gUFO: A Lightweight Implementation of the Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO)

IRI:
http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#
Version IRI:
http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#/1.0.0
Current version:
1.0.0
Authors:
Almeida, João Paulo A.
Falbo, Ricardo A.
Guizzardi, Giancarlo
Sales, Tiago P.
Other visualisation:
Ontology source

Abstract

The objective of gUFO is to provide a lightweight implementation of the Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO) [1-5] suitable for Semantic Web OWL 2 DL applications. Intended users are those implementing UFO-based lightweight ontologies that reuse gUFO by specializing and instantiating its elements. There are three implications of the use of the term lightweight. First of all, we have employed little expressive means in an effort to retain computational properties for the resulting OWL ontology. Second, we have selected a subset of UFO-A [1, 2] and UFO-B [3] to include here. In particular, there is minimalistic support for UFO-B (only that which is necessary to establish the participation of objects in events and to capture historical dependence between events). Third, a lightweight ontology, differently from a reference ontology, is designed with the purpose of providing an implementation artifact to structure a knowledge base (or knowledge graph). This has driven a number of pragmatic implementation choices which are discussed in comments annotated to the various elements of this implementation. The 'g' in gUFO stands for gentle. At the same time, "gufo" is the Italian word for "owl". For background information on the reference ontology on which this implementation is based, see: 1. G. Guizzardi, G. Wagner, J. P. A. Almeida, R. S. S. Guizzardi, “Towards ontological foundations for conceptual modeling: The unified foundational ontology (UFO) story,” Applied Ontology (Online), vol. 10, p. 259–271, 2015. <http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ao-150157> 2. G. Guizzardi, Ontological Foundations for Structural Conceptual Models, PhD Thesis, University of Twente, The Netherlands, 2005. <https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/ontological-foundations-for-structural-conceptual-models> 3. G. Guizzardi, G. Wagner, R. A. Falbo, R. S. S. Guizzardi, and J. P. A. Almeida, “Towards Ontological Foundations for the Conceptual Modeling of Events,” in Proc. 32th International Conference, ER 2013, 2013, p. 327–341. <https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41924-9_27> 4. G. Guizzardi, C. M. Fonseca, A. B. Benevides, J. P. A. Almeida, D. Porello, T. P. Sales, “Endurant Types in Ontology-Driven Conceptual Modeling: Towards OntoUML 2.0,” in Conceptual Modeling – 37th International Conference, ER 2018, 2018, p. 136–150. <https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00847-5_12> 5. C. M. Fonseca, D. Porello, G. Guizzardi, J. P. A. Almeida, and N. Guarino, “Relations in ontology-driven conceptual modeling,” in 38th International Conference on Conceptual Modeling (ER 2019), LNCS, 2019. v. 11788, 2019, p. 1–15. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33223-5_4> Cite this work as: J. P. A. Almeida, G. Guizzardi, T. P. Sales, R. A. Falbo, "gUFO: A Lightweight Implementation of the Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO)", 2019, http://purl.org/nemo/doc/gufo This work is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode>. For the source repository, see: <https://github.com/nemo-ufes/gufo>

Table of Content

  1. Classes
  2. Object Properties
  3. Data Properties
  4. Annotation Properties
  5. General Axioms
  6. Namespace Declarations

Classes

AbstractIndividualc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#AbstractIndividual

A gufo:Individual that does not exist in space-time in the same way as a gufo:ConcreteIndividual does. A gufo:AbstractIndividual has no spatiotemporal qualities in its own right. Hence, it does not make sense to ask how much space it now occupies (Gideon, 2018) and when it was created or destroyed. Examples include the number ten, the null set, and the proposition that 'Obama was the president of the United States'. Rosen, Gideon, "Abstract Objects", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2018/entries/abstract-objects/>
has super-classes
Individualc
has sub-classes
Instantc, QualityValuec
is disjoint with
ConcreteIndividualc

AbstractIndividualTypec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#AbstractIndividualType

A gufo:Type whose instances are abstract individuals. Instances of gufo:AbstractIndividualType are subclasses of gufo:AbstractIndividual. Examples include the types "NaturalNumber", "Set", "Proposition".
has super-classes
Typec
is in range of
hasAssociatedQualityValueTypeop
is disjoint with
ConcreteIndividualTypec, RelationshipTypec

AntiRigidTypec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#AntiRigidType

A gufo:NonRigidType that applies contingently to all its instances (see Guizzardi, 2005, chapter 4). Examples include the gufo:Phase "Child", the gufo:PhaseMixin "InfantAnimal", the gufo:Role "Student", and the gufo:RoleMixin "Customer".
has super-classes
NonRigidTypec
has sub-classes
Phasec, PhaseMixinc, Rolec, RoleMixinc
is disjoint with
SemiRigidTypec

Aspectc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#Aspect

A gufo:Endurant that depends on at least one other concrete individual for its existence. A gufo:Aspect is a characteristic or trait of a concrete individual that is itself conceived as an individual. Examples include: intrinsic physical aspects, such as the Moon's mass, Lassie's fur color; mental dispositions, such as Bob's math skills, his belief that the number one is odd; as well as relational aspects, such as John's love for Mary and the marriage between John and Mary. The specific sort of existential dependence connecting aspects to their bearers is called inherence. Corresponds to "Moment" in Guizzardi (2005). Also termed "property instance", "particularized property", "individual accident", or "(variable) trope" in the philosophical literature.
has super-classes
Endurantc
has sub-classes
ExtrinsicAspectc, IntrinsicAspectc
is in domain of
inheresInop, isAspectProperPartOfop, manifestedInop
is in range of
isAspectProperPartOfop
is disjoint with
Objectc

Categoryc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#Category

A gufo:EndurantType that is both non-sortal and rigid. It captures essential properties that apply to instances of different kinds. For example, "PhysicalObject" may be considered a gufo:Category, encompassing objects such as cars, planets, trees. "Agent" may be a gufo:Category that classifies both people and organizations.
has super-classes
NonSortalc
RigidTypec

Collectionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#Collection

A complex gufo:Object whose parts (the members of the collection) have a uniform structure (i.e., members are conceived as playing the same role in the collection). Collections may have a fixed or variable membership, which can be asserted using gufo:FixedCollection and gufo:VariableCollection respectively. Examples include a deck of cards, a pile of bricks, a forest (conceived as a collection of trees), and a group of people. Collections in many cases constitute a functional complex. For example, a pile of bricks may constitute a wall, a group of people may constitute a football team. A gufo:Collection may be decomposed into "smaller" collections. For instance, a group of people may be decomposed into a group of English speakers and a group of Italian speakers. Sub collections may or may not share members among them.
has super-classes
Objectc
has sub-classes
FixedCollectionc, VariableCollectionc
is in domain of
isSubCollectionOfop
is in range of
isCollectionMemberOfop, isSubCollectionOfop
is disjoint with
FunctionalComplexc, Quantityc

ComparativeRelationshipTypec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#ComparativeRelationshipType

A gufo:RelationshipType derived from intrinsic aspects of the related entities. For example, "heavierThan", "olderThan". For a gufo:ComparativeRelationshipType it is recommended to identify the types of intrinsic aspects from which it is derived (see gufo:isDerivedFrom). For example "heavierThan" is derived from the "Weight" quality type. Note that, in the case of relationships that may change in different circumstances or times, the use of a qualified relation pattern enables indicating the period of time in which the relationship holds. See gufo:TemporaryRelationshipSituation. Corresponds to "comparative formal relation" in Guizzardi (2005) and "Comparative Relation" in Fonseca et al. (2019).
has super-classes
RelationshipTypec
is disjoint with
MaterialRelationshipTypec

ConcreteIndividualc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#ConcreteIndividual

