Analytics Ontology
type: Ontology
abstract: This ontology provides mathematical abstractions for use in other ontologies, including for example the basic components of formulae, parameters and values.
license: http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
content language: https://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-quick-reference/
copyright: Copyright (c) 2013-2021 EDM Council, Inc.
copyright: Copyright (c) 2013-2021 Object Management Group, Inc.
depends on: https://spec.edmcouncil.org/fibo/ontology/FND/Arrangements/Arrangements/
depends on: https://spec.edmcouncil.org/fibo/ontology/FND/Arrangements/ClassificationSchemes/
depends on: https://spec.edmcouncil.org/fibo/ontology/FND/Arrangements/Documents/
depends on: https://spec.edmcouncil.org/fibo/ontology/FND/Arrangements/IdentifiersAndIndices/
depends on: https://spec.edmcouncil.org/fibo/ontology/FND/DatesAndTimes/BusinessDates/
depends on: https://spec.edmcouncil.org/fibo/ontology/FND/DatesAndTimes/FinancialDates/
depends on: https://spec.edmcouncil.org/fibo/ontology/FND/GoalsAndObjectives/Objectives/
depends on: https://spec.edmcouncil.org/fibo/ontology/FND/Places/Locations/
depends on: https://spec.edmcouncil.org/fibo/ontology/FND/Quantities/QuantitiesAndUnits/
depends on: https://spec.edmcouncil.org/fibo/ontology/FND/Relations/Relations/
depends on: https://spec.edmcouncil.org/fibo/ontology/FND/Utilities/AnnotationVocabulary/
depends on: https://www.omg.org/spec/LCC/
file abbreviation: fibo-fnd-utl-alx
filename: Analytics.rdf
imports: Arrangements
imports: ClassificationSchemes
imports: Documents
imports: IdentifiersAndIndices
imports: BusinessDates
imports: FinancialDates
imports: Objectives
imports: Locations
imports: QuantitiesAndUnits
imports: Relations
imports: AnnotationVocabulary
imports: CountryRepresentation
imports: LanguageRepresentation
version IRI: Analytics
change note: The https://spec.edmcouncil.org/fibo/ontology/FND/Utilities/Analytics.rdf version of this ontology was modified per the FIBO 2.0 RFC.
change note: The https://spec.edmcouncil.org/fibo/ontology/FND/Utilities/Analytics.rdf version of this ontology was modified per the issue resolutions identified in the FIBO FND 1.0 FTF report and in https://spec.edmcouncil.org/fibo/ontology/FND/1.0/AboutFND-1.0/.
change note: The https://spec.edmcouncil.org/fibo/ontology/FND/Utilities/Analytics.rdf version of this ontology was modified to add the concept of a weighting algorithm.
change note: The https://spec.edmcouncil.org/fibo/ontology/FND/Utilities/Analytics.rdf version of this ontology was modified to address issue FIBOFND11-20, which added the definition of Calculation and corrected a reasoning issue related to the use of a custom datatype.
change note: The https://spec.edmcouncil.org/fibo/ontology/FND/Utilities/Analytics.rdf version of this ontology was modified to augment the definition of ratio with a synonym of rate and eliminate the circularity in the definition of standard deviation.
change note: The https://spec.edmcouncil.org/fibo/ontology/FND/Utilities/Analytics.rdf version of this ontology was modified to change the parent class of Classifier to Aspect, loosen the domain on the hasArgument property, which was too narrow in some cases, add a domain/range to characterizes/isCharacterizedBy, and eliminate duplicate properties that were not used anywhere.
change note: The https://spec.edmcouncil.org/fibo/ontology/FND/Utilities/Analytics.rdf version of this ontology was modified to eliminate deprecated elements.
change note: The https://spec.edmcouncil.org/fibo/ontology/FND/Utilities/Analytics.rdf version of this ontology was modified to eliminate duplication with concepts in LCC, merge countries with locations, and correct a restriction on qualified measure.
change note: The https://spec.edmcouncil.org/fibo/ontology/FND/Utilities/Analytics.rdf version of this ontology was modified to eliminate the redundant 'calculation formula' concept and eliminate the property hasOperand, which is not used anywhere and whose definition is circular.
change note: The https://spec.edmcouncil.org/fibo/ontology/FND/Utilities/Analytics.rdf version of this ontology was modified to expand the definition of release date and release date and time.
change note: The https://spec.edmcouncil.org/fibo/ontology/FND/Utilities/Analytics.rdf version of this ontology was modified to make statistical program a subclass of program and revised restrictions on statistical program to better reflect its intent.
change note: The https://spec.edmcouncil.org/fibo/ontology/FND/Utilities/Analytics.rdf version of this ontology was modified to revise numeric index to be called numeric index value, and revise its definition to include a reference date, change its parent to quantity value, and move base date and period to scoped measure.
change note: The https://spec.edmcouncil.org/fibo/ontology/FND/Utilities/Analytics.rdf version of this ontology was modified to update the reference link for ratio.
change note: The https://spec.edmcouncil.org/fibo/ontology/FND/Utilities/Analytics.rdf version of this ontology was modified to use the CombinedDateTime datatype for greater flexibility in analytics and integrate the generic statistical measures and measurements from the economic indicators ontology to FND to facilitate broader use.
change note: This ontology was added to Foundations in advance of the June 2014 Boston meeting in support of the IND RFC.
has maturity level: Release

