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Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process

A relation between a proposition and information that does not conclusively support or contradict its validity, based on evaluation of some agent.

Propositional statements can be represented in RDF as directional subject-predicate-object (S-P-O) triples. RDF reification vocabularies such as OBAN create named individuals in a graph that represent such S-P-O propositional statements. In OBAN, these are called 'associations', and the semantics of these associations can be represented using properties that link it to the subject, predicate, and object of the triple it represents.

As a proposition-level entity, a particular association can be expressed in more than one assertion made by different agents, or at different times. The meaning of an assertion can be captured through its link to an association whose meaning is formally specified as described above (e.g. :assertion1 is_asserted_in :association1, :association1 has_subject :thing1).

The assertion_has_subject property allows more direct specification of assertion meaning, bypassing an association and pointing directly to the subject of the reified triple. In this sense, it is a shortcut relation over two more fundamental properties (is_asserted_in o association_has_subject).

This property is useful when a particular dataset wants to describe statements at the level of assertions rather than propositions, and formally describe assertion semantics without needed to represent an proposition-level association.

Propositional statements can be represented in RDF as directional subject-predicate-object (S-P-O) triples. RDF reification vocabularies such as OBAN create named individuals in a graph that represent such S-P-O propositional statements. In OBAN, these are called 'associations', and the semantics of these associations can be represented using properties that link it to the subject, predicate, and object of the triple it represents.

As a proposition-level entity, a particular association can be expressed in more than one assertion made by different agents, or at different times. The meaning of an assertion can be captured through its link to an association whose meaning is formally specified as described above (e.g. :assertion1 is_asserted_in :association1, :association1 has_object :thing1).

The assertion_has_object property allows more direct specification of assertion meaning, bypassing an association and pointing directly to the object of the reified triple. In this sense, it is a shortcut relation over two more fundamental properties (is_asserted_in o association_has_object).

This property is useful when a particular dataset wants to describe statements at the level of assertions rather than propositions, and formally describe assertion semantics without needed to represent an proposition-level association.

Propositional statements can be represented in RDF as directional subject-predicate-object (S-P-O) triples. RDF reification vocabularies such as OBAN create named individuals in a graph that represent such S-P-O propositional statements. In OBAN, these are called 'associations', and the semantics of these associations can be represented using properties that link it to the subject, predicate, and object of the triple it represents.

As a proposition-level entity, a particular association can be expressed in more than one assertion made by different agents, or at different times. The meaning of an assertion can be captured through its link to an association whose meaning is formally specified as described above (e.g. :assertion1 is_asserted_in :association1, :association1 has_predicate :thing1).

The assertion_has_predicate property allows more direct specification of assertion meaning, bypassing an association and pointing directly to the predicate of the reified triple. In this sense, it is a shortcut relation over two more fundamental properties (is_asserted_in o association_has_predicate).

This property is useful when a particular dataset wants to describe statements at the level of assertions rather than propositions, and formally describe assertion semantics without needed to represent an proposition-level association.

In practice, SEPIO recommends that data is captured at the assertion level, and post-processed as needed to aggregate assertions making the same claim under a single proposition using this property.

Relation between two propositions that make opposing claims (e.g. proposition1 holds that variant1 is pathogenic for disease1, and proposition2 holds that variant1 is benign for disease1).

If more than one agent involved, consider them collectively as a group or organization.

The range for this relation is a term from a value partition that enumerates categorical degrees of strength. Different systems can define terms representing the levels of strength they which to define for their use case.

This is a shortcut relation to be used when publications are referenced as providing support for an assertion, but it is not clear how many evidence lines are described across these publications. In such cases, discrete evidence lines cannot be created, and the has_evidence_from_source relation is used to directly link the assertion to publications providing some form of evidence information.

This is shortcut relation to link an assertion or proposition directly to some indicator of the strength of the evidence supporting it. It is used when there is not enough information to create evidence line(s) for the assertion, but the source provides some indication of the strength of the evidence supporting it.

Analogous to PROV qualified Attribution - use to capture additional information about the contribution made by an agent, such as a role they played, or organization on behalf of which the contribution was made.

Different data sources often create their own scales or value sets to capture this concept. e.g. CIViC 'Trust Ratings' are based on a 5 star system.

A relation between an agent and an entity toward which the agent made a contribution.

This relation can be used to link an assertion directly to evidence items that support it. These evidence items are typically organized first into 'evidence lines' that group them according to the argument(s) to which they contribute. But this relation supports use cases where it is desirable to elide over this level of organization and create direct links from an assertion to the fundamental pieces of information that represent evidence supporting it. Note that SEPIO defines a property chain (has_evidence_line o has_evidence_item -> has_supporting_data) that can be used to infer this direct edge, facilitating interoperability between datasets that do and don't implement evidence lines to organize evident items.

The described resource may be derived from the related resource in whole or in part. Recommended best practice is to identify the related resource by means of a string conforming to a formal identification system.