A gufo:Individual that exists in space-time. Concrete individuals comprise not only object-like entities (a car, a mountain, a person, a marriage, a belief), but also events (a business meeting, a soccer match) and situations (the situation in which a person weighs 80 kilograms, the situation in which a bank account is overdrawn).
has super-classes
Individualc
has sub-classes
Endurantc, Eventc, Situationc
is in domain of
constitutesop, hasBeginPointop, hasBeginPointInXSDDatedp, hasBeginPointInXSDDateTimeStampdp, hasEndPointop, hasEndPointInXSDDatedp, hasEndPointInXSDDateTimeStampdp, hasQualityValuedp, hasReifiedQualityValueop, historicallyDependsOnop
is in range of
constitutesop, historicallyDependsOnop, inheresInop
is disjoint with
AbstractIndividualc

ConcreteIndividualTypec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#ConcreteIndividualType

A gufo:Type whose instances are concrete individuals. Instances of gufo:ConcreteIndividualType are subclasses of gufo:ConcreteIndividual. Examples include the gufo:Kind "Person", the gufo:Category "Physical Object", the gufo:EventType "Business Meeting".
has super-classes
Typec
has sub-classes
EndurantTypec, EventTypec, SituationTypec
is disjoint with
AbstractIndividualTypec, RelationshipTypec

Endurantc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#Endurant

A gufo:ConcreteIndividual that endures in time and may change qualitatively while keeping its identity. Examples include: ordinary objects of everyday experience, such as a person, a house, and a car; reified relationships, such as a marriage, a rental contract, and a person's love for another; and existentially-dependent aspects of objects, such as a car's weight, a person's language skills, and a house's color. Also termed "continuant" in the philosophical literature.
has super-classes
ConcreteIndividualc
has sub-classes
Aspectc, Objectc
is in domain of
standsInQualifiedAttributionop, standsInQualifiedConstitutionop, standsInQualifiedInstantiationop, standsInQualifiedParthoodop, standsInQualifiedRelationshipop, wasCreatedInop, wasTerminatedInop
is in range of
concernsConstitutedEndurantop, concernsRelatedEndurantop, concernsTemporaryWholeop, externallyDependsOnop, mediatesop
is disjoint with
Eventc, Situationc

EndurantTypec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#EndurantType

A gufo:Type whose instances are endurants. Instances of gufo:EndurantType are subclasses of gufo:Endurant. Examples include the object kind "Person", the phase "Child", the relator kind "Marriage". See Guizzardi et al. (2018) for details concerning the taxonomy of endurant types included here.
has super-classes
ConcreteIndividualTypec
has sub-classes
NonRigidTypec, NonSortalc, RigidTypec, Sortalc
is in domain of
hasAssociatedQualityValueTypeop
is in range of
concernsQualityTypeop, isDerivedFromop
is disjoint with
EventTypec, SituationTypec

Eventc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#Event

A gufo:ConcreteIndividual that 'occurs' or 'happens' in time. They may be instantaneous or long-running. Events are those "things that happen to or are performed by" (Casati and Varzi, 2015) endurants. Examples include actions and processes, such as a business meeting, a communicative act, a soccer match, a goal kick, the clicking of a mouse button; as well as natural occurrences such as an earthquake, the fall of the meteor that caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. Also termed "happening", "occurrence", "perdurant" or "occurrent" in the philosophical literature. Casati, R. & Varzi, A. (2015). Events. In E.N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2015 ed.). 19 Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2015/entries/events/
has super-classes
ConcreteIndividualc
has sub-classes
Participationc
is in domain of
broughtAboutop, isEventProperPartOfop
is in range of
contributedToTriggerop, isEventProperPartOfop, manifestedInop, participatedInop, wasCreatedInop, wasTerminatedInop
is disjoint with
Endurantc, Situationc

EventTypec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#EventType

A gufo:Type whose instances are events. Instances of gufo:EventType are subclasses of gufo:Event. Examples include "Business Meeting", "Birth", "Musical Performance".
has super-classes
ConcreteIndividualTypec
is disjoint with
EndurantTypec, SituationTypec

ExtrinsicAspectc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#ExtrinsicAspect

A gufo:Aspect that depends on one or more concrete individuals. Extrinsic (or "relational") aspects are reified relationships, e.g., John and Mary's marriage, Mary's employment contract at Nasa, or parts of those relationships, e.g., John's obligations towards Mary in the scope of the marriage, Mary's reciprocal claims, Mary's obligations towards John, John's reciprocal claims. Extrinsic aspects can also be reified one-sided relationships, e.g., John's admiration for Obama (which depends on Obama but does not characterize him). Corresponds to "Extrinsic Moment" in Fonseca et al (2019). Encompasses "Externally Depedent Mode", "Qua Individual" and "Relator" in Guizzardi (2005).
has super-classes
Aspectc
has sub-classes
ExtrinsicModec, Relatorc
is disjoint with
IntrinsicAspectc

ExtrinsicModec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#ExtrinsicMode

A gufo:ExtrinsicAspect that inheres in a concrete individual and depends on others for its existence. A gufo:ExtrinsicMode can be understood as a reified one-sided relationship, such as John's admiration for Mary. Corresponds to "Extrinsic Moment" in Fonseca et al (2019). Encompasses what "Externally Dependent Mode", "Qua Individual" and "Relator" in Guizzardi (2005).
has super-classes
ExtrinsicAspectc
inheresInop exactly 1 ConcreteIndividualc
externallyDependsOnop some ConcreteIndividualc
is in domain of
externallyDependsOnop
is disjoint with
Relatorc

FixedCollectionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#FixedCollection

A gufo:Collection for which no change in membership is possible. Such a collection obeys an extensional principle of identity, i.e., two fixed collections are the same if, and only if, they have the same members. Consider, for example, a group of people understood as a gufo:FixedCollection. In this case, any change in the membership of the group (e.g., the addition of one person) would in fact create a different group of people. In this case, the gufo:FixedCollection may be contrasted with the complexes they constitute. For instance, The Beatles (the band conceived as a gufo:FunctionalComplex) was in a certain circumstance constituted by the collection {John, Paul, George, Pete} and in another one constituted by the collection {John, Paul, George, Ringo}. The replacement of Pete Best by Ringo Star does not alter the identity of the band, but creates a different group of people.
has super-classes
Collectionc
is disjoint with
VariableCollectionc

FunctionalComplexc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#FunctionalComplex

A complex gufo:Object whose parts (components) play different roles in its composition. For example, a person could be considered a gufo:FunctionalComplex with the various organs (heart, brain, lungs, etc.) playing different roles. Another example is a scrum team, which is composed by people playing the roles of scrum master, product owner, developer, etc. To explicitly capture temporary components, use gufo:TemporaryParthoodSituation.
has super-classes
Objectc
is in range of
isComponentOfop
is disjoint with
Collectionc, Quantityc

Individualc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#Individual

An entity that (unlike a gufo:Type) cannot be instantiated. Individuals may be either concrete (e.g., the Earth, Mick Jagger, Brazil, the 1985 Mexico City Earthquake) or abstract (e.g., the number two, the proposition that 'three is a prime number'). Also known as "particular" in the philosophical literature.
has sub-classes
AbstractIndividualc, ConcreteIndividualc
is disjoint with
Typec

Instantc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2006/time#Instant

An gufo:AbstractIndividual that reifies time instants. It is used as a target of the gufo:hasBeginPoint and gufo:hasEndPoint object properties.
has super-classes
AbstractIndividualc
is in range of
hasBeginPointop, hasEndPointop

IntrinsicAspectc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#IntrinsicAspect

A gufo:Aspect that depends on a single concrete individual in which it inheres. Examples include intrinsic physical aspects, such as the Moon's mass, Lassie's fur color; the fragility of John Lennon's glasses; mental dispositions, such as Bob's math skills, his belief that the number one is odd. A gufo:IntrinsicAspect is classified as a gufo:Quality (e.g., an apple's weight, the height of the Statue of Liberty) if it is measurable by a certain value space, or as a gufo:IntrinsicMode (e.g. Bob's belief that the Eiffel Tower is in Paris) otherwise. Corresponds to "Instrinsic Moment" in Guizzardi (2005). Different from Guizzardi (2005), here we consider that aspects can inhere in concrete individuals in general, and not only in endurants.
has super-classes
Aspectc
inheresInop exactly 1 ConcreteIndividualc
has sub-classes
IntrinsicModec, Qualityc
is disjoint with
ExtrinsicAspectc