annualized standard deviation
type: Class
subclass of: standard deviation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has reference period
  on class: ExplicitRecurrenceInterval
  qualified cardinality: 1
definition: standard deviation for some measure over a specific reference period
explanatory note: Standard deviation applied to the annual rate of return of an investment provides insights on the historical volatility of that investment. The greater the standard deviation of the price of a security, the greater the volatility. Multiplying monthly standard deviation by the square root of twelve (12) is an industry standard method of approximating annualized standard deviations of monthly returns.

arithmetic mean
type: Class
subclass of: mean
definition: sum of a collection of numbers divided by the number of numbers in the collection
explanatory note: While the arithmetic mean is often used to report central tendencies, it is not a robust statistic, meaning that it is greatly influenced by outliers (values that are very much larger or smaller than most of the values). Notably, for skewed distributions, such as the distribution of income for which a few people's incomes are substantially greater than most people's, the arithmetic mean may not accord with one's notion of 'middle', and robust statistics, such as the median, may be a better description of central tendency.

aspect
type: Class
definition: characteristic or feature that can be used to dimensionalize, filter, or subset something
synonym: dimension
synonym: filter

average absolute deviation
type: Class
subclass of: dispersion
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has argument
  some values from: Class
    union of: mean
    union of: median
definition: average of the absolute deviations from a central point
explanatory note: The central point can be the mean, median, mode, or the result of another measure of central tendency. Absolute deviation is the distance between each value in the data set and that data set's mean or median.
synonym: mean absolute deviation

constant
type: Class
subclass of: Reference
definition: symbol that represents a value that does not change (i.e., is fixed) with respect to a formula or expression

difference
type: Class
subclass of: expression
subclass of: statistical measure
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has minuend
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has subtrahend
  cardinality: 1
definition: quantity by which amounts differ; the remainder left after subtraction of one value from another

dispersion
type: Class
subclass of: expression
subclass of: statistical measure
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasCollectionSize
  max qualified cardinality: 1
  on data range: nonNegativeInteger
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: appliesTo
  some values from: finite population
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has observed value
  some values from: StructuredCollection
definition: degree of scatter or variability shown by observations
example: Common examples of measures of statistical dispersion are the variance, standard deviation, and interquartile range. The collection size argument, above, represents the number of elements in the set, if known. The collection of values under consideration is represented as a structured collection in FIBO, typically a sample set derived from a finite population.
adapted from: http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp
explanatory note: A measure of statistical dispersion is a nonnegative real number that is zero if all the data are the same and increases as the data become more diverse.
explanatory note: It is usually measured as an average deviation about some central value (e.g. mean deviation, standard deviation) or by an order statistic (e.g. quartile deviation, range) but may also be a mean of deviations of values among themselves (e.g. Gini's mean difference and also standard deviation).

expression
type: Class
subclass of: Reference
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has argument
  on class: constant
  min qualified cardinality: 0
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has argument
  on class: variable
  min qualified cardinality: 0
definition: finite combination of symbols that are well-formed according to applicable rules

finite population
type: Class
subclass of: Collection
definition: population for which it is possible to count its units
adapted from: http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp
explanatory note: In statistics, a population is a set of similar items or events of interest for some question or experiment. In other words, a population is the complete group of units to which survey results are to apply. (These units may be persons, animals, objects, businesses, trips, etc.). See http://www.statcan.gc.ca/edu/power-pouvoir/glossary-glossaire/5214842-eng.htm#p.

formula
type: Class
subclass of: Reference
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has expression
  some values from: expression
definition: rule expressed in letters and symbols that consists of at least one expression
synonym: complex expression

geometric mean
type: Class
subclass of: mean
definition: mean that indicates the central tendency or typical value of a set of numbers by using the product of their values (as opposed to the arithmetic mean which uses their sum)
explanatory note: The geometric mean is defined as the nth root of the product of n numbers. A geometric mean is often used when comparing different items - finding a single 'figure of merit' for these items - when each item has multiple properties that have different numeric ranges. For example, the geometric mean can give a meaningful 'average' to compare two companies which are each rated at 0 to 5 for their environmental sustainability, and are rated at 0 to 100 for their financial viability. If an arithmetic mean were used instead of a geometric mean, the financial viability is given more weight because its numeric range is larger - so a small percentage change in the financial rating (e.g. going from 80 to 90) makes a much larger difference in the arithmetic mean than a large percentage change in environmental sustainability (e.g. going from 2 to 5).