Propositional statements can be represented in RDF as directional subject-predicate-object (S-P-O) triples. RDF reification vocabularies such as OBAN create named individuals in a graph that represent such S-P-O propositional statements. In OBAN, these are called 'associations', and the semantics of these associations can be represented using properties that link it to the subject, predicate, and object of the triple it represents.

As a proposition-level entity, a particular association can be expressed in more than one assertion made by different agents, or at different times. The meaning of an assertion can be captured through its link to an association whose meaning is formally specified as described above (e.g. :assertion1 is_asserted_in :association1, :association1 has_predicate :thing1).

The assertion_has_predicate property allows more direct specification of assertion meaning, bypassing an association and pointing directly to the predicate of the reified triple. In this sense, it is a shortcut relation over two more fundamental properties (is_asserted_in o association_has_predicate).

This property is useful when a particular dataset wants to describe statements at the level of assertions rather than propositions, and formally describe assertion semantics without needed to represent an proposition-level association.

An agent that originated or gave existence to the work that is expressed by the digital resource.

The author of the content of a resource may be different from the creator of the resource representation (although they are often the same). See pav:createdBy for a discussion.

pav:authoredBy is more specific than its superproperty dct:creator - which might or might not be interpreted to also cover the creation of the representation of the artifact.

The author is usually not a software agent (which would be indicated with pav:createdWith, pav:createdBy or pav:importedBy), unless the software actually authored the content itself; for instance an artificial intelligence algorithm which authored a piece of music or a machine learning algorithm that authored a classification of a tumor sample.

The date of authoring can be expressed using pav:authoredOn - note however in the case of multiple authors that there is no relationship in PAV identifying which agent contributed when or what. If capturing such lineage is desired, it should be additionally expressed using PROV relationships like prov:qualifiedAttribution or prov:wasGeneratedBy.

An agent primary responsible for making the digital artifact or resource representation. This property is distinct from forming the content, which is indicated with pav:contributedBy or its subproperties; pav:authoredBy, which identifies who authored the knowledge expressed by this resource; and pav:curatedBy, which identifies who curated the knowledge into its current form. pav:createdBy is more specific than its superproperty dct:creator - which might or might not be interpreted to cover this creator. For instance, the author wrote 'this species has bigger wings than normal' in his log book. The curator, going through the log book and identifying important knowledge, formalizes this as 'locus perculus has wingspan > 0.5m'. The creator enters this knowledge as a digital resource in the knowledge system, thus creating the digital artifact (say as JSON, RDF, XML or HTML). A different example is a news article. pav:authoredBy indicates the journalist who wrote the article. pav:contributedBy can indicate the artist who added an illustration. pav:curatedBy can indicate the editor who made the article conform to the news paper's style. pav:createdBy can indicate who put the article on the web site. The software tool used by the creator to make the digital resource (say Protege, Wordpress or OpenOffice) can be indicated with pav:createdWith.

The date the digital resource was created can be indicated with pav:createdOn.

The location the agent was at when creating the digital resource can be made using pav:createdAt.

Derived from a different resource.

Derivation conserns itself with derived knowledge. If this resource has the same content as the other resource, but has simply been transcribed to fit a different model (like XML -> RDF or SQL -> CVS), use pav:importedFrom. If a resource was simply retrieved, use pav:retrievedFrom. If the content has however been further refined or modified, pav:derivedFrom should be used.

Details about who performed the derivation (e.g. who did the refining or modifications) may be indicated with pav:contributedBy and its subproperties.

The URI where a resource has been retrieved from.

The retrieving agent is usually a software entity, which has done the retrieval from the original source without performing any transcription.

Retrieval indicates that this resource has the same representation as the original resource. If the resource has been somewhat transformed, use pav:importedFrom instead.

The time of the retrieval should be indicated using pav:retrievedOn. The agent may be indicated with pav:retrievedBy.

Source accessed at

Relation between a report and a string of text that it contains

The 'assertion confidence score' property does not only include statistical measures such as p-values that explicitly indicate a level of confidence,. It also includes any quantitative score against which a threshold for making an assertion is defined - where the distance of this score from this threshold can be interpreted as an indicator of how much confidence we might have that the asserted conclusion is true.

For example, many silico prediction tools such as SIFT interogate biological sequence data to calculate a score that reflects the likelihood that a particular sequence variant negatively impacts gene product function. A variant is interpreted to be 'Tolerated', 'Damaging', or 'Deleterious' based on how its score compares against pre-defined thresholds. Here, we may have less confidence that a variant with a score just above the 'Damaging' threshold is truly damaging, versus a variant whose score is well above the threshold.

The version number of a resource. This is a freetext string, typical values are "1.5" or "21". The URI identifying the previous version can be provided using prov:previousVersion.

This property is normally used in a functional way, although PAV does not formally restrict this.

Description may include but is not limited to: an abstract, a table of contents, a graphical representation, or a free-text account of the resource."