Emmanuel Scolan (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5894-6670)
Louis Deladiennee (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0924-8446)
Marcos Da Silveira (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2604-3645)
Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (https://ror.org/01t178j62)
This is the Space Resource Ontology (SROnto) developed to support the space resource utilzation activities by providing a semantically coherent representations of relevant entities.
Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology
has curation status
If R <- P o Q is a defining property chain axiom, then it also holds that R -> P o Q. Note that this cannot be expressed directly in OWL
If R <- P o Q is a defining property chain axiom, then (1) R -> P o Q holds and (2) Q is either reflexive or locally reflexive. A corollary of this is that P SubPropertyOf R.
is a defining property chain axiom where second argument is reflexive
A URL referencing the page or thread where class is being or has been discussed in a Community of Practice hosted on the Environment Live portal by UN Environment and GEO.
has COP discussion thread
A definition which has been endorsed by a UN body such as the UN General Assembly.
UN endorsed definition
A label which has been endorsed by a UN body such as the UN General Assembly.
UN endorsed label
An annotation property which has as its value the ID used by the United Nations to identify instances of a target of the sustainable development goals.
UN SDG Target ID
UNEP preferred label
UNEP definition
is part of
my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity)
this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other.
Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'.
part_of
part of
has part
my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity)
this year has part this day (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part.
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'.
has_part
realized in
realizes
preceded by
x is preceded by y if and only if the time point at which y ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which x starts. Formally: x preceded by y iff ω(y) <= α(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
An example is: translation preceded_by transcription; aging preceded_by development (not however death preceded_by aging). Where derives_from links classes of continuants, preceded_by links classes of processes. Clearly, however, these two relations are not independent of each other. Thus if cells of type C1 derive_from cells of type C, then any cell division involving an instance of C1 in a given lineage is preceded_by cellular processes involving an instance of C. The assertion P preceded_by P1 tells us something about Ps in general: that is, it tells us something about what happened earlier, given what we know about what happened later. Thus it does not provide information pointing in the opposite direction, concerning instances of P1 in general; that is, that each is such as to be succeeded by some instance of P. Note that an assertion to the effect that P preceded_by P1 is rather weak; it tells us little about the relations between the underlying instances in virtue of which the preceded_by relation obtains. Typically we will be interested in stronger relations, for example in the relation immediately_preceded_by, or in relations which combine preceded_by with a condition to the effect that the corresponding instances of P and P1 share participants, or that their participants are connected by relations of derivation, or (as a first step along the road to a treatment of causality) that the one process in some way affects (for example, initiates or regulates) the other.
is preceded by
preceded_by
precedes
x precedes y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x precedes y iff ω(x) <= α(y), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
occurs in
b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
occurs_in
unfolds in
unfolds_in
Paraphrase of definition: a relation between a process and an independent continuant, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
site of
[copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
Paraphrase of definition: a relation between an independent continuant and a process, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
contains process
is about
denotes
has specified input
is_specified_input_of
has specified output
is_specified_output_of
inheres in
this fragility inheres in this vase
this red color inheres in this apple
a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent) and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A dependent inheres in its bearer at all times for which the dependent exists.
inheres_in
bearer of
this apple is bearer of this red color
this vase is bearer of this fragility
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist.
bearer_of
is bearer of
participates in
this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation
this input material (or this output material) participates in this process
this investigator participates in this investigation
a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
participates_in
has participant
this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot
this investigation has participant this investigator
this process has participant this input material (or this output material)
a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time.
has_participant
A relationship between a generically dependent continuant and a specifically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. A generically dependent continuant may be concretized as multiple specifically dependent continuants.
is concretized as
A relationship between a specifically dependent continuant and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants can concretize the same generically dependent continuant.
concretizes
this red color is a quality of this apple
a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists.
is quality of
quality_of
quality of
a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
role of
this apple has quality this red color
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist.
has_quality
has quality
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
has role
this cell derives from this parent cell (cell division)
this nucleus derives from this parent nucleus (nuclear division)
a relation between two distinct material entities, the new entity and the old entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity
This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops from'.
derives_from
This relation is taken from the RO2005 version of RO. It may be obsoleted and replaced by relations with different definitions. See also the 'develops from' family of relations.
derives from
this parent cell derives into this cell (cell division)
this parent nucleus derives into this nucleus (nuclear division)
a relation between two distinct material entities, the old entity and the new entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity
This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops into'. To avoid making statements about a future that may not come to pass, it is often better to use the backward-looking 'derives from' rather than the forward-looking 'derives into'.
derives_into
derives into
a relation between two independent continuants, the location and the target, in which the target is entirely within the location
location of
contained in
contains
a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location
located in
A relation that holds between two linear structures that are approximately parallel to each other for their entire length and where either the two structures are adjacent to each other or one is part of the other.
A 'has regulatory component activity' B if A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is regulated by B.
A relationship that holds between a GO molecular function and a component of that molecular function that negatively regulates the activity of the whole. More formally, A 'has regulatory component activity' B iff :A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is negatively regulated by B.
has negative regulatory component activity
A relationship that holds between a GO molecular function and a component of that molecular function that positively regulates the activity of the whole. More formally, A 'has regulatory component activity' B iff :A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is positively regulated by B.
has positive regulatory component activity
w 'has process component' p if p and w are processes, w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type.
A relationship that holds between between a receptor and an chemical entity, typically a small molecule or peptide, that carries information between cells or compartments of a cell and which binds the receptor and regulates its effector function.
Process(P2) is directly negatively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 negatively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding negatively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 directly negatively regulated by P1.
Process(P2) is directly postively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 positively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding positively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 is directly postively regulated by P1.
A 'has effector activity' B if A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A 'has component activity' B and B is the effector (output function) of B. Each compound function has only one effector activity.
X ends_after Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X)
ends after
X immediately_preceded_by Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y)
immediately preceded by
X immediately_precedes_Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y)
immediately precedes
x overlaps y if and only if there exists some z such that x has part z and z part of y
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050 some ?Y)
overlaps
x partially overlaps y iff there exists some z such that z is part of x and z is part of y, and it is also the case that neither x is part of y or y is part of x
partially overlaps
A is spatially_disjoint_from B if and only if they have no parts in common
There are two ways to encode this as a shortcut relation. The other possibility to use an annotation assertion between two classes, and expand this to a disjointness axiom.
Chris Mungall
Note that it would be possible to use the relation to label the relationship between a near infinite number of structures - between the rings of saturn and my left earlobe. The intent is that this is used for parsiomoniously for disambiguation purposes - for example, between siblings in a jointly exhaustive pairwise disjointness hierarchy
a is connected to b if and only if a and b are discrete structure, and there exists some connecting structure c, such that c connects a and b
connected to
w 'has component' p if w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type.
has component
x develops from y if and only if either (a) x directly develops from y or (b) there exists some z such that x directly develops from z and z develops from y
develops from
develops into
process(P1) regulates process(P2) iff: P1 results in the initiation or termination of P2 OR affects the frequency of its initiation or termination OR affects the magnitude or rate of output of P2.
We use 'regulates' here to specifically imply control. However, many colloquial usages of the term correctly correspond to the weaker relation of 'causally upstream of or within' (aka influences). Consider relabeling to make things more explicit
Regulation precludes parthood; the regulatory process may not be within the regulated process.
regulates
Process(P1) negatively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 terminates P2, or P1 descreases the the frequency of initiation of P2 or the magnitude or rate of output of P2.
negatively regulates (process to process)
negatively regulates
Process(P1) postively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 initiates P2, or P1 increases the the frequency of initiation of P2 or the magnitude or rate of output of P2.
positively regulates (process to process)
positively regulates
mechanosensory neuron capable of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception (GO:0050974)
osteoclast SubClassOf 'capable of' some 'bone resorption'
A relation between a material entity (such as a cell) and a process, in which the material entity has the ability to carry out the process.
For compatibility with BFO, this relation has a shortcut definition in which the expression "capable of some P" expands to "bearer_of (some realized_by only P)".
capable of
c stands in this relationship to p if and only if there exists some p' such that c is capable_of p', and p' is part_of p.
capable of part of
x actively participates in y if and only if x participates in y and x realizes some active role
actively participates in
'heart development' has active participant some Shh protein
x has participant y if and only if x realizes some active role that inheres in y
This may be obsoleted and replaced by the original 'has agent' relation
has active participant
x surrounded_by y if and only if (1) x is adjacent to y and for every region r that is adjacent to x, r overlaps y (2) the shared boundary between x and y occupies the majority of the outermost boundary of x
surrounded by
A caterpillar walking on the surface of a leaf is adjacent_to the leaf, if one of the caterpillar appendages is touching the leaf. In contrast, a butterfly flying close to a flower is not considered adjacent, unless there are any touching parts.
The epidermis layer of a vertebrate is adjacent to the dermis.
The plasma membrane of a cell is adjacent to the cytoplasm, and also to the cell lumen which the cytoplasm occupies.
The skin of the forelimb is adjacent to the skin of the torso if these are considered anatomical subdivisions with a defined border. Otherwise a relation such as continuous_with would be used.
x adjacent to y if and only if x and y share a boundary.
This relation acts as a join point with BSPO
adjacent to
surrounds
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for relations between occurrents involving the relative timing of their starts and ends.
A relation that holds between two occurrents. This is a grouping relation that collects together all the Allen relations.
temporally related to
p has direct input c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the start of p, and the state of c is modified during p.
p has input c iff: p is a process, c is a material entity, c is a participant in p, c is present at the start of p, and the state of c is modified during p.
has input
p has output c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the end of p, and c is not present at the beginning of p.
has output
x has developmental contribution from y iff x has some part z such that z develops from y
has developmental contribution from
inverse of has developmental contribution from
developmentally contributes to
Candidate definition: x developmentally related to y if and only if there exists some developmental process (GO:0032502) p such that x and y both participates in p, and x is the output of p and y is the input of p
developmentally preceded by
c acts upstream of p if and only if c enables some f that is involved in p' and p' occurs chronologically before p, is not part of p, and affects the execution of p. c is a material entity and f, p, p' are processes.
c involved in regulation of p if c enables 'p' and p' causally upstream of p
c acts upstream of or within p if c is enables 'p' and p' causally upstream of or within p
c acts upstream of or within p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of or within p. c is a material entity and p is an process.
developmentally succeeded by
holds between x and y if and only if x is causally upstream of y and the progression of x increases the frequency, rate or extent of y
holds between x and y if and only if x is causally upstream of y and the progression of x decreases the frequency, rate or extent of y
q inheres in part of w if and only if there exists some p such that q inheres in p and p part of w.
Because part_of is transitive, inheres in is a sub-relation of inheres in part of
inheres in part of
A mereological relationship or a topological relationship
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving parthood or connectivity relationships
mereotopologically related to
A relationship that holds between entities participating in some developmental process (GO:0032502)
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving organismal development
developmentally related to
ATP citrate lyase (ACL) in Arabidopsis: it is a heterooctamer, composed of two types of subunits, ACLA and ACLB in a A(4)B(4) stoichiometry. Neither of the subunits expressed alone give ACL activity, but co-expression results in ACL activity. Both subunits contribute_to the ATP citrate lyase activity.