IntrinsicModec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#IntrinsicMode

A gufo:IntrinsicAspect that is not measurable. For example, Bob's belief that the Eiffel Tower is in Paris, his math skills, his headache. Corresponds to "Mode" in Guizzardi (2005).
has super-classes
IntrinsicAspectc
is disjoint with
Qualityc

Kindc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#Kind

A gufo:EndurantType that is both sortal and rigid. It provides a uniform principle of identity for its instances. Every gufo:Endurant instantiates one and only one gufo:Kind. Examples include kinds of ordinary objects of everyday experience, such as: "Person", "House", "Car"; kinds of relators, such as "Marriage", "RentalContract"; kinds of existentially-dependent aspects of objects, such as "Weight", "Belief", "Vulnerability".
has super-classes
RigidTypec
Sortalc
is disjoint with
SubKindc

MaterialRelationshipTypec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#MaterialRelationshipType

A gufo:RelationshipType derived from extrinsic aspects of the related entities. For example, "marriedWith", "employedBy", "enrolledIn", "admires". For a gufo:MaterialRelationshipType it is recommended to identify the type of extrinsic aspect from which the material relationship type is derived (see gufo:isDerivedFrom). For example "marriedWith" can be derived from the "Marriage" relator type, "employedBy" can be derived from the "Employment" relator type. Encompasses "Material Relation" in Guizzardi (2005) and corresponds to "Material Relation" in Fonseca et al. (2019).
has super-classes
RelationshipTypec
is disjoint with
ComparativeRelationshipTypec

Mixinc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#Mixin

A gufo:EndurantType that is both non-sortal and semi-rigid. As a semi-rigid type, it applies necessarily to some of its instances and contingently to some others. As a non-sortal, it captures properties shared by instances of different kinds. For example, the type "FemaleAnimal" may be considered a gufo:Mixin as it applies necessarily to animals of certain species, e.g., lions and sharks, while it applies contingently to animals of other species such as clownfish and mushroom corals (which may change sex given certain conditions).
has super-classes
NonSortalc
SemiRigidTypec

NonRigidTypec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#NonRigidType

A gufo:EndurantType that does not apply necessarily to at least one of its instances (see Guizzardi, 2005, chapter 4). Examples include anti-rigid types, such as the role "Student" and the phase "Child", and semi-rigid types, such as the mixin "MusicalArtist" (which necessarily characterizes bands, but contingently characterizes people) and the mixin "FemaleAnimal" (which is necessarily characterizes female dogs, but contigently characterizes clownfish).
has super-classes
EndurantTypec
has sub-classes
AntiRigidTypec, SemiRigidTypec
is in range of
concernsNonRigidTypeop
is disjoint with
RigidTypec

NonSortalc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#NonSortal

A gufo:EndurantType that applies to individuals of different kinds (see Guizzardi, 2005, chapter 4). Non-sortals do not provide a uniform principle of identity for their instances; instead, they just classify things that share common properties but which obey different principles of identity. Also termed "dispersive" types in the philosophical literature.
has super-classes
EndurantTypec
has sub-classes
Categoryc, Mixinc, PhaseMixinc, RoleMixinc
is disjoint with
Sortalc

Objectc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#Object

A gufo:Endurant that does not depend on another endurant for its existence (excluding its essential parts and aspects). Examples of objects include ordinary physical entities, such as a dog, a house, a tomato, a car, Alan Turing, but also socially-defined entities such as The Rolling Stones, the European Union, the Brazilian 1988 Constitution. Guizzardi (2005) also included the more abstract notion of "Substantial", which generalizes both objects and amounts of matter. That notion was left out from this implementation, together with the notion of amount of matter. Support for the representation of maximally-self-connected amounts of matter is given by gufo:Quantity.
has super-classes
Endurantc
has sub-classes
Collectionc, FunctionalComplexc, Quantityc
is in domain of
isCollectionMemberOfop, isComponentOfop, isObjectProperPartOfop, participatedInop
is in range of
isObjectProperPartOfop
is disjoint with
Aspectc

Participationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#Participation

A gufo:Event that depends on a single object. Participations can be used to partition an event into portions, each of which depend exclusively on a single object. Consider a business meeting with multiple participants, including John and Mary. John's participation in the meeting encompasses all events that are part of the meeting and that depend solely on him. Likewise, Mary's participation encompasses all events that are part of the meeting and that depend solely on her. Similarly, in Brutus’ stabbing of Caesar, we may identify the participations of Brutus, of Caesar, and of the dagger.
has super-classes
Eventc
inverse participatedInop exactly 1 Objectc

Phasec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#Phase

A gufo:EndurantType that is both sortal and anti-rigid. It is defined by instrinsic but contingent instantiation conditions. Phases are relationally independent types that capturec instrinsic properties shared by instances of a given kind. For example, "Child" may be considered a gufo:Phase as a subclass of the gufo:Kind "Person", instantiated by persons younger than 12. Another example is the type "IllPerson", which may be considered a gufo:Phase that is instantiated whenever an instance of "Disease" (a gufo:IntrinsicMode) inheres in a person.
has super-classes
AntiRigidTypec
Sortalc
is disjoint with
Rolec

PhaseMixinc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#PhaseMixin

A gufo:EndurantType that is both non-sortal and anti-rigid. It is defined by instrinsic but contingent instantiation conditions. Phase mixins are relationally independent types that capture instrinsic properties shared by instances of different kinds. For example, "LivingAnimal" may be considered a gufo:PhaseMixin as a superclass of the phases "LivingPerson" (specializing the gufo:Kind "Person") and "LivingDog" (specializing the gufo:Kind "Dog").
has super-classes
AntiRigidTypec
NonSortalc
is disjoint with
RoleMixinc

Qualityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#Quality

A gufo:IntrinsicAspect that is measurable by some value spaces. A quality may be used to compare individuals, on the basis of the value it takes in a certain quality space (for instance, a position within the RGB spectrum). Examples include the weight of a person, the name of organization, the color of a car, and the duration of a concert.
has super-classes
IntrinsicAspectc
is disjoint with
IntrinsicModec

QualityValuec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#QualityValue

A gufo:AbstractIndividual that can be associated with a gufo:Quality reflecting the perception or conception of the quality in a certain value space. Instances of gufo:QualityValue include the rational number 2.5 when used to conceive of the acidity of a portion of wine (in a pH scale), the tuple <38.8897,-77.0089> when used to conceive of the location of a building (in a space formed by latitude and longitude), or the triplet <0,0,0> when used to conceive of the color of a physical object (in a trimensional space formed by red, green and blue color components). Corresponds to "Quale" in Guizzardi (2005). Use this class only for quality values (qualia) that are to be reified in the A-box and associated with a gufo:ConcreteIndividual through the object property gufo:hasReifiedQualityValue. Otherwise, use the gufo:hasQualityValue data property and a literal to determine the quality value.
has super-classes
AbstractIndividualc
is in domain of
hasValueComponentdp
is in range of
concernsReifiedQualityValueop, hasReifiedQualityValueop

QualityValueAttributionSituationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#QualityValueAttributionSituation

