Lexical MetaModel Level 1

IRI:
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L1.owl
Current version:
1.8 1.2 - contains fine-tuning of cross-context relations. Now, the formalization pathway goes from expression to meaning to reference to formal entity to formal expression. 1.3 - has all elements with English labels. Moreover, I added the relatedMeaning property, which allows to query across all object properties that have a Meaning in both domain and range. 1.4 - has a new relation: hasInterpretant, based on Peirce's semiotics, which is applied between any two Expression(s), where the second provides an interpretive context for the first. 1.5 - fixes a bug in the domain and range of isContextOf, now both generalized to dul:Entity, and consequently, Context is equivalently defined as anything that isContextOf some dul:Entity; some comments have also been edited. 1.6 - added equivalentClass axiom between lmm:Meaning and dul:SocialObject (simplifies applications). 1.7 - aligned all locally defined object properties to dul:associatedWith. 1.8 - simplified several restrictions in the semiotic pattern core, for improving reasoning performance.
Imported Ontologies:
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl (visualise it with LODE)
Other visualisation:
Ontology source

Abstract

This ontology is a composition of some content design patterns for the semiotic triangle. Its structure is extracted from DOLCE-Ultralite (DOLCE+c.DnS), but it uses a different terminology, and explicitly defines the semiotic function: Expression is the semiotic term for dul:InformationObject, when they actually express or denote something; Meaning is the semiotic term for dul:SocialObject, when they are actually expressed by something, or are interpretation of something; Reference is the semiotic term for dul:Entity, when they are interpreted or denoted by something. The denotes relation is equivalent to dul:isAbout, the expresses relation is imported from DOLCE Ultralite, and the hasInterpretation relation generalizes over: dul:isClassifiedBy, dul:isCoveredBy, dul:isDescribedBy, dul:isUnifiedBy, and dul:satisfies Extensions to the triangle: A typical extension of the semiotic triangle concerns the participation of agents: this is introduced by using the dul:conceptualizes relation, holding between a dul:Agent and a dul:SocialObject (the Meaning). An additional extension concerns semiotic context: this is provided by including four notions of 'Context': 'Paradigm' (the context of the conceptualized meaning), 'KnowledgeCollective' (the context of agents that conceptualize the paradigm), 'Cotext' (the context of expressions), and dul:Situation (the context of denoted entities). A final extension links semiotics to formal semantics: this is provided by reusing dul:FormalEntity, iol:isGroundingFor, iol:FormalExpression, iol:isAssignedTo, iol:FormalLanguage, etc. The complete pattern allows to declare relations between Expression(s) and their Reference(s) (denotes), between Expression(s) and their Meaning (dul:expresses), between Meaning(s) and Reference(s) (isInterpretationOf), between Reference(s) and dul:FormalEntity(ies) (iol:isGroundingFor), between dul:FormalEntity(ies) and iol:FormalExpression(s) (iol:isAssignedTo). This 'formalization pathway' moves from Expression(s) to iol:FormalExpression(s) by taking into account both Meaning(s) and Referent(s). The informal denotation of Expression(s) is moved to a formal denotation (iol:isAssignedTo) of iol:FormalExpression(s). For example: the Expression 'Mariachi' dul:expresses the dul:Concept (Meaning) 'MexicanStreetSinger' that isInterpretationOf the dul:Collection (Reference) 'TheStreetSingersFromMexico'. 'TheStreetSingersFromMexico' then iol:isGroundingFor e.g. the dul:Set (dul:FormalEntity) that includes all Mexican street singers, which iol:isAssignedTo e.g. the iol:FormalExpression 'owl:Class#Mariachi'. The formalization pathway enables a technique to move from/to socio-cognitive and formal semantics through denotation, in the Tarskian sense. As a matter of fact, translating directly a Meaning into a FormalEntity (or viceversa) is not always clearly implementable, while passing through an extensional grounding is easier and more accessible to intuition. Among possible uses, information extraction, ontology learning, KOS reengineering, lexical semantics, etc. For example, statistical learning of instances for a dul:Concept would be modelled as the building of a dul:Collection that isInterpretationOf the dul:Concept, but also dul:isGroundingFor a dul:Set that iol:isAssignedTo e.g. an owl:Class. An additional semiotic pattern is based on the hasInterpretant relation, which allows to link two Expression(s) (or dul:InformationRealization(s)), when the second one counts as a Meaning (or a relatedMeaning) of the first. In practice, this is implemented by allowing a relation between an Expression (or its realization), and whatever Meaning (or another dul:InformationRealization). Technically speaking, the correct path would be passing through another Expression used to express a Meaning for the first one: (Exp1 hasInterpretant some (Exp2 and expresses some (Meaning and isExpressedBy some Exp1))) or even: (Exp1 hasInterpretant some (Exp2 and expresses some (Meaning and relatedMeaning some (Meaning and isExpressedBy some Exp1)))) but given the expressive power of OWL, which lacks co-reference, this is the best sub-optimal solution.