Subunits of nuclear RNA polymerases: none of the individual subunits have RNA polymerase activity, yet all of these subunits contribute_to DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity.
eIF2: has three subunits (alpha, beta, gamma); one binds GTP; one binds RNA; the whole complex binds the ribosome (all three subunits are required for ribosome binding). So one subunit is annotated to GTP binding and one to RNA binding without qualifiers, and all three stand in the contributes_to relationship to "ribosome binding". And all three are part_of an eIF2 complex
We would like to say if and only if exists c', p' c part_of c' and c' capable_of p and c capable_of p' and p' part_of p then c contributes_to p However, this is not possible in OWL. We instead make this relation a sub-relation of the two chains, which gives us the inference in the one direction.
In the context of the Gene Ontology, contributes_to may be used only with classes from the molecular function ontology.
contributes to
a particular instances of akt-2 enables some instance of protein kinase activity
This relation differs from the parent relation 'capable of' in that the parent is weaker and only expresses a capability that may not be actually realized, whereas this relation is always realized.
This relation is currently used experimentally by the Gene Ontology Consortium. It may not be stable and may be obsoleted at some future time.
enables
This is a grouping relation that collects relations used for the purpose of connecting structure and function
functionally related to
this relation holds between c and p when c is part of some c', and c' is capable of p.
part of structure that is capable of
c involved_in p if and only if c enables some process p', and p' is part of p
involved in
enabled by
regulated by
negatively regulated by
positively regulated by
An organism that is a member of a population of organisms
is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection.
member of
has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item.
has member
input of
output of
formed as result of
x spatially_coextensive_with y if and inly if x and y have the same location
spatially coextensive with
x has developmental potential involving y iff x is capable of a developmental process with output y. y may be the successor of x, or may be a different structure in the vicinity (as for example in the case of developmental induction).
has developmental potential involving
x has potential to developmentrally contribute to y iff x developmentally contributes to y or x is capable of developmentally contributing to y
has potential to developmentally contribute to
x has the potential to develop into y iff x develops into y or if x is capable of developing into y
has potential to develop into
x has potential to directly develop into y iff x directly develops into y or x is capable of directly developing into y
has potential to directly develop into
causally downstream of
immediately causally downstream of
This relation groups causal relations between material entities and causal relations between processes
This branch of the ontology deals with causal relations between entities. It is divided into two branches: causal relations between occurrents/processes, and causal relations between material entities. We take an 'activity flow-centric approach', with the former as primary, and define causal relations between material entities in terms of causal relations between occurrents. To define causal relations in an activity-flow type network, we make use of 3 primitives: * Temporal: how do the intervals of the two occurrents relate? * Is the causal relation regulatory? * Is the influence positive or negative The first of these can be formalized in terms of the Allen Interval Algebra. Informally, the 3 bins we care about are 'direct', 'indirect' or overlapping. Note that all causal relations should be classified under a RO temporal relation (see the branch under 'temporally related to'). Note that all causal relations are temporal, but not all temporal relations are causal. Two occurrents can be related in time without being causally connected. We take causal influence to be primitive, elucidated as being such that has the upstream changed, some qualities of the donwstream would necessarily be modified. For the second, we consider a relationship to be regulatory if the system in which the activities occur is capable of altering the relationship to achieve some objective. This could include changing the rate of production of a molecule. For the third, we consider the effect of the upstream process on the output(s) of the downstream process. If the level of output is increased, or the rate of production of the output is increased, then the direction is increased. Direction can be positive, negative or neutral or capable of either direction. Two positives in succession yield a positive, two negatives in succession yield a positive, otherwise the default assumption is that the net effect is canceled and the influence is neutral. Each of these 3 primitives can be composed to yield a cross-product of different relation types.
Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect.
causally related to
p is causally upstream of q if and only if p precedes q and p and q are linked in a causal chain
causally upstream of
p is immediately causally upstream of q iff both (a) p immediately precedes q and (b) p is causally upstream of q. In addition, the output of p must be an input of q.
immediately causally upstream of
p 'causally upstream or within' q iff (1) the end of p is before the end of q and (2) the execution of p exerts some causal influence over the outputs of q; i.e. if p was abolished or the outputs of p were to be modified, this would necessarily affect q.
We would like to make this disjoint with 'preceded by', but this is prohibited in OWL2
inverse of causally upstream of or within
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some 'p' and p' regulates some p
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' regulates some p
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' positively regulates some p
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' negatively regulates some p
c involved in or regulates p if and only if either (i) c is involved in p or (ii) c is involved in regulation of p
involved in or involved in regulation of
A protein that enables activity in a cytosol.
c executes activity in d if and only if c enables p and p occurs_in d
c executes activity in d if and only if c enables p and p occurs_in d. Assuming no action at a distance by gene products, if a gene product enables (is capable of) a process that occurs in some structure, it must have at least some part in that structure.
A relationship that holds between two entities in which the processes executed by the two entities are causally connected.
This relation and all sub-relations can be applied to either (1) pairs of entities that are interacting at any moment of time (2) populations or species of entity whose members have the disposition to interact (3) classes whose members have the disposition to interact.
Note that this relationship type, and sub-relationship types may be redundant with process terms from other ontologies. For example, the symbiotic relationship hierarchy parallels GO. The relations are provided as a convenient shortcut. Consider using the more expressive processual form to capture your data. In the future, these relations will be linked to their cognate processes through rules.
x composed_primarily_of y if and only if more than half of the mass of x is made from y or units of the same type as y.
p has part that occurs in c if and only if there exists some p1, such that p has_part p1, and p1 occurs in c.
A relationship between a material entity and a process where the material entity has some causal role that influences the process
p is causally related to q if and only if p or any part of p and q or any part of q are linked by a chain of events where each event pair is one of direct activation or direct inhibition. p may be upstream, downstream, part of or a container of q.
The intent is that the process branch of the causal property hierarchy is primary (causal relations hold between occurrents/processes), and that the material branch is defined in terms of the process branch
causal relation between material entities
A coral reef environment is determined by a particular coral reef
s determined by f if and only if s is a type of system, and f is a material entity that is part of s, such that f exerts a strong causal influence on the functioning of s, and the removal of f would cause the collapse of s.
The label for this relation is probably too general for its restricted use, where the domain is a system. It may be relabeled in future
determined by (system to material entity)
s 'determined by part of' w if and only if there exists some f such that (1) s 'determined by' f and (2) f part_of w, or f=w.
causally influenced by (material entity to material entity)
Holds between materal entities a and b if the activity of a is causally upstream of the activity of b, or causally upstream of a an activity that modifies b
causally influences (material entity to material entity)
Process(P1) directly regulates process(P2) iff: P1 regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly regulates P2.
gland SubClassOf 'has part structure that is capable of' some 'secretion by cell'
s 'has part structure that is capable of' p if and only if there exists some part x such that s 'has part' x and x 'capable of' p
A relationship that holds between a material entity and a process in which causality is involved, with either the material entity or some part of the material entity exerting some influence over the process, or the process influencing some aspect of the material entity.
causal relation between material entity and a process
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a regulates p.
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a negatively regulates p.
renin -> arteriolar smooth muscle contraction
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a positively regulates p.
A relationship that holds between two entities, where the relationship holds based on the presence or absence of statistical dependence relationship. The entities may be statistical variables, or they may be other kinds of entities such as diseases, chemical entities or processes.
Process(P1) directly postively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 positively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding positively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly positively regulates P2.
Process(P1) directly negatively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 negatively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding negatively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly negatively regulates P2.
a produces b if some process that occurs_in a has_output b, where a and b are material entities. Examples: hybridoma cell line produces monoclonal antibody reagent; chondroblast produces avascular GAG-rich matrix.
Note that this definition doesn't quite distinguish the output of a transformation process from a production process, which is related to the identity/granularity issue.
produces
a produced_by b iff some process that occurs_in b has_output a.
produced by
A relationship between a realizable entity R (e.g. function or disposition) and a material entity M where R is realized in response to a process that has an input stimulus of M.
Holds between an entity and an process P where the entity enables some larger compound process, and that larger process has-part P.
acts upstream of or within, positive effect
acts upstream of or within, negative effect
c 'acts upstream of, positive effect' p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of p, and the direction of f is positive
c 'acts upstream of, negative effect' p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of p, and the direction of f is negative
causally upstream of or within, negative effect
causally upstream of or within, positive effect
r 'realized in response to' s iff, r is a realizable (e.g. a plant trait such as responsivity to drought), s is an environmental stimulus (a process), and s directly causes the realization of r.
realized in response to
m 'able to be output of' p if and only if m can potentially be the output of a process p
able to be output of
A relation between a resource and an organism or organization, in which the organism or organization benefits from the resource.
benefits from
benefits to
Object that is naturaly originated from a site.
Resource x is supported by study y if y provides information necessary to conclude x.
is supported by study
curved trajectory of an astronomic body around another
orbiting
something that belongs to something or someone
owned by
The action of possess something.
being taked or carried from one place to another by an entity
transported by
Action of take or carry (people or goods) from one place to another.
transports
Specification of the light year value
has light year value
Defines the Planck constant.
has Planck constant value
Defines the speed of light constant.
has speed of light value
Associates a unit to a physical quantity.
is measured in
An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001])
entity
A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002])
BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240
continuant
An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time.
occurrent
A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything.
b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])
can be defined by the axiom: (forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002]
independent continuant
A temporal region is an occurrent entity upon which a process can be projected.
An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t.
p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003])
process
BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type.
The tendency of something to act in a certain manner under given circumstances
disposition
A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances.
realizable entity
A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same.
b is a relational specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a specifically dependent continuant and there are n > 1 independent continuants c1, … cn which are not spatial regions are such that for all 1 i < j n, ci and cj share no common parts, are such that for each 1 i n, b s-depends_on ci at every time t during the course of b’s existence (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [131-004])
b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
specifically dependent continuant
A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts.
role
fiat object part
object aggregate
b is a site means: b is a three-dimensional immaterial entity that is (partially or wholly) bounded by a material entity or it is a three-dimensional immaterial part thereof.
site
The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity.
A continuant that is dependent on one or other independent continuant bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time.
b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001])
generically dependent continuant
function
An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time.
BFO 2 Reference: Material entities (continuants) can preserve their identity even while gaining and losing material parts. Continuants are contrasted with occurrents, which unfold themselves in successive temporal parts or phases
BFO 2 Reference: ‘Matter’ is intended to encompass both mass and energy (we will address the ontological treatment of portions of energy in a later version of BFO). A portion of matter is anything that includes elementary particles among its proper or improper parts: quarks and leptons, including electrons, as the smallest particles thus far discovered; baryons (including protons and neutrons) at a higher level of granularity; atoms and molecules at still higher levels, forming the cells, organs, organisms and other material entities studied by biologists, the portions of rock studied by geologists, the fossils studied by paleontologists, and so on.Material entities are three-dimensional entities (entities extended in three spatial dimensions), as contrasted with the processes in which they participate, which are four-dimensional entities (entities extended also along the dimension of time).According to the FMA, material entities may have immaterial entities as parts – including the entities identified below as sites; for example the interior (or ‘lumen’) of your small intestine is a part of your body. BFO 2.0 embodies a decision to follow the FMA here.
material entity
immaterial entity
anatomical structure
material anatomical entity
Any main group molecular entity that is gaseous at standard temperature and pressure (STP; 0degreeC and 100 kPa).
An oxygen hydride consisting of an oxygen atom that is covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms.
An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.
Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity.
A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances.
A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biological context.
Hydroxides are chemical compounds containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH(-)).