A gufo:Situation in which a quality value is temporarily attributed to a gufo:Endurant. A gufo:QualityValueAttributionSituation should be used only for mutable qualities, i.e. those whose value can vary in time. Examples include: the situation in which the value of a bitcoin in Euros is 6.526,12, which lasted from 10/12/2019 to 11/12/2019; the situation in which the weight of Mike Tyson was 100 kg; and the situation in which the color of Einstein' hair was grey. This is a reification of the quality value attribution (in a solution that is similar to the qualified relation pattern http://patterns.dataincubator.org/book/qualified-relation.html )
has super-classes
Situationc
concernsQualityTypeop exactly 1 EndurantTypec
inverse standsInQualifiedAttributionop exactly 1 Endurantc
(concernsReifiedQualityValueop exactly 1 QualityValuec) or (concernsQualityValuedp exactly 1)
is in domain of
concernsQualityTypeop, concernsQualityValuedp, concernsReifiedQualityValueop
is in range of
standsInQualifiedAttributionop
is disjoint with
TemporaryConstitutionSituationc, TemporaryInstantiationSituationc, TemporaryParthoodSituationc, TemporaryRelationshipSituationc

Quantityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#Quantity

A complex gufo:Object that is a maximally-connected portion of stuff. A gufo:Quantity has a fixed constitution, and thus, removing or adding a sub-quantity would result in a different quantity. Examples include the portion of wine in a wine tank, a lump of clay, the gold that constitutes a wedding ring. Also termed "quantity of matter", "objectified portion of matter", "piece" in the philosophical literature.
has super-classes
Objectc
is in domain of
isSubQuantityOfop
is in range of
isSubQuantityOfop
is disjoint with
Collectionc, FunctionalComplexc

RelationshipTypec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#RelationshipType

A gufo:Type whose instances are ordered pairs of related entities. Instances of gufo:RelationshipType are object properties in UFO-based ontologies. The object properties "marriedWith" and "enrolledIn" are examples of material relationship types. The object properties "heavierThan", "olderThan" are examples of comparative relationship types. The use of gufo:RelationshipType and its subclasses requires OWL 2 punning. Corresponds to "Relation" in Guizzardi (2005) and Fonseca et al. (2019).
has super-classes
Typec
has sub-classes
ComparativeRelationshipTypec, MaterialRelationshipTypec
is in range of
concernsRelationshipTypeop
is disjoint with
AbstractIndividualTypec, ConcreteIndividualTypec

Relatorc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#Relator

A gufo:ExtrinsicAspect that connects (involves, mediates) two or more concrete individuals. Relators are reified relationships composed of reciprocal extrinsic modes. Examples of relators include John and Mary's marriage (composed of John's obligations towards Mary in the scope of the marriage, Mary's reciprocal claims, Mary's obligations towards John, John's reciprocal claims), Mary's employment contract at Nasa, a covalent bond between two atoms.
has super-classes
ExtrinsicAspectc
mediatesop min 2 Endurantc
is in domain of
mediatesop
is disjoint with
ExtrinsicModec

RigidTypec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#RigidType

A gufo:EndurantType which applies necessarily to its instances (see Guizzardi, 2005, chapter 4). Examples include the types "Agent", "Person", "Animal", "PhysicalObject", "Car", and "Tree".
has super-classes
EndurantTypec
has sub-classes
Categoryc, Kindc, SubKindc
is disjoint with
NonRigidTypec

Rolec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#Role

A gufo:EndurantType that both sortal and anti-rigid. It is defined by relational instantiation conditions. Roles are relationally dependent types, capturing relational properties shared by instances of a given kind. For example, "Student" may be considered a gufo:Role as a subclass of the gufo:Kind "Person", instantiated by all persons enrolled in a school. "
has super-classes
AntiRigidTypec
Sortalc
is disjoint with
Phasec

RoleMixinc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#RoleMixin

A gufo:EndurantType that is both non-sortal and anti-rigid. It is defined by relational instantiation conditions. Role mixins are relationally dependent types, capturing relational properties shared by instances of different kinds. For example, "Customer" may be considered a gufo:RoleMixin as a superclass of the roles "CorporateCustomer" (specializing the gufo:Kind "BusinessOrganization") and "PersonalCustomer" (specializing the gufo:Kind "Person").
has super-classes
AntiRigidTypec
NonSortalc
is disjoint with
PhaseMixinc

SemiRigidTypec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#SemiRigidType

A gufo:NonRigidType that applies necessarily to some of its instances and contingently to some others (see Guizzardi, 2005, chapter 4).
has super-classes
NonRigidTypec
has sub-classes
Mixinc
is disjoint with
AntiRigidTypec

Situationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#Situation

A gufo:ConcreteIndividual that is a particular configuration of a part of reality which can be understood as a whole and in which entities stand in relations. A situation may be counterfactual or actual. An actual situation (or in other words, a "fact") "obtains" in a certain time instant or during a time interval. Note that, in Guizzardi et al. (2013), situations were considered to obtain at a specific point in time. Here, instead, they obtain in a time interval when begin and end points differ. The various subclasses of Situation in this implementation are used to capture "mutable" facts which obtain during some time and fail to obtain at other times. This includes the contingent instantiation of non-rigid types (e.g., as someone is a child at one point in time and a teenager later), the attribution of value to mutable qualities (such as a person's weight) and temporary participation in part-whole relations for replaceable parts (such as a car's tires). Other subclasses may be created to capture domain-specific notions such as "HazardousSituation", "PersonHasFever".
has super-classes
ConcreteIndividualc
has sub-classes
QualityValueAttributionSituationc, TemporaryConstitutionSituationc, TemporaryInstantiationSituationc, TemporaryParthoodSituationc, TemporaryRelationshipSituationc
is in domain of
contributedToTriggerop, isSituationProperPartOfop
is in range of
broughtAboutop, isSituationProperPartOfop, standsInop
is disjoint with
Endurantc, Eventc

SituationTypec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#SituationType

A gufo:Type whose instances are situations. Instances of gufo:SituationType are subclasses of gufo:Situation. Examples include "HazardousSituation", "PersonHasFever", "PersonIsStudent".
has super-classes
ConcreteIndividualTypec
is disjoint with
EndurantTypec, EventTypec

Sortalc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#Sortal

A gufo:EndurantType which carries (or supplies) a principle of identity for its instances (see Guizzardi, 2005, chapter 4).
has super-classes
EndurantTypec
has sub-classes
Kindc, Phasec, Rolec, SubKindc
is disjoint with
NonSortalc

SubKindc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#SubKind

A gufo:EndurantType that is both sortal and rigid. It specializes a gufo:Kind carrying the principle of identity supplied by that kind. Every gufo:SubKind should directly or indirectly specialize a gufo:Kind. For example, the gufo:Kind "Lion" may be specialized into the "Lionness" and "Male Lion" subkinds, while the gufo:Kind "Computer" may be specialized into the "Laptop" and "Desktop" subkinds.
has super-classes
RigidTypec
Sortalc
is disjoint with
Kindc

TemporaryConstitutionSituationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#TemporaryConstitutionSituation

A gufo:Situation in which a gufo:Endurant temporarly constitutes another gufo:Endurant. When constitution of an object may change in time, it may be qualified by the period in time in which the relation applies. Examples include: the situation in which the Beatles is constituted by the group composed of {John,Paul,Ringo,George}; and the situation in which the statue of Venus de Milo was constituted by its original quantity of marble (including its arms). This is a reification of constitution (in a solution that is similar to the qualified relation pattern http://patterns.dataincubator.org/book/qualified-relation.html)
has super-classes
Situationc
concernsConstitutedEndurantop exactly 1 Objectc
inverse standsInQualifiedConstitutionop exactly 1 Objectc
is in domain of
concernsConstitutedEndurantop
is in range of
standsInQualifiedConstitutionop
is disjoint with
QualityValueAttributionSituationc, TemporaryInstantiationSituationc, TemporaryRelationshipSituationc

TemporaryInstantiationSituationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#TemporaryInstantiationSituation