mean
type: Class
subclass of: expression
subclass of: statistical measure
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has observed value
  some values from: StructuredCollection
definition: most common measure of central tendency; the average of a set of numbers
adapted from: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/edu/power-pouvoir/glossary-glossaire/5214842-eng.htm#m
adapted from: https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp
adapted from: https://www.census.gov/glossary/#term_Mean
explanatory note: When unqualified, the mean usually refers to the expectation of a variate, or to the arithmetic mean of a sample used as an estimate of the expectation.
symbol: μ
synonym: expected value
synonym: first (raw) moment

measure
type: Class
subclass of: Reference
definition: amount or degree of something; the dimensions, capacity, or amount of something ascertained by measuring
adapted from: https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp
explanatory note: Measure refers to the phenomenon or phenomena to be measured in a data set. In a data set, the instance of a measure is often called an observation.

median
type: Class
subclass of: expression
subclass of: statistical measure
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has observed value
  some values from: StructuredCollection
definition: value of the variate dividing the total frequency of a data sample, population, or probability distribution, into two halves
adapted from: https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp
adapted from: https://www.census.gov/glossary/#term_Median
explanatory note: The basic advantage of the median in describing data compared to the mean is that it is not skewed by extremely large or small values, and may provide a better idea of a 'typical' value.
explanatory note: This measure represents the middle value (if n is odd) or the average of the two middle values (if n is even) in an ordered list of data values. The median divides the total frequency distribution into two equal parts: one-half of the cases fall below the median and one-half of the cases exceed the median.

median absolute deviation
type: Class
subclass of: dispersion
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has argument
  some values from: median
definition: median of the absolute deviations of observations from the average which may be the arithmetic mean, the median or the mode

numeric index value
type: Class
subclass of: QuantityValue
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is value of
  on class: scoped measure
  min qualified cardinality: 0
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has measurement date time
  min qualified cardinality: 0
  on data range: CombinedDateTime
definition: numeric value of some aggregate relative to the value of that aggregate as of some date
adapted from: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/edu/power-pouvoir/glossary-glossaire/5214842-eng.htm#i
explanatory note: A mathematical device or number which is used to express the observation (e.g., price level, volume of trade, relative amount etc.) of a given period, in comparison with that of a prior period.

percentage
type: Class
subclass of: ratio value
definition: ratio value expressed as a fraction of 100, i.e., in which the denominator is fixed rather than variable and equal to 100
explanatory note: The percent value is computed by multiplying the numeric value of the ratio by 100.
explanatory note: While many percentage values are between 0 and 100, there is no mathematical restriction and percentages may take on other values (positive or negative), particularly in the case of comparisons (percent change).

qualified measure
type: Class
subclass of: statistical measure
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has anchor date
  on class: ExplicitDate
  min qualified cardinality: 0
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is calculated via methodology
  min qualified cardinality: 0
  on data range: Datatype
    union of: string
    union of: anyURI
definition: statistical measure that is constrained by features, quantity kinds or units that refine how it is calculated

ratio
type: Class
subclass of: expression
subclass of: statistical measure
definition: proportional relationship between two different numbers or quantities, or in mathematics a quotient of two numbers or expressions, arrived at by dividing one by the other
adapted from: https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp
adapted from: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/edu/power-pouvoir/glossary-glossaire/5214842-eng.htm#r.
explanatory note: A ratio is a quantity measured with respect to some other quantity.
synonym: rate

ratio value
type: Class
subclass of: QuantityValue
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has argument
  on class: variable
  qualified cardinality: 2
definition: proportional relationship specifically between two different quantity values that gives rise to a datum of a specific quantity type

sampling variance
type: Class
subclass of: variance
definition: measure of the extent to which the estimate of a characteristic from different possible samples of the same size and the same design differ from one another
adapted from: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/12-587-x/12-587-x2003001-eng.pdf
adapted from: https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp
explanatory note: The word 'sampling' can usually be omitted, as being defined by the context or otherwise understood. The sampling variance of a statistic is the square of its standard error.