A molecular entity that contains no carbon.
A molecule all atoms of which have the same atomic number.
Any polyatomic entity that is an electrically neutral entity consisting of more than one atom.
A molecular entity all atoms of which have the same atomic number.
Any p-block molecular entity containing a chalcogen.
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms from any of groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 of the periodic table.
noble gas molecular entity
An s-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an s-block element.
A main group molecular entity that contains one or more atoms of a p-block element.
helium molecular entity
elemental helium
Hydrides are chemical compounds of hydrogen with other chemical elements.
Any molecular entity consisting of more than one atom.
A molecular entity consisting of two or more chemical elements.
A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a chemical context.
Any environmental contaminant that is resistant to environmental degradation through photolytic, biological or chemical processes. Such substances can have significant impact on health and the environment, as they persist in the environment, bioaccumulate in animal tissue and so biomagnify in food chains.
Any minor or unwanted substance introduced into the environment that can have undesired effects.
A geographical feature associated with water.
A body of water or other liquid of considerable size contained in a depression on a landmass.
A feature that has been constructed by deliberate human effort.
A feature formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption.
Caldera differs from craters because it is the inward collapse of a volcano, while craters is the result of outward explosion of rocks and other materials.
An opening, or rupture, in the Earth's surface or crust, which allows hot, molten rock, ash and gases to escape from deep below the surface.
A rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids.
Water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence.
An environmental feature that is, or can be, contained and is predominantly composed of one or a few types of stuff.
An object which is large enough to be visible to humans, but small enough that humans can handle the object (i.e. transport it, examine it, etc) in its entirety with little to no technological assistance.
physical object of mesoscopic geological size
The mixture of gases (roughly (by molar content/volume: 78% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.038% carbon dioxide, trace amounts of other gases, and a variable amount (average around 1%) of water vapor) that surrounds the planet Earth.
Minute solid particles with diameters less than 500 micrometers. Occurs in and may be deposited from, the atmosphere.
Water which has a low concentration of dissolved solutes, particularly that of sodium chloride.
Rock formed from molten magma.
igneous rock
A rock formed by deposition of either clastic sediments, organic matter, or chemical precipitates (evaporites), followed by compaction of the particulate matter and cementation during diagenesis.
sedimentary rock
Wastewater that is contaminated with feces or urine,
A material which is not the desired output of a process and which is typically the input of a process which removes it from its producer (e.g. a disposal process).
A material entity that has been processed by humans or their technology in any way, including intermediate products as well as final products.
anthropogenic abiotic mesoscopic feature
Lava is a mixture of molten or semi-molten rock, volatiles, and solids which has extruded beyond a planetary crust.
Some use 'lava' to refer to rock that is formed when lava cools. This is not the intended meaning of this class. See 'igneous rock' or similar.
lava
Basalt is composed primarily of plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene; other minerals such as olivine and ilmenite are usually present.
Fine-grained, dark-colored extrusive igneous rock with less than about 52 weight percent silica (SiO2).
basalt
A system which has the disposition to environ one or more material entities.
Water vapour is a vapour which is the gas phase of water.
An atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding a material body of sufficient mass that is held in place by the gravity of the body.
Atmospheric water vapour is water vapour that is part of an atmosphere.
A layer is a quantity of some material which is spatially continuous, has comparable thickness, and usually covers some surface.
An anthropogenic environment is an environmental system which is the product of human activity.
Andesite is an extrusive igneous, volcanic rock, of intermediate composition, with aphanitic to porphyritic texture. In a general sense, it is the intermediate type between basalt and dacite, and ranges from 57 to 63 percent silicon dioxide as illustrated in TAS diagrams. The mineral assemblage is typically dominated by plagioclase plus pyroxene and/or hornblende. Magnetite, zircon, apatite, ilmenite, biotite, and garnet are common accessory minerals. Alkali feldspar may be present in minor amounts.
andesite
Dacite is an igneous, volcanic rock. It has an aphanitic to porphyritic texture and is intermediate in composition between andesite and rhyolite. Dacite consists mostly of plagioclase feldspar with biotite, hornblende, and pyroxene (augite and/or enstatite). It has quartz as rounded, corroded phenocrysts, or as an element of the ground-mass. The plagioclase ranges from oligoclase to andesine and labradorite. Sanidine occurs, although in small proportions, in some dacites, and when abundant gives rise to rocks that form transitions to the rhyolites.
dacite
Atmospheric carbon dioxide is an environmental material composed of carbon dioxide in its gaseous form present in an atmosphere.
Atmospheric ozone is an environmental material primarily composed of ozone in its gaseous form and present in an atmosphere.
The lowest of the concentric layers of the atmosphere, occurring between the Earth's surface and the tropopause. It is the zone where atmospheric turbulence is at its greatest and where the bulk of the Earth's weather is generated. It contains almost all the water vapour and aerosols and three-quarters of the total gaseous mass of the atmosphere. Throughout the troposphere temperature decreases with height at a mean rate of 6.5°C/km and the whole zone is capped by either an inversion of temperature or an isothermal layer at the tropopause.
WHIT
troposphere
The exosphere is an atmospheric layer where molecules are gravitationally bound to a planetary body, but where their density is too low for them to behave as a gas by colliding with each other. In the case of bodies with substantial atmospheres, such as Earth's atmosphere, the exosphere is the uppermost layer, where the atmosphere thins out and merges with interplanetary space. It is located directly above the thermosphere.
exosphere
Outer space is a hard vacuum containing a low density of particles, predominantly a plasma of hydrogen and helium as well as electromagnetic radiation, magnetic fields, neutrinos, dust and cosmic rays that exists between celestial bodies.
outer space
A role that is realized in some process wherein the bearer is discarded or not utilized further.
waste role
Mass wasting is the geomorphic process by which solid environmental material such as soil, sand, regolith, and/or rock move downslope typically as a mass, largely under the force of gravity, but frequently affected by water and water content as in submarine environments and mudslides.
mass wasting
A process in which some input bearing a waste role is consumed to produce an output which bears a resource role.
recycling process
A carbon emission process is any environmental process which outputs a carbon-bearing gas.
carbon-bearing gas emission process
A lithified mass of rock that lies under the loose softer material (regolith) at the surface of the Earth or other terrestrial planet.
bedrock
A material entity which is composed of one or more chemical entities and has neither independent shape nor volume but tends to expand indefinitely.
gaseous environmental material
A material entity which is composed of a volume of unbound positive and negative particles in roughly equal numbers, conducts electricity, and possesses internal magnetic fields.
An NTR for `quality of a plasma` has been posted on the PATO tracker: https://github.com/pato-ontology/pato/issues/88
plasma
An object which is naturally occuring, bound together by gravitational or electromagnetic forces, and surrounded by space.
astronomical body
A planet is an astronomical body orbiting a star or stellar remnant that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity, is not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusion, and has cleared its neighbouring region of planetesimals.
An astronomical object which is composed primarily of luminous plasma held in a spherical form by gravitational forces.
An astronomical body which orbits a planet of comparatively greater mass.
An object which is composed of one or more gravitationally bound structures that are associated with a position in space.
astronomical object
A material part of an astronomical body.
astronomical body part
An environmental material which is in a solid state.
An environmental material which is in a liquid state.
liquid environmental material
A biosphere is a part of an astronomical body which includes, as parts, all the living entities within the gravitational sphere of influence of that body, as well as the non-living and dead entities with which they interact.
A biosphere is an environmental system which includes, as parts, all the living entities within the gravitational sphere of influence of an astronomical body, and the non-living and dead entities which they interact with.
biosphere
An environmental system in which minimal to no anthropisation has occurred and non-human agents are the primary determinants of the system's dynamics and composition.
natural environment
A process during which a natural environmental system is altered by human action.
anthropisation
A process whereby a volume of liquid moves due to a disequilibrium of physical forces.
mass liquid flow
A part of an astronomical body which includes, as parts, all the entities which have been constructed or manufactured by humans or their technology and which are within the gravitational sphere of influence of that body.
An environmental system which includes, as parts, all the entities which have been constructed or manufactured by humans or their technology within the gravitational sphere of influence of an astronomical body.
technosphere
A planned process during which raw or recycled materials are transformed into products for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation.
manufacturing process
An process during which natural or manufactured materials and products are processed and arranged by humans or their technology into structures.
construction process
An environmental system which includes both living and non-living components.
ecosystem
A material transport process during which a volume of material is displaced due to a disequilirium in physical forces and during which 1) the qualities that inhere in that volume and 2) the processes that are unfolding within it are largely unchanged.
advective transport process
a type of rock that contains sufficient minerals with important elements including metals that can be economically extracted from the rock.
ore
An environmental process which is driven by the action of humans.
An environmental system process that results in the introduction of contaminants into an environment.
A pollution process during which contaminants are released into soil.
A process during which material is displaced from its original location and transported either to a new location or back to the original location.
material transport process
A material transport process during which a portion of gaseous environmental material is transported into the atmosphere.
gas emission process
A gas emission process during which a portion of hydrocarbon gas is transported into the atmosphere.
hydrocarbon gas emission process
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end.
measurement unit label
objective specification
action specification
datum label
software
a data item is an information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements.
data item
A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing.
information content entity
directive information entity
dot plot
graph
algorithm
curation status specification
The curation status of the term. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
Better to represent curation as a process with parts and then relate labels to that process (in IAO meeting)
PERSON:Bill Bug
data format specification
data set
image
data about an ontology part is a data item about a part of an ontology, for example a term
data about an ontology part
plan specification
measurement datum
histogram
heatmap
dendrogram
scatter plot
obsolescence reason specification
The reason for which a term has been deprecated. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
The creation of this class has been inspired in part by Werner Ceusters' paper, Applying evolutionary terminology auditing to the Gene Ontology.
PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
PERSON: Melanie Courtot
figure
diagram
document
The Basic Formal Ontology ontology makes a distinction between Universals and defined classes, where the formal are "natural kinds" and the latter arbitrary collections of entities.
A denotator type indicates how a term should be interpreted from an ontological perspective.
documenting
planned process
regulator role
regulatory role
material supplier role
classified data set
processed material
to observe or study by close examination and systematic inquiry
investigation
organization
protocol
planning
regulatory agency
material transformation objective
manufacturing objective
clustered data set
A material entity that is an individual living system, such as animal, plant, bacteria or virus, that is capable of replicating or reproducing, growth and maintenance in the right environment. An organism may be unicellular or made up, like humans, of many billions of cells divided into specialized tissues and organs.
organism
data transformation
data visualization
data transformation objective
study design
A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities
A quality inhering in a substance by virtue of the amount of the bearer's there is mixed with another substance.
A physical quality of a liquid inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to internal resistance to flow.
viscosity
A quality of a physical entity that exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation in relation to other entities.
A quality which inheres in a continuant.
multiply inhering quality of a physical entity
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting the physical characteristics of an entity characterized by particles arranged such that their shape and volume are relatively stable.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting the physical characteristics of an entity consisting of particles that have neither a defined volume nor defined shape.
A physical quality inhering in an entity exhibiting the physical characteristics of an amorphous (non-crystalline) form of matter between a gas and a solid that has a definite volume, but no definite shape.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its constitution.
A material entity consisting of multiple components that are causally integrated.