Table of Content

  1. Classes
  2. Object Properties
  3. Namespace Declarations

Classes

Co-textc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L1.owl#CoText

The context of an Expression . A CoText is a neighborhood of a certain chunk of text, which can be built based on a syntactic rule (all words from the sentence where the chunk occurs), an associative rule (all terms that are related to the chunk across the texts of a corpus, given a certain statistical threshold), etc.
is equivalent to
Contextc and (has memberop some Expressionc) and (is unified byop some construction rulec)
has super-classes
collectionc
linguistic objectc
Contextc

communityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Community

has super-classes
acts throughop min 3
has sub-classes
Knowledge communityc

construction rulec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L1.owl#ConstructionRule

A description of how to build an entity. For example, a logical rule, a productive rule, a statistical algorithm, etc.
has super-classes
descriptionc

Contextc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L1.owl#Context

Any context, such as: - dul:Situation (the circumstantial context of denoted Entity(ies)) - Paradigm (the cultural context of expressed Meaning(s)) - CoText (the informational context of Expression(s)) - dul:Description (the relational context of Concept(s)) - KnowledgeCommunity (the social context of conceptualizing Agent(s)) - dul:Place (the spatial context of Entity(ies)) but also a dul:PhysicalPlace, a dul:Event, etc. In practice, everything that is said to be a context for something else. Notice that certain contexts can be given independently from the entities that are contextualized (e.g. the ones listed above), others need a core entity and a rule to build its neighborhood, and still others can be classified as such when a certain relation is applied to them. For example, a scientific theory is a dul:Description that works as a context for its dul:Concept(s), and can be given independently from the concepts, which can remain implicit to a certain extent. On the contrary, a CoText is actually a neighborhood of a certain chunk of text, which can be built based on a syntagmatic rule (all words from the sentence where the chunk occurs), an associative rule (all terms that are related to the chunk across the texts of a corpus, given a certain statistical threshold), etc. Contexts can also emerge based on what relations are considered "context triggers". For example, in this ontology very different relations: part, participation, setting, membership, acting for, localization, etc. are considered context triggers by adding owl:subPropertyOf axioms to the property: isContextOf. Since the class Context has an equivalent axiom to isContextOf someValuesFrom dul:Entity, everything has a property that is declared subPropertyOf isContextOf, will be inferred to be a Context as well.
is equivalent to
is context ofop some entityc
has super-classes
entityc
has sub-classes
Co-textc, Knowledge communityc, Paradigmc, descriptionc, placec, situationc

descriptionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Description

has super-classes
Contextc
has sub-classes
Paradigmc, construction rulec

Expressionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L1.owl#Expression

Any information that either dul:expresses a Meaning or denotes a Reference
is equivalent to
(expressesop some Meaningc) or (denotesop some Referencec)
has super-classes
information objectc
is in domain of
denotesop
is in range of
is denoted byop

Knowledge communityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L1.owl#KnowledgeCommunity

The context of agents that conceptualize a same Paradigm. This restriction cannot be represented in OWL in general, but should be encoded for specific knowledge communities by stating the specific paradigm that agents acting for it must conceptualize.
has super-classes
communityc
Contextc

Meaningc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L1.owl#Meaning

Any conceptualization that dul:isExpressedBy an Expression, or isInterpretationOf a Reference
is equivalent to
is expressed byop some Expressionc
has super-classes
social objectc
is expressed byop some Expressionc
is in domain of
is interpretation ofop, related meaningop
is in range of
has interpretationop, related meaningop