A gufo:Situation in which a gufo:Endurant temporarily instantiates a gufo:NonRigidType. A gufo:TemporaryInstantiationSituation can account for the time period in which a particular instantiation holds. Examples include: the situation in which Obama instantiates the role of president, which began in 20/01/2009 and lasted until 20/01/2017; the situation in which Coatria instantiates the role of EU Member, which began in 01/07/2013 (and is still on-going); and the situation in which Steve Jobs instantiates the child phase, which began in 24/02/1955 and lasted until 24/02/1965. This solution is inspired in the qualified relation pattern (http://patterns.dataincubator.org/book/qualified-relation.html).
has super-classes
Situationc
concernsNonRigidTypeop exactly 1 NonRigidTypec
inverse standsInQualifiedInstantiationop exactly 1 Endurantc
is in domain of
concernsNonRigidTypeop
is in range of
standsInQualifiedInstantiationop
is disjoint with
QualityValueAttributionSituationc, TemporaryConstitutionSituationc, TemporaryParthoodSituationc, TemporaryRelationshipSituationc

TemporaryParthoodSituationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#TemporaryParthoodSituation

A gufo:Situation in which a gufo:Endurant is temporarily a part of another gufo:Endurant. A gufo:TemporaryParthoodSituation should only be used for mutable parts. It may be qualified by the period in time in which the relation applies. Examples include: the situation in which the United Kingdom is a member of the European Union; the situation in which Messi is a a member of the Barcelona FC squad; the situation in which an engine is part of a car; and the situation in which a transplanted heart is part of a person. Note that, since every instance of gufo:Quantity or gufo:FixedCollection only has essential parts, the gufo:TemporaryParthoodSituation should not be used to represent these parthood relations. This solution is inspired in the qualified relation pattern (http://patterns.dataincubator.org/book/qualified-relation.html).
has super-classes
Situationc
concernsTemporaryWholeop exactly 1 Endurantc
inverse standsInQualifiedParthoodop exactly 1 Endurantc
is in domain of
concernsTemporaryWholeop
is in range of
standsInQualifiedParthoodop
is disjoint with
QualityValueAttributionSituationc, TemporaryInstantiationSituationc, TemporaryRelationshipSituationc

TemporaryRelationshipSituationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#TemporaryRelationshipSituation

A gufo:Situation in which a gufo:Endurant temporarily stands in a relation with another gufo:Endurant (or other endurants in the case of n-ary relationships). Reification of a gufo:TemporaryRelationshipSituation allows qualification of the relationship with the period in time in which it applies. Examples include: the situation in which Einstein works at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern; the situation in which Elon Musk studies at the University of Pennsylvania; the situation in which John Lennon is married to Yoko Ono; and the situation in which Facebook has a lower market value than Amazon. For material relationships, prefer the use of gufo:Relator. This is a reification of the relationship (in a solution that is similar to the qualified relation pattern http://patterns.dataincubator.org/book/qualified-relation.html).
has super-classes
Situationc
inverse standsInQualifiedRelationshipop exactly 1 Endurantc
concernsRelatedEndurantop some Endurantc
concernsRelationshipTypeop exactly 1 RelationshipTypec
is in domain of
concernsRelatedEndurantop, concernsRelationshipTypeop
is in range of
standsInQualifiedRelationshipop
is disjoint with
QualityValueAttributionSituationc, TemporaryConstitutionSituationc, TemporaryInstantiationSituationc, TemporaryParthoodSituationc

Typec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#Type

An entity that may be instantiated by (or predicated over) other entities. Types encompass what we often call "sorts", "kinds", "categories", etc. Examples include the kind "Person", the event type "Earthquake", and the abstract individual type "NaturalNumber". Relations, such as "marriedTo" and "olderThan", are also considered as types. Instances of gufo:Type are classes, and should specialize the taxonomy of individuals of gUFO. For example, "Person" is a gufo:Type (more specifically a gufo:Kind), specializing gufo:Object. The mechanism that allows for this is called punning in OWL 2. Encompasses the notion of "Universal" in Guizzardi (2005).
has sub-classes
AbstractIndividualTypec, ConcreteIndividualTypec, RelationshipTypec
is in range of
categorizesop
is disjoint with
Individualc

VariableCollectionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#VariableCollection

A gufo:Collection for which change in membership is possible. Such a collection obeys an intensional principle of identity, i.e., change in membership does not necessarily create a different collection. For example, KLM's fleet of airplanes could be understood as a gufo:VariableCollection. In this case, when the company acquires (or retires) an airplane, the fleet changes. Note that, in this case, the airplanes are conceptualized as playing the role of "member of a fleet". If various roles for the parts of a fleet were envisioned (such as "cargo airplane", "passenger airplane"), then a fleet would be best understood as a gufo:FunctionalComplex. See gufo:TemporaryParthoodSituation for the pattern to represent the relation of a variable collection to its temporary parts.
has super-classes
Collectionc
is disjoint with
FixedCollectionc

Object Properties

broughtAboutop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#broughtAbout

Identifies a gufo:Situation that is brought about by the gufo:Event. Guizzardi et al. (2013) included a notion of "brings-about" that related events to a single ("maximal") situation, embodying all the effects of the event at the time it ends. This implementation of gufo:broughtAbout diverges from "brings-about" in that work because gufo:broughtAbout can be used to relate events to more than one gufo:Situation. Each gufo:Situation identified through gufo:broughtAbout should be understood as an (improper) part of the maximal situation.
has domain
Eventc
has range
Situationc

categorizesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#categorizes

Identifies a gufo:Type whose instances may be classified by instances of the categorizing higher-order type. For example, "ShipType" gufo:categorizes "Ship". Instances of "ShipType" such as "Supercarrier" and "Cargoship" should be declared subclasses of "Ship". OWL 2 punning should be used to capture the two facets of "Supercarrier" and "Cargoship" in this example: (i) as instances of "ShipType", and (ii) as subclasses of "Ship". The categorized type is termed the "base type" in the "powertype pattern" see Carvalho et al (2017), the higher-order type is often called the "powertype". gufo:categorizes is the general (unspecific) form of categorization. See gufo:partitions for a more specific form, in which instances of the categorized type are classified by exactly one instance of the higher-order type. The domain is gufo:Type excluding gufo:AbstractIndividualType as well as gufo:ConcreteIndividualTypes because those types are first-order types (their instances are individuals). Only instances of gufo:Type representing higher-order types can categorize a base type. For further details and formalization of "categorization", see Carvalho et al (2017) which combines UFO with MLT (a multi-level modeling theory). V. A. Carvalho, J. P. A. Almeida, C. M. Fonseca, and G. Guizzardi, “Multi-level ontology-based conceptual modeling,” Data & Knowledge Engineering, vol. 109, p. 3–24, 2017. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.datak.2017.03.002>
has sub-properties
partitionsop
has domain
Typec and (not (AbstractIndividualTypec)) and (not (ConcreteIndividualTypec))
has range
Typec

concernsConstitutedEndurantop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#concernsConstitutedEndurant

Identifies the constituted gufo:Endurant in the gufo:TemporaryConstitutionSituation.
has domain
TemporaryConstitutionSituationc
has range
Endurantc

concernsNonRigidTypeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#concernsNonRigidType

Identifies the gufo:NonRigidType that is instantiated by the endurant that stands in a gufo:TemporaryInstantiationSituation.

has characteristics: functional

has domain
TemporaryInstantiationSituationc
has range
NonRigidTypec

concernsQualityTypeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#concernsQualityType

Identifies the quality type (a gufo:EndurantType subclassing gufo:Quality) whose value is attributed in the gufo:QualityValueAttributionSituation.

has characteristics: functional

has domain
QualityValueAttributionSituationc
has range
EndurantTypec

concernsReifiedQualityValueop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#concernsReifiedQualityValue

Identifies the gufo:QualityValue (i.e., the reified quality value) associated with the endurant that stands in the gufo:QualityValueAttributionSituation.

has characteristics: functional

has domain
QualityValueAttributionSituationc
has range
QualityValuec

concernsRelatedEndurantop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#concernsRelatedEndurant

Identifies the related gufo:Endurant in the gufo:TemporaryRelationshipSituation.