May be replaced by a BFO class, as discussed in http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/4/1/43
A system that provides access to some resource in a sustainable manner. That is, this access will not irreversibly exhaust the resources on which the system depends.
sustainable access system
A disposition of a human societal system to recognise and protect, through various means, the ability of an entity to approach and use a resource.
right of access
A disposition of an environmental system to allow an entity to approach and use a resource.
Must be aligned with an upper-level ontology. Permission is similar to right, except that permission is not granted by a legal authority but controlled by individuals or populations. e.g. someone may have the right to access a well, but someone else may stop them from approaching it. Further, one need not have the right of access for a given resource in order to have the permission to access that resource.
permission to access
A process during which a resource is consumed and confers some benefit to the user.
Must be aligned with an upper-level ontology. Unclear whether the resource must confer advantage to a user - the user may not be consuming the entity as a resource (i.e. triggering its resource disposition).
use of a resource
Since we define 'resource' wrt benefit, then "use" of resource implies the realization the resource role. Some process in which a material entity bearing a resource role participates, but does not realize that role, say, child removes twigs from bird nest, would not be a ‘use of resource process’, by definition. The twig’s resource role is realized in the bird’s building process, not child’s taking process. -MJ
A process in which a potential consumer of a resource decreases their spatial distance to that resource, acting out of the right, permission, and ability of access.
Must be aligned with an upper-level ontology.
Unclear if only spatial proximity should be considered here. Also, a consumer need not have the right or permission of access to approach a resource.
approaching a resource
A process which is causally within or downstream of another process whose direct or indirect effects cause one or more entities to realise one or more of their dispositions.
The semantics of this class are being discussed and are very likely to change. Obsolescence is possible.
This class may be replaced by a class in EXO, pending a clarification on the scope of its meaning. Right now it is essentially the same as 'interaction'. https://github.com/SDG-InterfaceOntology/sdgio/issues/21
A process during which an entity is impacted by some agent or preceeding event.
Consider that when "E died of exposure to P", E died as an outcome of the processes which were initiated by E's participation in P, in which E's dispositions to react to P (or its parts or participants) were realised.
exposure process
An exposure process during which a portion of contaminated environmental material is the causal agent in an entity realising one or more of its dispositions.
Draft def and class for demo purposes. The semantics of this class are being discussed and are very likely to change. Obsolescence is likely.
An exposure process during which an entity is directly or indirectly impacted by a contaminated environmental material.
exposure to contaminated environmental material
An exposure process during which a portion of contaminated water is the causal agent in an entity realising one or more of its dispositions.
An exposure process during which an entity is impacted by contaminated water impacts an entity.
exposure to contaminated water
A disposition of a bearer to realise one or more of its vulnerabilities when participating in a process which exposes the bearer to a hazard or combination of hazards.
The possibility that an entity's vulnerabilities will be realised when exposed to a hazard.
Risk is increased when harm or damage is realised and when an entity is likely to encounter a hazard in some process. The probability of this disposition being realised can be assigned on the information or data level.
risk
A disposition of an entity to cause harm or damage to another entity.
Many things can have some degree of a 'hazard disposition' (e.g. the floor, a glass, etc). Thus, usage of this class should probably be linked to an estimated probability or a fixed list of hazards.
hazard disposition
A process which increases an entity's disposition to recover its previous composition, qualities, and functionality following some perturbation.
resilience strengthening process
A process during which a visitor travels to and stays in one or more places outside their usual environment for not more than one year for leisure, business, personal matters or any other main purpose not including employment by a resident entity in the country or place visited.
"visitor" to be represented: a human which has role visitor with WTO definitions
Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon related to the movement of people to places outside their usual place of residence. Tourism refers to the activity of visitors. A visitor is a traveller taking a trip to a main destination outside his/her usual environment, for less than a year, for any main purpose (business, leisure or other personal purpose) other than to be employed by a resident entity in the country or place visited. A visitor is classified as a tourist (overnight visitor) if his/her trip includes an overnight stay, or as a same-day visitor (excursionist) otherwise.
Adapted from the definition used by the World Tourism Organization. All the activities performed by the visitor in preparation for and during their trip are parts of this process.
tourism
A tangible asset which is at risk of being damaged by or lost during hazardous events.
The term "exposure" is often used to refer to the sum of entities, or their value, that are at risk of being damaged or destroyed by some process. We distinguish that from the process of exposure in SDGIO.
The situation of people, infrastructure, housing, production capacities and other tangible human assets located in hazard-prone areas.
Measures of exposure can include the number of people or types of assets in an area. These can be combined with the specific vulnerability and capacity of the exposed elements to any particular hazard to estimate the quantitative risks associated with that hazard in the area of interest.
exposed tangible asset
A risk that a bearer will realise vulnerabilities which result in the loss of human life, the injury of humans, or the damage of assets when participating in a process which exposes the bearer to a hazard or combination of hazards beyond the bearer's coping capacity.
The potential loss of life, injury, or destroyed or damaged assets which could occur to a system, society or a community in a specific period of time, determined probabilistically as a function of hazard, exposure, vulnerability and capacity.
The definition of disaster risk reflects the concept of hazardous events and disasters as the outcome of continuously present conditions of risk. Disaster risk comprises different types of potential losses which are often difficult to quantify. Nevertheless, with knowledge of the prevailing hazards and the patterns of population and socioeconomic development, disaster risks can be assessed and mapped, in broad terms at least. It is important to consider the social and economic contexts in which disaster risks occur and that people do not necessarily share the same perceptions of risk and their underlying risk factors.
disaster risk
A role which is realised by a person during processes of exercising their right to use, occupy, sell, rent, or gift an object (such as a parcel of land).
owner role
A disposition of an entity to recover its previous composition, qualities, and functionality following some perturbation.
This disposition is distinct from robustness, which pertains to an entity's ability to resist change when encountering perturbing forces.
resilience
A policy which is actively being implemented and managed in some set of appropriate processes for a long enough time to be generally accepted and functional.
Needs to aligned with upper level ontology and placed under a general term 'policy'.
Draft
established and operational policy
A organism or organization that is the bearer of a right.
Should be an equivalent class, need to add 'right' (organism or organization) AND bearer of some right
draft
right bearer
A process during which a person or organization, the owner, exercises their right to use, sell, rent, or gift an object.
This may be converted into a relation rather than a class. Subrelations such as 'land ownership' would be defined by domain and range constraints.
The act of ownership is a process wherein an owner exercises their rights associated with owning and needs to be distinguished from acts associated with right of tenure.
ownership process
A person or organization that participates in an ownership process wherein they realize their role as owner by exercising their right to use, sell, rent, or gift an object.
owner
A risk disposition which is very difficult to realise.
Defined class for organizational purposes. Need to work out examples of subclasses to see if the definition holds.
Having a very low to negligible risk of being harmed.
What determines some process or material is safe is dependent on the particular interplay between the processes, their participants, and the potential exposure to hazards, and to some extent, the policies being implemented to confirm or ensure something is safe. It is related to estimation of risk and thresholds.
safe
right
A kind of resource under control of some person or organization which confers an economic benefit to that person or organization in an economic system.
asset
A process which results in manufacturing becoming the predominant economic activity within a nation or region.
Thresholds for predominance (just a bigger share than any other economic activity? greater than a third of all activity? one half?) would make this class more meaningful.
industrialisation
A process which produces assets, increases the value of existing assets, leads to the realisation of non-material assets, or reduces the costs associated with some economic process.
Asteroid volatile-rich and distinguished by a very low albedo because their composition includes a large amount of carbon, in addition to rocks and minerals.
C-type asteroid
The smaller and outermost of the two satellites of Mars with an irregular shape and a diameter of approximately 9 miles (15 km)
Deimos
The third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.
Earth
A Fresnel lens is a type of composite compact lens.
Fresnel lens
The economically extractable part of GTX Probable Resource.
LORS 101
GTE probable quality
The economically extractable part of GTX Proved Resources.
GTE proved quality
Geological and Technical Error range of 30% to +-69%, and a TRL equal and above 2
The third highest classification level in terms of geological knowledge, technical certainty, and technology maturity, that a Resources Extraction project can have.
GTX possible quality
Geological and Technical Error range of 20% to +-29%, and a TRL equal and above 5
The second highest classification level in terms of geological knowledge, technical certainty, and technology maturity, that a Usable Resources project can have.
GTX probable quality
Geological and Technical Error range of 0% to +-19%, and a TRL equal and above 8
The highest classification level in terms of geological knowledge, technical certainty, and technology maturity, that a Usable Resources project can have.
GTX proved quality
Medium albedo bodies supposed to have a metallic composition and to be the progenitors both of differentiated iron-nickel meteorites and enstatite chondrites
M-type asteroid
The fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System, being larger than only Mercury.
Mars
Phobos is the innermost and larger of the two natural satellites of Mars
Phobos
A constant value: 6.626x10-27 erg-seconds
Planck constant
Asteroids with a spectral type that is indicative of a siliceous (i.e. stony) mineralogical composition, hence the name.
S-type asteroid
The process of scuffing, scratching, wearing down, marring, or rubbing away.
abrasion process
The right and permission to access are dispositions that can describe the legal aspect of the access. Notice that the access right is not "access", but a kind of right.
A disposition that inheres in a organism or organization who bears the ability to reach an entity.
access
The access system has the disposition to physically or virtually provide and allow use of a given resource. But, it requires that the user of that resource has the right and permission to access the resource.
An environmental system which provides access to some resource.
access system
Quality of an entity to be accessible or unaccessible.
accessibility quality
Quality of an entity to be accessible.
accessible
It can also be the conclusion of an investigation about the ability to extract a resource from a site using a extraction process. The conclusion can be "possible", "probable", and "prooved".
A kind of resource that can potentially be accessed through a known accessing process.
accessible resource
A process that enable the access to a resource.
accessing process
The growth of planetary bodies from smaller objects by impact, one impact at a time. After formation, bodies are said to have "accreted" from small objects.
accretion
A class of stony meteorites that crystallized from magmas.
achondrite
The amount of time during which someone or something has lived or existed.
age
Agglutinates consist of comminuted rock, mineral, and glass fragments bonded together with glass. The glass is black in bulk but pale to dark brown in thin section, and is characteristically heterogeneous with dark-brown flow banding or “schlieren.” The glass contains many vesicles ranging in size from less than 1 micron to 1 cm and many minute, submicroscopic metallic Fe grains. The morphologies of agglutinates are delicate and complex. They are a common particle type in mature lunar soils.
agglutinates
Geographic area distinguished by amount of reflected light
albedo feature
A type of achondrite meteorite consisting of pyroxene, olivine, and plagioclase.
angrite
This rock dominates the lunar highlands.
An igneous rock made up almost entirely of plagioclase feldspar.
anorthosite
Point in the elliptical orbit of a comet, or asteroid, or planet about the Sun in which it is at its farthest distance from the Sun.
aphelion
Arc-shaped feature
arcus
Human-made object intentionally placed into orbit.
artificial satellite
Minor planet of the inner Solar System.
asteroid
Person engaged in or trained for spaceflight.
astronaut
A site which has its extent determined by an astronomical body.
astronomical site
The mean Earth-Sun distance, equal to 149.5 million kilometers or 93 million miles.
astronomical unit
astra
Radial-patterned features on Venus
astrum
The layer of gases retained by a astronomic body gravity and forms its atmosphere.
atmospheric gas
Natural movement of air or other gases inside the atmosphere of an astronomic body. The movements are relative to its surface.
