/
dul-owl
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#
owl
http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
rdf
http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs
http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
xsd
http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

This HTML document was obtained by processing the OWL ontology source code through LODE, Live OWL Documentation Environment, developed by Silvio Peroni.