has characteristics: functional

has domain
TemporaryRelationshipSituationc
has range
Endurantc

concernsRelationshipTypeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#concernsRelationshipType

Identifies the gufo:RelationshipType instantiated in the gufo:TemporaryRelationshipSituation.

has characteristics: functional

has domain
TemporaryRelationshipSituationc
has range
RelationshipTypec

concernsTemporaryWholeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#concernsTemporaryWhole

Identifies the whole (a gufo:Endurant) of which the endurant that stands in the gufo:TemporaryParthoodSituation is part.

has characteristics: functional

has domain
TemporaryParthoodSituationc
has range
Endurantc

constitutesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#constitutes

Identifies a gufo:ConcreteIndividual that is constituted (partially) by the constituent individual. For example, the gufo:Collection of persons whose members are John, Paul, George, Ringo constituted the beatles, the gufo:Quantity of marble that constitutes the statue of Venus de Milo, and the gufo:Event of Paul raising his arm in a meeting that constitutes his voting (also a gufo:Event). In case constitution changes in time, see gufo:standsInQualifiedConstitution.
has domain
ConcreteIndividualc
has range
ConcreteIndividualc

contributedToTriggerop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#contributedToTrigger

Identifies a gufo:Event that the gufo:Situation contributed to trigger. Guizzardi et al. (2013) defined a notion of "triggers" to relate the situation satisfying all the sufficient and necessary conditions with the triggered event. This implementation differs from "triggers" as defined in that work because gufo:contributedToTrigger can be used to relate more than one gufo:Situation to a gufo:Event. Each gufo:Situation identified through gufo:contributedToTrigger should be understood as an (improper) part of the situation that triggered the event.
has domain
Situationc
has range
Eventc

externallyDependsOnop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#externallyDependsOn

Identifies a gufo:Endurant on which the gufo:ExtrinsicMode depends. For example, John's duty to return the book he borrowed from Mary (a gufo:ExtrinsicMode) depends externally on Mary. The identifed gufo:Endurant should be external to the bearer of the extrinsic mode (see Guizzardi, 2005, p. 239). In other words, the identified endurant should not be a part or an intrisic aspect of the bearer of the extrinsic mode.

has characteristics: irreflexive

has domain
ExtrinsicModec
has range
Endurantc

hasAssociatedQualityValueTypeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#hasAssociatedQualityValueType

Identifies a quality value type to which the quality type is associated. For example, a "Color" quality type may be associated with a "ColorValueInRGB" quality value type. It relates a specialization of gufo:Quality (an instance of gufo:EndurantType) to a specialization of gufo:QualityValue (an instance of gufo:AbstractIndividualType). To be used only when quality values are reified.
has domain
EndurantTypec
has range
AbstractIndividualTypec

hasBeginPointop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#hasBeginPoint

Identifies the begin point for a gufo:ConcreteIndividual, in the case in which time instants are reified. In the case of endurants, this identifies the time point when the endurant comes into existence. In the case of events, this identifies the time point when the event starts to take place. In the case of situation, this identifies the time point when the situation begins to hold. If time instants are not reified, use gufo:hasBeginPointInXSDDate or gufo:hasBeginPointInXSDDateTimeStamp.
has domain
ConcreteIndividualc
has range
Instantc

hasEndPointop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#hasEndPoint

Identifies the end point for a gufo:ConcreteIndividual, in the case in which time instants are reified. In the case of endurants, this identifies the time point when the endurant ceases to exist. In the case of events, this identifies the time point when the event ends. In the case of situation, this identifies the time point when the situation ceases to hold.
has domain
ConcreteIndividualc
has range
Instantc

hasReifiedQualityValueop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#hasReifiedQualityValue

Identifies an instance of gufo:QualityValue to reflect the perception or conception of a quality in a certain value space. Use this property only for quality values that are to be reified in the A-box and associated with a gufo:ConcreteIndividual. Otherwise, use the gufo:hasQualityValue data property and a literal to determine the quality value. The full representation pattern for quality values involves first identifying a gufo:Quality that inheres in a concrete individual and then associating it with a reified quality value. For example, let us consider the color of Yves Klein's "Blue Monochrome" painting made in 1961 (MoMA's object with number 618.1967). In the full pattern, an instance of gufo:Quality that inheres in the physical object (the color of that painting) is associated with a gufo:QualityValue (say the triplet <0, 47, 167> for that painting) through gufo:hasReifiedQualityValue. The full pattern is recommended when different quality spaces are expected to be used for the same quality. For example, the color of that painting could also be associated with a quadruple <100, 72, 0, 35> representing the same color in a CMYK space. When the full pattern is not required, gufo:hasReifiedQualityValue can also be used to directly associate a concrete individual (without identifying the quality) with a quality value.
has domain
ConcreteIndividualc
has range
QualityValuec

historicallyDependsOnop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#historicallyDependsOn

Identifies a gufo:ConcreteIndividual on which the concrete individual depends historically. For example, a person is historically dependent on his/her ancestors. When used between events, historical dependence encompasses causation (when the event is caused by the other), but also other cases where there is dependence but not causation (when the event brings about a situation that is either insufficient or more than sufficient to trigger the historically dependent event). For example, Real Madrid's goal in the 60th minute of the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup Final is historically dependent on (and in this case caused by) a penalty kick by Cristiano Ronaldo. The penalty kick itself is historically dependent on (but not caused by) a penalty (the occurrence of the penalty is necessary but not sufficient to cause the penalty kick as authorization of the referee is required). Historical dependence is transitive. Hence, in the example above, Real Madrid's goal is historically dependent on the penalty.

has characteristics: transitive

has domain
ConcreteIndividualc
has range
ConcreteIndividualc

inheresInop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#inheresIn

Identifies the gufo:ConcreteIndividual in which the gufo:Aspect inheres. Inherence is a sort of existential dependence. The identified concrete individual is the "bearer" of the aspect. For example, the color of an object inheres in the object and the average speed of a flight inheres in the flight.

has characteristics: asymmetric, functional, irreflexive

has domain
Aspectc
has range
ConcreteIndividualc

isAspectProperPartOfop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#isAspectProperPartOf

Identifies a gufo:Aspect of which the aspect is a proper part. For example, John's obligations towards Mary in the scope of their marriage is an aspect proper part of their marriage (and same can be said of Mary's extrinsic aspects in the scope of their marriage.) This property can be used to represent the composition of a relator from extrisinc aspects, but also to represent complex extrisinc aspects. gufo:isAspectProperPartOf is transitive.

has characteristics: transitive

has super-properties
isProperPartOfop
has domain
Aspectc
has range
Aspectc

isCollectionMemberOfop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#isCollectionMemberOf

Identifies a gufo:Collection of which the object is a member. This is the relation between John and a group of persons, and between a cow and its herd. gufo:isCollectionMemberOf is intransitive (Guizzardi, 2005, p. 185). For membership in a gufo:VariableCollection, see gufo:standsInQualifiedParthood.
has super-properties
isObjectProperPartOfop
has domain
Objectc
has range
Collectionc

isComponentOfop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#isComponentOf

Identifies a gufo:FunctionalComplex of which the object is a component. For example, the habitation module is a component of the International Space Station, and so are each of the solar panels; Obama's brain is a component of his body, and so is his heart; the engine is a component of the HMS Queen Elizabeth (R08). gufo:isComponentOf is not transitive in the general case. Particular sub-properties may be transitive (Guizzardi, 2005, p. 183). When a component may change its relation to be whole, see gufo:standsInQualifiedParthood.
has super-properties
isObjectProperPartOfop
has domain
Objectc
has range
FunctionalComplexc

isDerivedFromop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#isDerivedFrom