An impact crater larger than 300 kilometers in diameter with two or more concentric rims and no central peak.
basin
Express how convinced the bearer is about the matter or the doubts about it.
Process that improves (benefits) the economic value of the ore by removing the gangue minerals, which results in a higher grade product (ore concentrate) and a waste stream (tailings).
beneficiation process
A line dividing areas or properties.
boundary line
Clastic rock composed of angular clasts cemented together in a finer grained matrix.
breccia
catenae
Chain of craters
catena
Hollows, irregular steep-sided depressions usually in arrays or clusters
cavus
The epistemic property of beliefs which a person has no rational grounds for doubting.
certainty quality
a unit that indicates the confidence about a knowledge being true
certainty unit
Crystals enclosed by an oikocryst in a rock with poikilitic texture. Chadacrysts are generally equant in size and smaller than the oikocryst.
chadacrysts
chaoses
Distinctive area of broken terrain
chaos
chasmata
A deep, elongated, steep-sided depression
chasma
controled vocabulary
Kind of document that describe a set of predefined labels which can be used to classify other entities.
classification file
colles
Small hills or knobs
collis
Small Solar System body that, when passing close to the Sun, warms and begins to release gases.
comet
Economic Resources that have been signed and committed commer-cially through a contract (sales).
commercial resource
CTL
A hard boundary that limits Commercial Resources from Economic Resources.
commercial test line
bearer in which their composition includes a large amount of carbon.
concentration of carbonaceous material
Bearer in which their composition includes a large amount of metal.
concentration of metals
Bearer in which their composition includes a large amount of siliceous (i.e. stony) mineralogical composition.
concentration of silicates
concentration of stony materials
Quality essential to the appearance or occurrence of something else.
condition quality
not changing or varying value
constant
Ovoid-shaped feature
corona
Most cosmic rays hit and break up atomic nuclei in Earth's upper atmosphere. Airless bodies are not protected and their surfaces (asteroids and the Moon, for example) are exposed. When cosmic rays collide with the atoms of the elements in soils and rocks on a planetary surface, the nuclei of the atoms emmit gamma rays — by measuring these gamma rays with a gamma-ray spectrometer it is possible to calculate the abundance and distribution of the chemical elements on the planet's or moon's surface.
Extremely high-energy subatomic particles that continuously bombard Earth and other planetary bodies from all directions.
cosmic ray
Examples of types of cost specification: Operational Costs (OPEX), Capital Expenditures (CAPEX), Fixed Costs (FC), Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Return of In-vestment (ROI),
cost specification
A large hole in the surface of a body caused by something hitting it, by an explosion, or by a sysmic activity
crater
The sign of the deviation reports the direction of that difference (the deviation is positive when the observed value exceeds the reference value). The magnitude of the value indicates the size of the difference. If expressed in %, the value indicates an interval with a known magnitude and unknown direction.
A measure of difference between the certainty of an hypothesis and some other value.
deviation quality
Glass made from mineral by shock, not melted.
diaplectic
According to LORS, all Inferred Resources, Indicated Resources and Measured Resources with a Geological Knowledge Error (GKE) of +- 50% and below, are considered and classified as Discovered Resources. These resources are above the Geological Discovery Test Line.
discovered resource
Must be aligned with an upper-level ontology. The physical ability to approach and use a resource. Someone may have the right and permission to access water in a well, but if the pump is broken, they lack the physical ability to access the water.
The disposition of an environmental system to physically provide a resource to the consumer or user of that resource.
disposition to access
The disposition of an extraction process to extract a resource from a site.
disposition to extract
dorsa
Elongate rised structure
dorsum
The natural satellite of the earth, visible (chiefly at night) by reflected light from the sun.
Moon
Used to estimate the total economic value of a Space Resources project, and the size and quality of the Economic Resources and/or Commercial Resources.
Deviation applied to the gathered economic certainty about the benefits of a resource.
economic error
The ability and confidence of a Space Resources project to be economic at a specific Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Return of Investment (ROI), or any other economic indicator.
economical certainty
The economically extractable part of GTX Probable Resources, and GTX Proved Resources are classified as Economic Resources.
economical resource
electromagnetic radiation (EMR) consists of waves of the electromagnetic (EM) field, propagating through space, carrying electromagnetic radiant energy.
Quantitative property that must be transferred to a body or physical system to perform work on the body, or to heat it.
energy
An environment system determined by a portion or the totality of a material entity.
environmental material
A process in which only includes the components of an environmental system as participants.
environmental system process
A dependent entity that qualifies the state of a bearer as being real or hypothetical.
existence quality
Planet orbiting another star other than our Sun.
exoplanet
Following the identification of potential resources, the characterisation of feedstock properties and knowledge of the space body geology takes place, including mineralogy, physical characteristics, and the variability in local materials.
European Space Agency
A disposition that inheres in a organism or organization who bears the ability to extract an entity.
extract
A quality that states if an entity is capable of being extracted or not.
extractability quality
An entity that is capable of being extracted.
extractable quality
It can also be the conclusion of an investigation about the ability to extract a resource from a site using a extraction process. The conclusion can be "possible", "probable", and "proved".
A kind of resource that can potentially be extracted through a known extraction process.
extractable resource
The extracted resource can be a continuant or a dependent. For instance, it can be a metal extracted from a regolith or it can be a data extracted from a document.
Entity that was separated from an ore or from something else.
extracted resource
A more restrictive definition of extration is proposed in the ESA Gap Analysis document as following: Produce (Extraction): Chemical reduction process (or others) to manufacture products of interest, e.g. oxygen and metal alloys, from lunar materials.
extraction
A process that results into the extraction of a material from its original environment.
extraction process
A site which has its extent determined by some astronomical body except the Earth.
extraterrestrial site
FRTL
A hard boundary applied to Usable Resources and Non-usable materials to differentiate them from "Unclarified Technical Resources" and "Unrecoverable Technical Resources"
feasible resources test line
Feldspar is a group of rock-forming aluminium tectosilicate minerals, containing sodium, calcium, potassium or barium
feldspar
An optical fiber (or fibre in British English) is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair.
fiber optics
This is the first stage of the ISRU value chain flowsheet. More details can be found at page 12 of the following document: https://www.globalspaceexploration.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/ISECG-ISRU-Technology-Gap-Assessment-Report-Apr-2021.pdf
To get or discover something or someone that you are looking for using a planned process.
A very low curvilinear ridge with a scalloped pattern
flexus
fossae
Long, narrow depression
fossa
freta
Strait, a narrow passage of liquid connecting two larger areas of liquid
fretum
gamma radiation
A gamma ray, also known as gamma radiation, is a penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei. It consists of the shortest wavelength electromagnetic waves, typically shorter than those of X-rays.
gamma ray
Provides the confidence or certainty level in the knowledge of the geological characteristics in a specific area of exploration.
geological certainty
GDTL
Resources with Prospective and Speculative quality and with a Geological Knowledge Error equal and above +-75% are considered below the GDTL.
A hard boundary that limits from Discovered and Undiscovered Resources
geological discovery test line
An entity that was separated from an ore through an extraction process.
geological extracted resource
Used to estimate how much further exploration work is needed to achieve a desired level of geological certainty.
The deviation applied to the gathered geological certainty about a material.
geological knowledge error
A natural resource established by geological processes on Earth or other bodies.
Luxembourg Innstitute of Science and Technnology
geological resource
A circular geosynchronous orbit in Earth's equatorial plane.
geostationary orbit
Earth-centered orbit with an orbital period that matches Earth's rotation on its axis, 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4 seconds.
geosynchronous Earth orbit
An amorphous, homogeneous material with a random liquid-like structure generally formed by rapid cooling.
glass
A coarse-grained (phaneritic) intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz and feldspar (alkali feldspar and plagioclase).
granite
A fundamental physical force that is responsible for the attraction between two entities with mass or energy.
gravity
Ground Truth Exploration is the activity used to raise geological knowledge/certainty (resource oriented) of a Space Resources project from Inferred Resources to Measured Resources
Name given to one of the main Exploration activities which focuses on the gathering of geological knowledge (resource oriented), through the collection of physical samples.
LORS-101
Quality of an entity that is conjectured to exist.
hypothetical quality
A titanium-iron oxide mineral.
ilmenite
A phenomenon is observed in the same place, in which it occurs. A process occurs in the same place, in which its input is sourced and/or its output remains.
in-situ
Construction carried out at the final building site and/or construction is carried out using locally sourced raw materials.
in-situ construction
It involves acquiring, manufacturing, and storing mission consumables from in situ resources, such as propellants, fuel cell reagents, and gases for crew and life support, inflation, science and pneumatic equipment.
in-situ consumable production
Geographical location where in-situ exploration will take place
in-situ exploration targets
It refers to manufacture of rocket fuel from local resources.
in-situ propellant production
A comprehensive set of processes aimed at the production of manufactured goods in the space environment.
in-space manufacturing
ISRU
A process during which a local resource is consumed in the same site of its origin, and confers some benefit to the user.
in situ resource utilization
The second highest classification level in terms of geological knowledge (certainty) that a project can have, with an error range of +-20% to +-29%.
indicated quality
The third lowest classification level in terms of geological knowledge (certainty) that a project can have, with an error range of +-30% to +-69%.
inferred quality
Knowledge obtained from investigation, measures, or analysis that can be represented as data item.
informational resource
insulae
Island (islands), an isolated land area (or group of such areas) surrounded by, or nearly surrounded by, a liquid area (sea or lake).
insula
IDP
Particles typically ranging in size from 1–50 µ (microns), though some are larger and most are between 5–15 µm, moving in interplanetary space.
interplanetary dust
A salt in the liquid state
ionic liquid
They are chemically distinguished and grouped according to the abundances of the trace elements such as gallium and germanium, as well as nickel. Initially, irons were classified into four groups and were given Roman numerals I, II, III, and IV. Today 13 groups are recognized and designated further by letters A through G according to concentrations of siderophile ("iron-loving") trace elements. Iron meteorites that do not fit into the groups are called ungrouped.
Meteorites are made, almost completely, of iron and nickel metal.
iron meteorite
Lunar basaltic magmas rich in potassium (K), rare earth elements (REE) and phosphorous (P).
KREEP
lacunae
Irregularly shaped depression having the appearance of a dry lake bed
lacuna
on Titan, a "lake" or small dark plain with discrete, sharp boundaries.
"Lake" or small plain.
lacus
The most used L-points are L1 and L2. These are both four times farther away from Earth than the Moon – 1.5 million km, compared to GEO’s 36 000 km – but that is still only approximately 1% of the distance of Earth from the Sun.
Specific points far out in space where the gravitational fields of Earth and the Sun combine in such a way that spacecraft that orbit them remain stable and can thus be ‘anchored’ relative to Earth.
Lagrange point
Spacecraft designed to land on the surface of a planet or moon.