Paradigmc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L1.owl#Paradigm

The context of an expressed Meaning
has super-classes
descriptionc
Contextc
has componentop min 2
has componentop some Meaningc

placec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Place

has super-classes
Contextc

Referencec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L1.owl#Reference

Any Entity that isDenotedBy an Expression, or that hasInterpretation some Meaning
is equivalent to
(has interpretationop some Meaningc) or (is denoted byop some Expressionc)
has super-classes
entityc
has sub-classes
situationc
is in domain of
has interpretationop, is denoted byop
is in range of
denotesop, is interpretation ofop

situationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Situation

has super-classes
Contextc
Referencec

social objectc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#SocialObject

is equivalent to
Meaningc
has sub-classes
Meaningc

Object Properties

acts forop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#actsFor

has super-properties
has contextop

acts throughop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#actsThrough

has super-properties
is context ofop

characterizesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#characterizes

has super-properties
related meaningop

classifiesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#classifies

has super-properties
is interpretation ofop

concretely expressesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#concretelyExpresses

has super-properties
has interpretantop

coversop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#covers

has super-properties
is interpretation ofop
related meaningop

denotesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L1.owl#denotes

A relation between expressions and any Entity (including expressions). It can be used to talk about e.g. entities denoted by proper nouns: the proper noun 'Leonardo da Vinci' denotes the Person Leonardo da Vinci; as well as to talk about sets of entities that can be described by a common noun: the common noun 'person' denotes the collection of all persons in a domain of discourse.
has super-properties
is aboutop
has domain
Expressionc
has range
Referencec
is inverse of
is denoted byop

describesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#describes

has super-properties
is interpretation ofop

expressesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#expresses

has super-properties
has interpretantop

has contextop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L1.owl#hasContext

A catch-all property for all notions of Context considered in LMM.
has super-properties
associated withop
has sub-properties
acts forop, has locationop, has settingop, is concept used inop, is introduced byop, is member ofop, is part ofop, is participant inop
has domain
entityc
has range
entityc
is inverse of
is context ofop

has cultural groundingop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#hasCulturalGrounding

has super-properties
related meaningop

has cultural mixing withop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#hasCulturalMixingWith

has super-properties
related meaningop

has groundingop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#hasGrounding

A relation between a dul:Entity and a dul:FormalEntity, which can be used to give a semiotic ('natural') counterpart to a formal entity, such as a Class, a Relation, a SetBuilder, etc. See also the ontology: FormalSemantics.owl

has interpretantop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L1.owl#hasInterpretant

The Peircean interpretant relation, widely adopted in semiotics: a dul:InformationObject isInterpretantFor another, e.g. fourLeggedFriendOfHumans isInterpretantFor dog. Synonymy, associativity, and even topical proximity are all sources for interpretants, e.g.: domestic dog isInterpretantFor dog (synonymy); bark isInterpretantFor dog (associativity); veterinary isInterpretantFor dog (topical proximity). Semantic mechanisms such as metonymy depend on the interpretant relation. The interpretant relation is here taken as very broad, also accepting InformationRealization(s) as interpretants.
has super-properties
associated withop
has sub-properties
concretely expressesop, expressesop
has domain
information realizationc or Expressionc
has range
information realizationc or Meaningc
is inverse of
is interpretant forop

has interpretationop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L1.owl#hasInterpretation

The relation between a Meaning and a Reference : a Meaning gives unity to a Collection of entities. A same Reference can be given different interpretations, for example, an old cradle can be given a unifying Meaning based on the original aesthetic design, the functionality it was built for, or a new aesthetic functionality in which it can be used as a flower pot. This relation allows to generalize over the following DOLCE-Ultralite relations: dul:isClassifedBy, dul:isCoveredBy, dul:isDescribedBy, dul:isUnifiedBy, and dul:satisfies
has super-properties
associated withop
has sub-properties
is classified byop, is covered byop, is described byop, is member ofop, is unified byop, satisfiesop
has domain
Referencec
has range
Meaningc
is inverse of
is interpretation ofop

has locationop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasLocation

has super-properties
has contextop

has memberop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasMember

has super-properties
is context ofop
is interpretation ofop

has partop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasPart

has super-properties
is context ofop

has participantop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasParticipant

has super-properties
is context ofop

has settingop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasSetting

has super-properties
has contextop

introducesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#introduces

has super-properties
is context ofop

is characterized byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isCharacterizedBy

has super-properties
related meaningop

is classified byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isClassifiedBy

has super-properties
has interpretationop

is concept used inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isConceptUsedIn

has super-properties
has contextop
related meaningop

is concretely expressed byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isConcretelyExpressedBy

has super-properties
is interpretant forop

is context ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L1.owl#isContextOf

has super-properties
associated withop
has sub-properties
acts throughop, has memberop, has partop, has participantop, introducesop, is location ofop, is setting forop, uses conceptop
has domain
entityc
has range
entityc
is inverse of
has contextop

is covered byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isCoveredBy

has super-properties
has interpretationop
related meaningop

is cultural grounding forop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#isCulturalGroundingFor

has super-properties
related meaningop

is denoted byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L1.owl#isDenotedBy

has super-properties
is reference ofop
has domain
Referencec
has range
Expressionc
is inverse of
denotesop

is described byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isDescribedBy

has super-properties
has interpretationop

is expressed byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isExpressedBy

has super-properties
is interpretant forop

is grounding forop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#isGroundingFor