Identifies a gufo:EndurantType from which the material or comparative relation can be derived. The identified gufo:EndurantType should be a subclass of gufo:Aspect, more specifically a subclass of gufo:ExtrinsicAspect in the case of a gufo:MaterialRelationshipType, and a subclass of gufo:IntrinsicAspect in the case of a gufo:ComparativeRelationshipType. For example, "marriedWith" can be derived from "Marriage", "heavierThan" can be derived from "Weight". See Fonseca et al. (2019).
has domain
ComparativeRelationshipTypec or MaterialRelationshipTypec
has range
EndurantTypec

isEventProperPartOfop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#isEventProperPartOf

Identifies a gufo:Event of which the event is part. For example, Cristiano Ronaldo's penalty kick is an event proper part of the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup Final, having ocurred in the 60th minute of that match. That match is itself an event proper part of the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup. The match can be decomposed in different ways. For example, we can identify the participation of each player in the match (instances of gufo:Participation that are proper parts of the match) or decomposed the match using some temporal segmentation (each minute of the match, each of which is a proper part of the match). gufo:isEventProperPartOf is transitive.

has characteristics: transitive

has super-properties
isProperPartOfop
has domain
Eventc
has range
Eventc

isObjectProperPartOfop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#isObjectProperPartOf

Identifies a gufo:Object of which the object is a part. This is a general parthood relation between objects. Use the various sub-properties provided in order to represent specific types of parthood, each of which has specialized semantics (and different formal properties in this implementation, in particular, transitivity (Guizzardi, 2005, section 5.6).

has characteristics: transitive

has super-properties
isProperPartOfop
has sub-properties
isCollectionMemberOfop, isComponentOfop, isSubCollectionOfop, isSubQuantityOfop
has domain
Objectc
has range
Objectc

isProperPartOfop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#isProperPartOf

Identifies a whole of which the entity is a proper part. gufo:isProperPartOf is the most generic parthood relation in this implementation. Use the various sub-properties provided in order to represent specific types of parthood. Proper parthood (and each of its sub-properties) is asymmetric and irreflexive. Nevertheless, these characteristics are not declared in this implementation since that would violate rules of OWL 2 DL that guarantee decidability of reasoning. Instead, we have focused only on declaring transitivity where applicable. Note that gufo:isProperPartOf (as the most general notion of parthood) is transitive, although the various sub-properties may not be transitive.

has characteristics: transitive

has sub-properties
isAspectProperPartOfop, isEventProperPartOfop, isObjectProperPartOfop, isSituationProperPartOfop
has domain
thingc
has range
thingc

isSituationProperPartOfop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#isSituationProperPartOf

Identifies a gufo:Situation of which the situation is a part. Examples include: the situation in which John has influenza is part of the situation in which John has influenza and he is tired; the situation in which John is friends with Mary is part of the situation in which he is friends with Mary and Alice; the situation in which John is married to Alice is part of the situation in which John is married to Alice, while she works at the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano.
has super-properties
isProperPartOfop
has domain
Situationc
has range
Situationc

isSubCollectionOfop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#isSubCollectionOf

Identifies a gufo:Collection of which the collection is a sub-collection. All members of the sub-collection are members of the identified super-collection. gufo:isSubCollectionOf is transitive (Guizzardi, 2005, p. 186). For parthood involving one or more varied collections, see gufo:standsInQualifiedParthood.

has characteristics: transitive

has super-properties
isObjectProperPartOfop
has domain
Collectionc
has range
Collectionc

isSubQuantityOfop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#isSubQuantityOf

Identifies a gufo:Quantity of which the quantity is a part. For example, the quantity of water in a wine glass is a sub-quantity of the wine in that glass. gufo:isSubQuantityOf is transitive (Guizzardi, 2005, p. 184). Sub-quantities are always essential parts of their wholes. Thus, gufo:standsInQualifiedParthood is not applicable for sub-quantities.

has characteristics: transitive

has super-properties
isObjectProperPartOfop
has domain
Quantityc
has range
Quantityc

manifestedInop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#manifestedIn

Identifies a gufo:Event in which the gufo:Aspect is manifested. For example, the passing of an electrical current in a conductor is an event that encompasses the manifestation of an aspect inhering in a copper wire (the wire's electrical conductivity).
has domain
Aspectc
has range
Eventc

mediatesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#mediates

Identifies the endurants mediated by a gufo:Relator. For example, John and Mary's marriage mediates John and Mary.

has characteristics: asymmetric, irreflexive

has domain
Relatorc
has range
Endurantc

participatedInop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#participatedIn

Identifies a gufo:Event in which the gufo:Object participated. Examples include the participation of Freddy Mercury in Queen's Live Aid Concert and the participation of an airplane in a flight.
has domain
Objectc
has range
Eventc

partitionsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#partitions

Identifies a gufo:Type whose instances are classified by exactly one instance of the partitioning higher-order type. For example, "AnimalSpecies" gufo:partitions "Animal". Instances of "AnimalSpecies" such as "Lion", "Hiena" must be disjoint subclasses of "Animal". OWL 2 punning should be used to capture the two facets of "Lion" and "Hiena" in this example: (i) as instances of "AnimalSpecies", and (ii) as subclasses of "Animal". Note that the partitioned type (in the example "Animal") may or may not be declared to be a disjoint union of the explicitly enumerated subclasses (such as "Lion", "Hiena"). This is because other instances of the higher-order type ("AnimalSpecies") may exist that are not explicitly enumerated in the ontology. The partitioned type is termed the "base type" in the "powertype pattern" see Carvalho et al (2017), the higher-order type is often called the "powertype". For further details and formalization of "partitioning", see Carvalho et al (2017) which combines UFO with MLT (a multi-level modeling theory). V. A. Carvalho, J. P. A. Almeida, C. M. Fonseca, and G. Guizzardi, “Multi-level ontology-based conceptual modeling,” Data & Knowledge Engineering, vol. 109, p. 3–24, 2017. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.datak.2017.03.002>
has super-properties
categorizesop
has domain
Typec and (not (AbstractIndividualTypec)) and (not (ConcreteIndividualTypec))

standsInop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#standsIn

Identifies a gufo:Situation in which the entity stands. This implementation includes sub-properties of gufo:standsIn to identify situations concerning the attribution of (mutable) values to qualities, variable relationships, the instantiation of non-contingent types, temporary parthood and temporary constitution.
has sub-properties
standsInQualifiedAttributionop, standsInQualifiedConstitutionop, standsInQualifiedInstantiationop, standsInQualifiedParthoodop, standsInQualifiedRelationshipop
has domain
thingc
has range
Situationc

standsInQualifiedAttributionop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#standsInQualifiedAttribution

Identifies a gufo:QualityValueAttributionSituation in which the endurant stands. The identified gufo:QualityValueAttributionSituation is then used with the gufo:concernsQualityValue data property or the gufo:concernsReifiedQualityValue object property to indicate a quality value attributed to the gufo:Endurant standing in the situation. This forms a pattern to represent that quality values may differ in different situations.
has super-properties
standsInop
has domain
Endurantc
has range
QualityValueAttributionSituationc

standsInQualifiedConstitutionop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#standsInQualifiedConstitution

Identifies a gufo:TemporaryConstitutionSituation in which an endurant stands temporarily (as a constituent). The identified gufo:TemporaryConstitutionSituation is further related with an endurant (the whole) through the gufo:concernsConstitutedEndurant object property. This forms a pattern to represent temporary constitution, in which the relationships between constituents and constituted endurant vary in different situations. Consider, for example, a group of people (understood as a gufo:FixedCollection) constituting a band (understood as a gufo:FunctionalComplex). In this case, any change in the membership of the group (e.g., the replacement of one person) creates a different group of people. Therefore, the band's constitution can change in time, and the pattern using gufo:TemporaryConstitutionSituation is applicable.
has super-properties
standsInop
has domain
Endurantc
has range
TemporaryConstitutionSituationc

standsInQualifiedInstantiationop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#standsInQualifiedInstantiation