Oxford dictionary
lander
The laser sintering (LS) process uses a laser source to provide thermal energy and selectively fuse together particles of a powder material into complex three-dimensional shapes in a layer-by-layer strategy.
laser sintering process
a natural conduit formed by flowing lava from a volcanic vent that moves beneath the hardened surface of a lava flow.
lava tubes
Distance that light can travel in 1 year. Light travels at a speed of 300,000 km / sec, so this distance is equal to 9.46 x 10^12 kilometers.
light year unit
lineae
A dark or bright elongate marking, may be curved or straight
linea
Layer in a planetary body consisting of the crust and upper mantle.
lithosphere
A low Earth orbit (LEO) is, as the name suggests, an orbit that is relatively close to Earth’s surface. It is normally at an altitude of less than 1000 km but could be as low as 160 km above Earth – which is low compared to other orbits, but still very far above Earth’s surface.
low Earth orbit
Basin located on the Moon.
lunar basin
Regolith originating from the lunar surface.
lunar regolith
Any material manufactured from natural or synthetic terrestrial or meteoritc components for the purpose of simulating one or more physical and/or chemical properties of a lunar rock or soil.
lunar simulant
A site which has its extent determined by the lunar bounds.
lunar site
maculae
Dark spot, may be irregular
macula
Space Resource which has marginal economics (pay for all costs), but does not meet the specified financial objectives.
marginal economic resource
Regolith from Mars
martian regolith
A site which has its extent determined by Mars bounds.
martian site
Plagioclase that has been transformed by shock in the solid state to a glass.
maskelynite
An intrinsic property of a physical body and a measure of its resistance to acceleration when a net force is applied.
mass
groundmass
The matrix or groundmass of a rock is the finer-grained mass of material in which larger grains, crystals, or clasts are embedded.
matrix
Refers to the degree of reworking by microrneteorites, as evidenced by grain size, proportions of agglutinates, proportions of grains with high solar flare track densities, solar wind gas content, or minute metallic Fe content as determined by Is/FeO ferromagnetic resonance measurement
Morris 1978
maturity condition
The highest classification level in terms of geological knowledge (certainty) that a project can have.
measured quality
mensae
A flat-topped prominence with cliff-like edges
mensa
Any of a class of substances characterized by high electrical and thermal conductivity as well as by malleability, ductility, and high reflectivity of light.
metal
A meteorite is a solid piece of debris from an object, such as a comet, asteroid, or meteoroid, that originates in outer space and survives its passage through the atmosphere to reach the surface of a planet or moon.
meteorite
zap pit
Crater produced by impact of interplanetary particle with mass less than 10-3 g; sometimes referred to as a “zap pit”.
microcrater
Ceramic material processing technique that differs significantly from conventional sintering methods due to the nature of the heat transfer mechanisms involved.
microwave sintering process
A resource that is comprised of solid, inorganic minerals or similar materials.
mineral resource
Consists of separating the ore from its original location, concentrating it, and converting it to raw materials for direct use, manufacturing, or further processing.
mining process
Process that uses only natural resources and are not part of anthropogenic processes.
A kind of resource which is the output of an environmental process and has not been substantially altered by human activity.
natural resource
A natural satellite is, in the most common usage, an astronomical body that orbits a planet, dwarf planet, or small Solar System body. Natural satellites are often colloquially referred to as moons, a derivation from the Moon of Earth.
natural satelite
Asteroid with a perihelion distance less than 1.3 astronomical units.
near-Earth asteroid
Asteroid or comet with a perihelion distance less than 1.3 AU
near-Earth object
Site where can be found or placed near-Earth objects
near-Earth site
The collapsed core of a massive supergiant star, which had a total mass of between 10 and 25 solar masses, possibly more if the star was especially metal-rich. They result from the supernova explosion of a massive star, combined with gravitational collapse, that compresses the core past white dwarf star density to that of atomic nuclei.
neutron star
Space Resource which is technically and technologically extractable but is not economically extractable.
non-viable economic resource
Norite is a mafic intrusive igneous rock composed largely of the calcium-rich plagioclase labradorite, orthopyroxene, and olivine.
norite
Any material that is not available for use or is not extractable.
not usable material
The large crystal that encloses the chadacrysts in a poikilitic texture rock.
oikocryst
Name of a group of rock-forming minerals that are typically found in mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks such as basalt, gabbro, dunite, diabase, and peridotite. They are usually green in color and have compositions that typically range between Mg2 Si O4 and Fe2 Si O4.
olivine
A kind of Economic Resource that have not received nor granted all the required legal, social, environmental, or any other license to operate.
on-hold economic resource
It encompasses a representation, formal naming, and definition of the categories, properties, and relations between the concepts, data, and entities that substantiate one, many, or all domains of discourse.
ontology
an orbit is the curved trajectory of an object such as the trajectory of a planet around a star, or of a natural satellite around a planet, or of an artificial satellite around an object or position in space such as a planet, moon, asteroid, or Lagrange point.
orbit
On the Moon a mixture of mare and highland material
paludes
Small irregular area.
palus
A unit of astronomical distance equal to 3.26 light years, or 206265 AU, which equals 3.08 x 10^13 kilometers.
parsec unit
Particle radiation is the radiation of energy by means of fast-moving subatomic particles. Particle radiation is referred to as a particle beam if the particles are all moving in the same direction, similar to a light beam.
paterae
An irregular crater, or a complex one with scalloped edges
patera
Microscopically, it is composed of “zap pits” and many splashes of minute glass fragments.
The thin outer skin on the surface of a lunar rock caused by solar wind and micrometeorite erosion.
patina
A course-grained igneous rock consisting largely of the mineral olivine, with pyroxenes and garnet or spinel. It is found in the mantles of terrestrial planets and differentiated asteroids.
peridotite
Point in the elliptical orbit of a comet, or asteroid, or planet about the Sun in which it reaches its closest approach to the Sun.
perihelion
Also called sheet silicates, these minerals have layered structures that contain silicon and oxygen in some multiple of Si^2 O^5.
phyllosilicate
Set of gravitationally bound non-stellar objects in or out of orbit around a star or star system.
planetary system
Part of a planetary system that has at least one astronomical body.
planetary system part
Any wind system of a planet's atmosphere which owes its existence and direction to solar radiation and to the rotation of the planet.
planetary wind
planitiae
Low plain or large level expanse of lowlands
planitia
plana
Plateau or high plain
planum
plumes
Cryo-volcanic features.
plume
The host crystal is called an oikocryst, and the included crystals are called chadacrysts.
Relatively large crystals of one mineral enclosing numerous smaller crystals of one or more other minerals which are randomly oriented and generally, but not necessarily, uniformly distributed.
poikilitic
Satellites in a polar orbit do not have to pass the North and South Pole precisely; even a deviation within 20 to 30 degrees is still classed as a polar orbit.
Polar orbits usually goes from north to south of Earth rather than from west to east, passing roughly over Earth's poles. Polar orbits are a type of low Earth orbit, as they are at low altitudes between 200 to 1000 km.
polar orbit
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's spatial location relative to other objects in the vicinity.
position
Preserved in primitive meteorites, presolar grains are stardust that formed in stellar outflows or ejecta in the molecular cloud, out of which our Solar System formed.
presolar grain
A primitive meteorite is a chondrite that experienced minimal heating and aqueous alteration on its parent asteroid. Primitive meteorites have the highest concentrations of presolar grains.
primitive meteorite
promonotoria
Extension of lunar mountains into mare
promonotorium
The second lowest classification level in terms of geological knowledge (certainty) that a project can have, with an error range of +-70% to +-79%.
prospective quality
The general term used to describe the rotating disk of dense gas surrounding a newly formed star, out of which a planetary system evolves.
solar nebula
protoplanetary disk
A star in the process of formation which has not yet become hot enough in the core to initiate the process of nuclear fusion (10^7 K) to halt its gravitational collapse.
protostar
Highly magnetized rotating neutron star that emits beams of electromagnetic radiation out of its magnetic poles
pulsar
Physical separation of a chemical substance of interest from foreign or contaminating substances.
purification
A silicate mineral common in basalt and composed mostly of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), calcium ( Ca), and silicon (Si).
pyroxene
An ultramafic igneous rock consisting essentially of minerals of the pyroxene group, such as augite, diopside, hypersthene, bronzite or enstatite.
pyroxenite
This concept is used for regrouping proposal.
The subset of resources differentiated by the quality associated with them.
qualified resource
Total amount or number.
quantity
A hard, crystalline mineral composed of silica (silicon dioxide).
quartz
A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions (or other types of prompts) for the purpose of gathering information from respondents through survey or statistical study.
questionnaire file
The buildup of heavy isotopes inside massive stars by the rapid (hence the use of "r") absorption of neutrons by atomic nuclei.
r-process
The emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium.
Radioactive elements are made up of atoms whose nuclei are unstable and give off atomic radiation as part of a process of attaining stability.
radioactive element
One of a set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table, specifically the fifteen lanthanides plus scandium and yttrium.
rare earth element
The quality of an entity that exists and is known in real space and time.
real quality
Physical or chemical beneficiation increases the mass fraction of the component of interest in the feedstock by removing other components that are less useful or may interfere with the subsequent extraction.
refine process
In planetary science, any material that has a relatively high equilibrium condensation temperature is called refractory.
refractory resource
regiones
A large area marked by reflectivity or color distinctions from adjacent areas, or a broad geographic region
regio
The lunar regolith has 4-5 meters thick in the mare regions and 10-12 meters thick in the highland areas.
A blanket of unconsolidated, loose, heterogeneous superficial deposits covering solid rock. It includes dust, broken rocks, and other related materials and is present on Earth, the Moon, Mars, some asteroids, and other terrestrial planets and moons.
regolith
Device for detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance.
remote sensing probe
The acquisition of information on some property of a target object or material without being in physical contact with it. In the broadest terms, this is done by using instruments or scanners to sense and record reflected or emitted energy from the target and then processing the data in order to better analyze and understand the property in question.
remote sensing process
Access to resources beneficial to humans is a central theme in the SDG process. For eample access to the resources of food, clean water, housing, legal system, health care system, medicine, or the bearer of information. It is important to remember that the materials and conditions identified in outer space or astronomical bodies have value as resources only because of their utilization, otherwise they are just elements of scientific interest.
An element that can be the input of a human made process and has a potential value.
resource
The one who consumes the resource.
resource consumer role
rimae
Long narrow valley, fissure or channel on the Moon
rima
Earth's Roche limit is 18,470 km (11,470 miles).
The smallest distance at which a planetary object that has no internal strength can orbit another body without being torn apart by tidal forces (gravitational forces per unit mass exerted by the larger body).
roche limit
Linear scarp or cliff face
rupes
The buildup of heavy isotopes inside massive stars by the slow (hence the use of "s") absorption of neutrons by atomic nuclei.
s-process
scopuli
Lobate or highly irregular scarp
scopulus
Solid rock or mineral fragments transported and deposited by wind, water, gravity, or ice; precipitated by chemical reactions; or secreted by organisms; accumulated as layers in loose, unconsolidated form.
sediment
serpentes
Sinuous feature with segments of positive and negative relief along its length
serpens
The quality of a distinct object or body in having an external surface or outline of specific form or figure.
Collins English Dictionary
shape quality
silicon dioxide
An oxide of silicon with the chemical formula Si O^2, most commonly found in nature as quartz and in various living organisms.
silica
A variety of minerals that always contain silicon (Si) and oxygen (O).
silicate
A thing which simulates or resembles something else.
Oxford dictionnary
simulant
frittage
Sintering or frittage is the process of compacting and forming a solid mass of material by heat or pressure without melting it to the point of liquefaction.
sintering process
"Bay"; small plain.
sinus
Snowlines at greater distances from the Sun (or star) also exist for other volatiles, such as CO2, CO, and CH4 (methane). Inside the snowlines, toward the Sun (star), the volatiles sublimate to gases.