A relation between a dul:Entity and a dul:FormalEntity, which can be used to give a semiotic ('natural') counterpart to a formal entity, such as a Class, a Relation, a SetBuilder, etc. See also the ontology: FormalSemantics.owl

is interpretant forop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L1.owl#isInterpretantFor

The Peircean interpretant relation, widely adopted in semiotics: a dul:InformationObject isInterpretantFor another, e.g. fourLeggedFriendOfHumans isInterpretantFor dog. Synonymy, associativity, and even topical proximity are all sources for interpretants, e.g.: domestic dog isInterpretantFor dog (synonymy); bark isInterpretantFor dog (associativity); veterinary isInterpretantFor dog (topical proximity). Semantic mechanisms such as metonymy depend on the interpretant relation. The interpretant relation is here taken as very broad, also accepting realization of information as interpretants.
has super-properties
associated withop
has sub-properties
is concretely expressed byop, is expressed byop
has domain
information realizationc or Meaningc
has range
information realizationc or Expressionc
is inverse of
has interpretantop

is interpretation ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L1.owl#isInterpretationOf

The relation between a Meaning and a Reference : a Meaning gives unity to an Entity or to a Collection of entities. A same Reference can be given different interpretations, for example, an old cradle can be given a unifying Meaning based on the original aesthetic design, the functionality it was built for, or a new aesthetic functionality in which it can be used as a flower pot. This relation allows to generalize over the following DOLCE-Ultralite relations: dul:classifies, dul:covers, dul:describes, dul:unifies, and dul:isSatisfiedBy
has super-properties
associated withop
has sub-properties
classifiesop, coversop, describesop, has memberop, is satisfied byop, unifiesop
has domain
Meaningc
has range
Referencec
is inverse of
has interpretationop

is introduced byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isIntroducedBy

has super-properties
has contextop

is location ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isLocationOf

has super-properties
is context ofop

is member ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isMemberOf

has super-properties
has contextop
has interpretationop

is part ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isPartOf

has super-properties
has contextop

is participant inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isParticipantIn

has super-properties
has contextop

is related to conceptop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isRelatedToConcept

has super-properties
related meaningop

is related to descriptionop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isRelatedToDescription

has super-properties
related meaningop

is satisfied byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isSatisfiedBy

has super-properties
is interpretation ofop

is setting forop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isSettingFor

has super-properties
is context ofop

is specialized byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isSpecializedBy

has super-properties
related meaningop

is unified byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isUnifiedBy

has super-properties
has interpretationop
related meaningop

metaphorically blends withop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#metaphoricallyBlendsWith

has super-properties
related meaningop

related meaningop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L1.owl#relatedMeaning

A relation between any two meanings.

has characteristics: symmetric

has super-properties
associated withop
has sub-properties
characterizesop, coversop, has cultural groundingop, has cultural mixing withop, is characterized byop, is concept used inop, is covered byop, is cultural grounding forop, is related to conceptop, is related to descriptionop, is specialized byop, is unified byop, metaphorically blends withop, specializesop, unifiesop, uses conceptop
has domain
Meaningc
has range
Meaningc
is inverse of
related meaningop, related meaningop

satisfiesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#satisfies

has super-properties
has interpretationop

specializesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#specializes

has super-properties
related meaningop

unifiesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#unifies

has super-properties
is interpretation ofop
related meaningop

uses conceptop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#usesConcept

has super-properties
is context ofop
related meaningop

Namespace Declarations back to ToC

default namespace
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L1.owl#
dul
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/
dul-owl
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#
iolite-owl
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#
lmm
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/
owl
http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
rdf
http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs
http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
xsd
http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

This HTML document was obtained by processing the OWL ontology source code through LODE, Live OWL Documentation Environment, developed by Silvio Peroni.