Identifies a gufo:TemporaryInstantiationSituation in which the endurant stands. The identified gufo:TemporaryInstantiationSituation is further related with a gufo:NonRigidType through the gufo:concernsNonRigidType object property. This forms a pattern to represent the contigent instantiation of a non-rigid type by the endurant, in which case instantiation may vary in different situations.
has super-properties
standsInop
has domain
Endurantc
has range
TemporaryInstantiationSituationc

standsInQualifiedParthoodop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#standsInQualifiedParthood

Identifies a gufo:TemporaryParthoodSituation in which the endurant stands (as a temporary part). The identified gufo:TemporaryParthoodSituation is further related with an endurant (the whole) through the gufo:concernsTemporaryWhole object property. This forms a pattern to represent temporary parthood, in which the relationships between parts and wholes vary in different situations. In particular, this pattern is useful in case parts may be separated from their wholes, attached to other wholes, replaced.
has super-properties
standsInop
has domain
Endurantc
has range
TemporaryParthoodSituationc

standsInQualifiedRelationshipop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#standsInQualifiedRelationship

Identifies a gufo:TemporaryRelationshipSituation in which the endurant stands. The identified gufo:TemporaryRelationshipSituation is then used with the gufo:concernsRelatedEndurant and the gufo:concernsRelationshipType object properties to indicate the related element and the type of relationship that applies. This forms a pattern to represent that relationships that may change in different situations. For example, "heavierThan" may change when the objects involved gain or lose weight. For material relations, prefer the use of gufo:Relator.
has super-properties
standsInop
has domain
Endurantc
has range
TemporaryRelationshipSituationc

wasCreatedInop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#wasCreatedIn

Identifies the gufo:Event which brought the gufo:Endurant into existence. For example, a musical piece is created in an act of composition (or in an event that is part of it), a piece of legislation is created in a complex legislative process. Benevides et al. (2019) only discussed creation of objects; gufo:wasCreatedIn is extended to endurants in general. Further, in that work "createdBy" required the event to "bring about" a situation in which the created object is present. We relax this requirement here, such that the object may be created and terminated in the scope of the identified gufo:Event. A. B. Benevides, J. R. Bourguet, G. Guizzardi, R. Penãloza, and J. P. A. Almeida, “Representing a reference foundational ontology of events in SROIQ,” Applied ontology, vol. 14, iss. 3, p. 293–334, 2019. <http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/AO-190214>
has domain
Endurantc
has range
Eventc

wasTerminatedInop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#wasTerminatedIn

Identifies the gufo:Event in which the gufo:Endurant was brought to an end. For example, the Space Shuttle Challenger (OV-099) (a gufo:FunctionalComplex) was destroyed during the launch of its tenth flight (a gufo:Event). Benevides et al. (2019) only discussed termination of objects; gufo:wasCreatedIn is extended to endurants in general. This means that a gufo:Relator (such as a marriage) can be declared terminated. Further, in that work "terminatedBy" required the event to be "triggered" by a situation in which the terminated object is present. We relax this requirement here, such that the object may be created and terminated in the scope of the identified gufo:Event. A. B. Benevides, J. R. Bourguet, G. Guizzardi, R. Penãloza, and J. P. A. Almeida, “Representing a reference foundational ontology of events in SROIQ,” Applied ontology, vol. 14, iss. 3, p. 293–334, 2019. <http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/AO-190214>
has domain
Endurantc
has range
Eventc

Data Properties

concernsQualityValuedp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#concernsQualityValue

Determines a quality value associated with the gufo:ConcreteIndividual that stands in the gufo:QualityValueAttributionSituation. Use gufo:concernsReifiedQualityValue instead when quality values are refied. It is recommended that subproperties of gufo:concernsQualityValue are created, possibly identifying the datatype to be used. For example, "concernsTemperatureValue" could be defined as a sub-property of gufo:concernsQualityValue with range xsd:double.
has domain
QualityValueAttributionSituationc

hasBeginPointInXSDDatedp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#hasBeginPointInXSDDate

Determines the begin point for a gufo:ConcreteIndividual, using a xsd:date literal. In the case of endurants, gufo:asBeginPointInXSDDate determines the time point when the endurant comes into existence. In the case of events, this data property determines the time point when the event starts to take place. In the case of situation, it determines the time point when the situation begins to hold. Use gufo:hasBeginPoint instead when temporal entities are reified.

has characteristics: functional

has domain
ConcreteIndividualc
has range
date

hasBeginPointInXSDDateTimeStampdp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#hasBeginPointInXSDDateTimeStamp

Determines the begin point for a gufo:ConcreteIndividual, using a xsd:dateTimeStamp literal. In the case of endurants, gufo:hasBeginPointInXSDDateTimeStamp determines the time point when the endurant comes into existence. In the case of events, this data property determines the time point when the event starts to take place. In the case of situation, it determines the time point when the situation begins to hold. Use gufo:hasBeginPoint instead when temporal entities are reified.

has characteristics: functional

has domain
ConcreteIndividualc
has range
date time stamp

hasEndPointInXSDDatedp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#hasEndPointInXSDDate

Determines the end point for a gufo:ConcreteIndividual using a xsd:date literal. In the case of endurants, gufo:hasEndPointInXSDDate determines the time point when the endurant ceases to exist. In the case of events, this data property determines the time point when the event ends. In the case of situation, it determines the time point when the situation ceases to hold. Use gufo:hasEndPoint instead when temporal entities are reified.

has characteristics: functional

has domain
ConcreteIndividualc
has range
date

hasEndPointInXSDDateTimeStampdp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#hasEndPointInXSDDateTimeStamp

Determines the end point for a gufo:ConcreteIndividual using a xsd:dateTimeStamp literal. In the case of endurants, gufo:hasEndPointInXSDDateTimeStamp determines the time point when the endurant ceases to exist. In the case of events, this data property determines the time point when the event ends. In the case of situation, it determines the time point when the situation ceases to hold. Use gufo:hasEndPoint instead when temporal entities are reified.

has characteristics: functional

has domain
ConcreteIndividualc
has range
date time stamp

hasQualityValuedp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#hasQualityValue

Determines a quality value associated with the concrete individual. Use gufo:hasReifiedQualityValue instead when quality values are reified. It is recommended that subproperties of gufo:hasQualityValue are created, possibly identifying the datatype to be used. For example, "hasTemperatureValue" could be defined as a sub-property of gufo:hasQualityValue whose domain is "Temperature" (specializing gufo:Quality) and whose range is xsd:double.
has domain
ConcreteIndividualc

hasValueComponentdp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#hasValueComponent

This property is used for quality values that are defined in terms of a multidimensional quality structure (such as color conceived in terms of hue, saturation and brightness). Each value component of a quality value (a particular value for hue, a particular value for saturation, a particular value for brightness) is determined with this property. It is recommended that subproperties of gufo:hasValueComponent are created to indicate values for particular dimensions, possibly identifying the datatype to be used. For example "hasHueComponent", "hasSaturationComponent" and "hasBrightnessComponent" could be used as data properties specializing gufo:hasValueComponent with the xsd:double datatype.
has domain
QualityValuec

Annotation Properties

bibliographic citationap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/bibliographicCitation

createdap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/created

creatorap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator

licenseap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/license

modifiedap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified

preferred namespace prefixap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/vann/preferredNamespacePrefix

preferred namespace uriap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/vann/preferredNamespaceUri

titleap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title

General Axioms

All Disjoint Classes back to ToC

Collectionc, FunctionalComplexc, Quantityc

All Disjoint Classes back to ToC

Endurantc, Eventc, Situationc

Namespace Declarations back to ToC

default namespace
http://purl.org/nemo/gufo#
4-0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc
http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
owl
http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
rdf
http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs
http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
terms
http://purl.org/dc/terms/
time
http://www.w3.org/2006/time#
vann
http://purl.org/vocab/vann/
xsd
http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

This HTML document was obtained by processing the OWL ontology source code through LODE, Live OWL Documentation Environment, developed by Silvio Peroni.