The orbital distance from the Sun (or star) beyond which water ice is stable.
snowline
The sum of all variable and short-lived disturbances on the sun, as sunspots, prominences, and solar flares.
solar activity
photovoltaic cell
Electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon.
solar cell
Energy derived from the sun in the form of solar radiation.
solar energy
A site which has its extent determined by the solar bounds.
solar site
Our Sun and all the objects (planets, moons, asteroids, and comets) that orbit the Sun.
solar system
Stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun.
solar wind
The temperature at (and below) which material crystallizes (solidifies) completely.
solidus
Governmet agency engaged in activities related to analysis and exploration of outer space and their resources.
space agency
A journey, by a manned or unmanned vehicle, into space for a specific reason
space mission
A space program is an organized effort by a government or a company with a goal related to outer space.
space program
According to the understanding of the Hague Working Group, this definition includes mineral and volatile materials, including water, but excludes (a) satellite orbits; (b) radio spectrum; and (c) energy from the sun except when collected from unique and scarce locations.
An extractable and or recoverable abiotic resource in situ in outer space.
space resource
Entity who owns a space resource.
space resource owner
An organization that owns and/or benefits from space resources.
space resources industry
Processes that change the physical structure, optical properties, or chemical or mineralogical properties of the surface of an airless planetary body from their original state. These processes include meteorite, micrometeorite, and cosmic dust bombardment, solar wind ion implantation, and sputtering, in deep vacuum and temperatures approaching absolute zero (-273 oC).
space weathering
A natural phenomenon resulting from pressure or temperatue differences and that causes the movement of material bodies to outer space.
space wind
Vehicle used for travelling in space.
spacecraft
Unwanted matter or material of any type that is considered as waste or debris and is abandoned in the outer space.
spatial detritus
The lowest classification level in terms of geological knowledge (cer-tainty) that a project can have, with an error range of +-80% to +-90%.
speculative quality
299,792,458 meters per second (186,212 miles per second).
speed of light
In the context of space weathering on the surfaces of airless planetary bodies, sputtering is the process in which atoms on the surface are knocked free by high-speed atomic particles in the solar wind; much higher-energy cosmic rays can also sputter surface materials.
sputtering
A document established by consensus of subject matter experts and approved by a recognized body that provide guidance on the design, use or performance of materials, products, processes, services, systems or persons.
standard
Organization that voluntary develop and provide technical standards.
standard development organization
The naturally occurring nuclear reactions in stars that make the elements heavier than hydrogen and helium.
stellar nucleosynthesis
A site file for a Study that contains Ethics Committee member identifications, correspondence and approvals (including approval of the Protocol, the informed consent form and, in each case, any amendments thereto), the approved informed consent form, signed and dated informed consent forms, completed Case Report Forms and other clinical observations, log of all Study site visits, laboratory or other tests taken or performed and Study Drug receipt and disposition information and any and all other records or information required by the Regulations to be, or customarily, maintained in the conduct of human clinical trials.
study file
Part of an astronomical body which are not exposed to its atmosphere or outer space.
subsurface
sulci
Subparallel furrows and ridges
sulcus
The star round which the earth orbits
Sun
Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO) is a particular kind of polar orbit. Satellites in SSO, travelling over the polar regions, are synchronous with the Sun. This means they are synchronised to always be in the same ‘fixed’ position relative to the Sun.
sun-synchronous orbit
A star must have at least nine times the mass of the Sun to undergo a core-collapse supernova. The extreme heat generated by the explosion makes elements heavier than iron, this is called supernova nucleosynthesis.
Also known as a core-collapse supernova, this is an enormously bright, energetic, catastrophic explosion that occurs at the end of the lifetime of a massive star whose core collapses.
supernova
Product storage and (standard) interfaces for transfer and handover of the products to subsequent processing steps, and ultimately to the final users. Subsequent processing steps can include product purification according to the requirements of the final user (e.g. water and gas purification to remove dust particles, sulphides, and other impurities). Supply products to applications of interest (e.g. propulsion, energy storage, life-support, manufacturing, and construction).
supply process
A layer of some material entity which is adjacent to one or more of its external boundaries and directly interacts with its immediate surroundings.
surface
Geographical area on an astronomical body's surface where remote-sensing exploration will take place
surface exploration targets
Small vehicle that can move over rough ground.
Cambridge dictionary
surface rover
The ability and confidence of a Space Resources project to supply a specific amount of resources, at a specific quality, rate, and efficiency, with assumed technologies and methodologies for extraction, processing, refining and supply.
technical certainty
TEDFE
Assess and determine if the evaluated resource can be economically, technically extracted, processed, refined, and delivered.
technical and economic detailed feasibility evaluation
TDFS
TDFS considers mainly Measured Resources, Indicated Resources, and Inferred Resources. TDFS considers only technologies with TRL equal and above 8.
A technical evaluation of a proposed Space Resources Project, to as-sess and determine if the evaluated resource can be technically ex-tracted, processed, refined, and delivered.
technical detailed feasibility study
TDTL
A hard boundary used to make the distinction betwee "Usable Resources and Unclarified Technical Resources" and "Non-usable Resources and Unrecoverable Technical Resources"
technical discovery test line
Used to estimate how much further technical work, technological development, and resources exploration needs to be completed to achieve a desired, or expected level of overall project certainty.
The deviation applied to the gathered technical certainty about a project.
technical error
TEE
Allow the estimation of the total economic value of a Space Resources project, and the size and quality of the Economic Resources and/or Commercial Resources.
technical and economic evaluations
TOMS
TOMS considers mainly Prospective Resources, and Speculative Re-sources. TOMS studies consider technologies with TRL equal and above 1.
Assess and determine if the evaluated resource can be technically extracted, processed, refined, and delivered.
technical order of magnitude study
TPFS
TPFS considers mainly Indicated Resources, and Inferred Resources. TPFS studies consider only technologies with TRL equal and above 5.
technical pre-feasibility study
TSS
TSS considers mainly Inferred Resources, Prospective Resources, and Speculative Resources. TSS studies consider technologies with TRL equal and above 2.
technical scoping study
Allow the estimation of size and quality of Usable Resources.
technical study
It provides the confidence in the technological maturity.
Measures the maturity of technology to be used in the extraction, processing, refining and supply of Resources, through the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) system.
technological certainty
TRL
A type of measurement system used to assess the maturity level of a particular technology.
technology readiness level
Gravel-sized bodies composed of black, green, brown or grey natural glass formed from terrestrial debris ejected during meteorite impacts.
tektite
Quality that denotes the physical features of a site.
terrain conditions
Regolith from Earth
terrestrial regolith
A site which has its extent determined only by the astronomical body Earth.
terrestrial site
tesserae
Tile-like, polygonal terrain
tessera
A book that lists words in groups of synonyms and related concepts.
thesaurus
tholi
Small domical mountain or hill
tholus
The construction of a three-dimensional object from a Computer-aided design model or a digital 3D model.
3D printing
examples: augers and conveyors; surface vehicles with wheels, tracks, or rails; and flight vehicles including aircraft or hoppers
Means used to take or carry (people or goods) from one place to another.
transportation device
Coarse-grain plutonic rock containing olivine and plagioclase with little or no pyroxene.
troctolite
Iron-sulfide mineral with the chemical formula FeS.
troilite
a vacuum having a pressure of 10−7 pascal or less
ultrahigh vacuum
Quality of an entity to be unaccessible.
unaccessible
Resources that are considered technically, technologically, and geologically extractable, with the available geological data, available technology, and available technical knowledge (studies). They have very low Geological, Technical and Technological certainty levels.
unclarified technical resource
All Speculative Resources and Prospective Resources with a Geological Knowledge Error (GKE) of +- 75% and above, are considered and classified as Undiscovered Resources.
undiscoverd resource
An entity that is not capable of being extracted.
unextractable quality
A kind of resource that cannot be extracted through a known extraction process.
unextractable resource
Resources that are considered not technically, technologically, and geologically extractable, with the available geological data, available technology, and available technical knowledge (studies). They have very low Geological, Technical and Technological certainty levels.
unrecoverable technical resources
According to LORS-101, these resources are above the Technical Discovery Test Line (TDTL)
The resource must be accessible or extractable in order to be usable
A kind of resource that is available to be used.
usable resource
A space absolutely devoid of matter
vacuum
Radiate aggregates of elongate crystals.
variolitic
vastitates
Extensive plain
vastitas
Type of resource formed by material easily evaporated.
volatile resource
Ice formed by direct freezing of fresh or salt water, and not by compacting of snow.
water ice
Water that was encassed in glassy materials.
water in glasses
Water chemically bonded inside minerals.
water in minerals
the Atmospheric Dynamics Mission Aeolus uses an innovative laser to measure global winds.
Aeolus
LAPAN
The Research Organization for Aeronautics and Space (Indonesian: Organisasi Riset Penerbangan dan Antariksa, ORPA) is one of Research Organizations under the umbrella of the National Research and Innovation Agency (Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional, BRIN). It was founded in 1 September 2021 as transformation of National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional, LAPAN) after the liquidation of LAPAN into BRIN.
Aeronautics and Space Research Organization
Apollo astronauts collected and returned 382 kilograms of rock and sediment samples from the Moon.
U.S. Space Program that included 6 piloted lunar landings between 1969 and 1972.
Apollo
AusIMM
Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
ASA
The Australian Space Agency is an agency under the Australian Government responsible for the development of Australia's commercial space industry, coordinating domestic activities, identifying opportunities and facilitating international space engagement that include Australian stakeholders.
Australian Space Agency
ALR
The Austrian Space Agency, official known since 2005 as the Aeronautics and Space Agency (German: Agentur für Luft- und Raumfahrt), is an organization whose purpose is to coordinate Austrian space exploration-related activities. It has been involved in both national programs and multinational efforts coordinated via the European Space Agency (ESA).
Austrian Space Agency
BIRA
The Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB) (Dutch: Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Ruimte-Aeronomie - BIRA, French: Institut royal d'aéronomie spatiale de Belgique - IASB) is a Belgian federal scientific research institute. Created in 1964, its main tasks are research and public service in space aeronomy, which is the physics and chemistry of the atmosphere of the Earth and other planets, and of outer space.
Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy
ABAE
The Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities (Agencia Bolivariana para Actividades Espaciales, ABAE) is an agency of the Ministry of Science of Venezuela, responsible for developing and carrying out policies of the National Executive Venezuela regarding the use of the outer space.
Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities
ABE
The agency is responsible for developing and implementing communications satellite programs and other space projects.
Bolivian Space Agency
AEB
The Brazilian Space Agency (Portuguese: Agência Espacial Brasileira; AEB) is the civilian authority in Brazil responsible for the country's space program.
Brazilian Space Agency
SRI-BAS
The Space Research and Technology Institute of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences is a primary research body in the field of space science in Bulgaria.
Bulgarian Space Agency
CSA
The Canadian Space Agency (CSA; French: Agence spatiale canadienne, ASC) is the national space agency of Canada, established in 1990 by the Canadian Space Agency Act.
Canadian Space Agency
CRISP
The Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing (CRISP) is a university-level research centre of the National University of Singapore (NUS), established in the early 1990s as a centre for the reception and processing of images from earth observation satellites.
Centre for Remote Imaging Sensing and Processing
CNSA
China National Space Administration is the government agency of the People's Republic of China that is responsible for civil space administration and international space cooperation, including organizing or leading foreign exchanges and cooperation in the aerospace field.
China National Space Administration
Clementine M3
CSC
The Colombian Space Commission (CSC) is Colombia’s government body for the promotion and use of space.
Colombian Space Commission
CONAE
Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (CONAE; in English, National Space Activities Commission) is the civilian agency of the government of Argentina in charge of the national space programme.
Comision Nacional de Actividades Espaciales
CRIRSCO
Committee for Mineral Reserves International Reporting Standards
DNSC
The National Space Institute at the Technical University of Denmark, also known as DTU Space (Danish: Institut for Rumforskning og Rumteknologi), is a Danish sector research institute and a part of the Technical University of Denmark.
Danish National Space Center
ESA
intergovernmental organisation of 22 full member states: Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Republic of Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom There are 4 Non-Full member of ESA: Canada Latvia Lithuania Slovenia
EUSPA
The (European) Union Space Programme was established along with its managing agency (the European Union Agency for the Space Programme) in 2021,[2] in order to implement the pre-existing European Space Policy established on 22 May 2007 when a joint and concomitant meeting at the ministerial level of the Council of the European Union and the Council of the European Space Agency, known collectively as the European Space Council, adopted a Resolution on the European Space Policy.
European Union Space Programme Agency
Gale is a crater, and probable dry lake, at 5°24′S 137°48′E﻿ / ﻿5.4°S 137.8°E﻿ / -5.4; 137.8 in the northwestern part of the Aeolis quadrangle on Mars.
Gale crater
GISTDA
The Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (Public Organization) or, in brief, GISTDA, is a Thai space agency and space research organisation.
Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency
DLR
The German Aerospace Center, abbreviated DLR, is the national center for aerospace, energy and transportation research of Germany.
German Aerospace Center
Gusev is a crater on the planet Mars and is located at 14.5°S 175.4°E and is in the Aeolis quadrangle. The crater is about 166 kilometers in diameter and formed approximately three to four billion years ago. It was named after Russian astronomer Matvey Gusev in 1976.
Gusev crater
HSA
The Hellenic Space Agency, abbreviated as the HSA, was the national space agency of Greece. It was founded at 19 March 2018 as a public limited company by the Ministry of Digital Policy, Telecommunications and Media. On August 9, 2019, it was replaced by the Hellenic Space Center.
Hellenic Space Centre
HSO
The Hungarian Space Research Office is the official Government of Hungary agency responsible for the civilian space program as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.
Hungarian Space Office
ISRO
The Indian Space Research Organisation is the national space agency of India.
Indian Space Research Organisation
INTA
The Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial «Esteban Terradas» (INTA, transl. 'National Institute for Aerospace Technology "Esteban Terradas"') is an autonomous agency of the Spanish public administration dependent on the Secretariat of State for Defence (SEDEF). It is responsible for the aerospace, aeronautics, hydrodynamics, and defense and security technologies research.
Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aeroespacial
Name of a standard
International Reporting Template
The International Space Station programme is tied together by a complex set of legal, political and financial agreements between the fifteen nations involved in the project, governing ownership of the various components, rights to crewing and utilisation, and responsibilities for crew rotation and resupply of the International Space Station.
International Space Station program
ISA
The Iranian Space Agency is Iran's governmental space agency.
Iranian Space Agency
The Israel Space Agency is a governmental body, a part of Israel's Ministry of Science and Technology, that coordinates all Israeli space research programs with scientific and commercial goals.
Israeli Space Agency
ASI
The Italian Space Agency is a government agency established in 1988 to fund, regulate and coordinate space exploration activities in Italy.
Italian Space Agency
JAXA
The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency is the Japanese national air and space agency.
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
Professional code of practice that sets minimum standards for Public Reporting of minerals Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves.
Joint Ore Reserves Committee
KARI
The Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI), established in 1989, is the aeronautics and space agency of South Korea.
Korea Aerospace Research Institute
LSA
The Lithuanian Space Association is a space organisation based in Vilnius, Lithuania.
Lithuanian Space Association
The Living Planet Programme (LPP) is a programme within the European Space Agency that consists of two classes of Earth observation missions (Earth Explorers, and Earth Watch) whose objective is to develop support operational applications such as numerical weather forecasting or resource management.
living planet programme
The Luxembourg Space Agency (LSA) is the national space agency of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.
Luxembourg Space Agency
MYSA
The Malaysian Space Agency is the national space agency of Malaysia.
Malaysian Space Agency
AEM
The Mexican Space Agency (AEM; Spanish: Agencia Espacial Mexicana) is the national space agency of Mexico
Mexican Space Agency
MBRSC
The Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, is a Dubai government organisation working on the United Arab Emirates space programme.
Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre
NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the US federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NADA
National Aerospace Development Administration is the official space agency of North Korea, succeeding the Korean Committee of Space Technology (KCST)
National Aerospace Development Administration
CNES
The National Centre for Space Studies is the French government space agency.
National Centre for Space Studies
CONIDA
The National Commission for Aerospace Research and Development is a national space agency tasked with government space activities in Peru.
National Commission for Aerospace Research and Development
National Instrument 43-101
Kazcosmos
The National Space Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan, also known as KazCosmos, or KazKosmos, is Kazakhstan's national space agency
National Space Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan
NSPO
The National Space Organization is the national civilian space agency of the Republic of China (Taiwan), part of the National Applied Research Laboratories under the auspices of the Ministry of Science and Technology.
National Space Organization
NASRDA
The National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA) is the national space agency of Nigeria.
National Space Research and Development Agency
SRON
SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research is the Dutch expertise institute for space research.
Netherlands Institute for Space Research
NOSA
The Norwegian Space Agency (formerly the Norwegian Space Centre (NSC); Norwegian: Norsk Romsenter) is a Norwegian government agency that follows up Norway's public space activities.
Norwegian Space Agency
The Ontario Securities Commission is a regulatory agency which administers and enforces securities legislation in the Canadian province of Ontario. The OSC is an Ontario Crown agency which reports to the Ontario legislature through the Minister of Finance.
Ontario Securities Commission
AEP
Space Agency of Paraguay
Paraguayan Space Agency
The Petroleum Resources Management System (PRMS) is a system developed for consistent and reliable definition, classification, and estimation of hydrocarbon resources.
Petroleum Resources Management System
PhilSA
The Philippine Space Agency (PhilSA) is the national space agency of the Philippines.
Philippine Space Agency
POLSA
The Polish Space Agency is a space agency of Poland.
Polish Space Agency
PTSPACE
Portugal Space is the Portuguese Space Agency.
Portugal Space
ROSA
The Romanian Space Agency is a public institution with extra-budgetary funding which coordinates the national space technology research programs and space research-related activities.
Romanian Space Agency
Roscosmos
The State Space Corporation "Roscosmos", commonly known simply as Roscosmos, is a state corporation of the Russian Federation responsible for space flights, cosmonautics programs, and aerospace research.
SSC
Saudi Space Commission (SSC) is a Saudi independent government entity established by a royal order on December 27, 2018.
Saudi Space Commission
The Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit professional organization whose stated mission is "to collect, disseminate, and exchange technical knowledge concerning the exploration, development and production of oil and gas resources and related technologies for the public benefit; and to provide opportunities for professionals to enhance their technical and professional competence"
Society of Petroleum Engineers
MAKA
Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency is a governmental body that coordinates all Azerbaijani space research programs with scientific and commercial goals.
Space Agency of the Republic of Azerbaijan
SSAU
The State Space Agency of Ukraine is the Ukrainian government agency responsible for space policy and programs.
State Space Agency of Ukraine
SNSA
The Swedish National Space Agency is a Government agency in Sweden operating under the Swedish Ministry of Education and Science.
Swedish National Space Agency
SSO
The Swiss Space Office is the federal government's competence centre for national and international space matters.
Swiss Space Office
The Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (CIM) is a not-for-profit technical society of professionals in the Canadian minerals, metals, materials and energy industries.
The Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum
TUA
The Turkish Space Agency is a government agency for national aerospace research in Turkey.
Turkish Space Agency
TNSA
Space Administration of Turkmenaragatnashyk Agency, is a governmental body that coordinates all Turkmenistan space research programs with scientific and commercial goals.
Turkmenistan National Space Agency
UAESA
The United Arab Emirates Space Agency is the space agency of the United Arab Emirates government responsible for the development of the country's space industry.
United Arab Emirates Space Agency
UKSA
The United Kingdom Space Agency is an executive agency of the Government of the United Kingdom, responsible for the United Kingdom's civil space programme.
United Kingdom Space Agency
an intergovernmental organization aiming to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations. It is the world's largest and most familiar international organization.
UNFC-2009 is a generic principle-based system in which quantities are classified on the basis of the three fundamental criteria of economic and social viability (E), field project status and feasibility (F), and geological knowledge (G), using a numerical coding system.
United Nations Framework Classification for Fossil Energy and Mineral Reserves and Resources 2009
VNSC
The Vietnam National Satellite Center, renamed the Vietnam National Space Center in July 2017, was founded as a VAST research center on 16 September 2011 to manage and implement space and satellite projects for the government of Vietnam.
Vietnam National Space Center
The side of the Moon that always faces away from Earth.
farside
flumina
Channel on Titan that might carry liquid
flumen
The lunar highlands are the brighter surface of the moon. They represent the ancient lunar crust that has been gardened extensively by meteoritic bombardment, particularly during the early period of intense bombardment around 3.9 Ga ago, resulting in extensive brecciation.
Encyclopedia of the Solar System Book • Second Edition • 2007
lunar highlands
The darker plains of the moon. They are major products of volcanic processes on the Moon. These are large flows of basaltic lava that correspond to low-albedo surfaces covering nearly a third of the near side.
lunar lowlands
The side of the Moon that always faces Earth.
nearside
Long channel on the Moon crossing the surface of maria; probably formed either as an open channel in a lava flow, or as an under-ground tube carrying hot lava which collapsed as the lava flowed out.
rille
One of the maria on the Moon's nearside
Its diameter is 674 km (419 mi)
Mare Serenitatis
sea of serenity
A region of exceptional brightness in an atmospheric layer of the Sun, often associated with sunspots of complex magnetic fields.
solar flare
The generic term for such a rotating disk around a newly formed star is protoplanetary disk.
The immense rotating disk of gas and particles of floating cosmic dust from which our Solar System condensed approximately 4.567 billion years ago.
If a molecular function (X) has a regulatory subfunction, then any gene product which is an input to that subfunction has an activity that directly_regulates X. Note: this is intended for cases where the regaultory subfunction is protein binding, so it could be tightened with an additional clause to specify this.
inferring direct reg edge from input to regulatory subfunction
inferring direct neg reg edge from input to regulatory subfunction
inferring direct positive reg edge from input to regulatory subfunction
effector input is compound function input
Input of effector is input of its parent MF
if effector directly positively regulates X, its parent MF directly positively regulates X
if effector directly regulates X, its parent MF directly regulates X
if effector directly negatively regulates X, its parent MF directly negatively regulates X
GP(X)-enables->MF(Y)-part_of->BP(Z) => GP(X) involved_in BP(Z) e.g. if X enables 'protein kinase activity' and Y 'part of' 'signal tranduction' then X involved in 'signal transduction'
This rule is dubious: added as a quick fix for expected inference in GO-CAM. The problem is most acute for transmembrane proteins, such as receptors or cell adhesion molecules, which have some subfunctions inside the cell (e.g. kinase activity) and some subfunctions outside (e.g. ligand binding). Correct annotation of where these functions occurs leads to incorrect inference about the location of the whole protein. This should probably be weakened to "... -> overlaps"