scoped measure
type: Class
subclass of: qualified measure
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has periodicity
  all values from: RecurrenceInterval
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: appliesTo
  on class: finite population
  min qualified cardinality: 0
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasCoverageArea
  on class: statistical area
  min qualified cardinality: 0
definition: qualified measure that is constrained by filters on the statistical population to which it applies
explanatory note: Note that (1) the anchor date reflects the start of the current series, such as 1982-1984 for the CPI, (2) the fixed comparative date might be something like March 2009, if one is comparing a current index against its value at the end of the great recession, (3) the relative comparative date might be something like a month or year ago, depending on the analysis requirements, and (4) the relative comparative period might be a 3 month average prior value, again depending on the analysis requirements.

standard deviation
type: Class
subclass of: dispersion
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has argument
  some values from: Class
    union of: mean
    union of: variance
definition: square root of variance that measures the spread or dispersion around the mean of a data set
abbreviation: SD
adapted from: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/edu/power-pouvoir/glossary-glossaire/5214842-eng.htm#s
adapted from: https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp
adapted from: https://www.census.gov/glossary/#term_Standarddeviation
explanatory note: The most widely used measure of dispersion of a frequency distribution introduced by K. Pearson (1893). It is equal to the positive square root of the variance. The standard deviation should not be confused with the root mean square deviation.
explanatory note: While standard deviation is the most widely-used measure of spread, using squared deviations, it may not be the most robust.
symbol: σ

statistical area
type: Class
subclass of: GeographicRegion
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: isIdentifiedBy
  some values from: statistical area identifier
definition: physical location that is defined per some program for designating geographic regions for the purposes of tabulating and presenting statistical data
adapted from: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and Statistics Canada reference definitions - https://wiki.edmcouncil.org/display/IND/Statistics+Canada+Census+Information
adapted from: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and Statistics Canada reference definitions - https://wiki.edmcouncil.org/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=6358041
adapted from: gqsf.pdf

statistical area identifier
type: Class
subclass of: Identifier
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: identifies
  on class: statistical area
  qualified cardinality: 1
definition: identifier for a physical location that is defined per a nationally consistent program for designating geographic regions for the purposes of tabulating and presenting statistical data
adapted from: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and Statistics Canada reference definitions - https://wiki.edmcouncil.org/display/IND/Statistics+Canada+Census+Information
adapted from: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and Statistics Canada reference definitions - https://wiki.edmcouncil.org/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=6358041
adapted from: gqsf.pdf

statistical measure
type: Class
subclass of: measure
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: isCharacterizedBy
  on class: aspect
  min qualified cardinality: 0
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is estimate
  on data range: boolean
  qualified cardinality: 1
definition: summary (means, mode, total, index, etc.) of the individual quantitative variable values for the statistical units in a specific group (study domain)
adapted from: http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp
explanatory note: Statistical measures may consist of several orthogonal characteristics, including (a) whether they reflect an estimate or variable, (b) the datatype, or from a FIBO perspective, nature of the measure (e.g., index, total, ratio, percent, percent change, mean, others), (c) the population (or the universe that applies to the highest level if defined in general) to which the measure applies, and (d) any relevant aspects used to subset or stratify a measure, (i.e., make them apply to a smaller universe).

statistical population
type: Class
subclass of: finite population
subclass of: statistical universe
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has population size
  all values from: nonNegativeInteger
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: isCharacterizedBy
  some values from: ExplicitDatePeriod
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: isCharacterizedBy
  some values from: statistical area
definition: statistical universe filtered by time and region
adapted from: http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp
explanatory note: A common aim of statistical analysis is to produce information about some chosen population. In statistical inference, a subset of the population (a statistical sample) is chosen to represent the population in a statistical analysis. If a sample is chosen properly, characteristics of the entire population that the sample is drawn from can be estimated from corresponding characteristics of the sample.

statistical program
type: Class
subclass of: Program
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasCoverageArea
  some values from: statistical area
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: appliesTo
  some values from: statistical universe
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: provides
  some values from: statistical measure
definition: program that presents a detailed investigation and analysis of a subject or situation involving one or more studies or surveys

statistical universe
type: Class
subclass of: Collection
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has universe size
  all values from: nonNegativeInteger
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasContext
  some values from: statistical program
definition: collection representing the total membership, or 'universe', of people, resources, products, services, events, or entities of interest for some question, experiment, survey or statistical program
example: A statistical universe can be a group of actually existing objects (e.g. the set of all stars within the Milky Way galaxy) or a hypothetical and potentially infinite group of objects conceived as a generalization from experience (e.g. the set of all possible hands in a game of poker).
adapted from: http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp

total
type: Class
subclass of: expression
subclass of: statistical measure
definition: sum of the values for some characteristic of all units

variable
type: Class
subclass of: Reference
definition: symbol that represents a parameter in a formula or expression

variance
type: Class
subclass of: dispersion
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has argument
  some values from: mean
definition: measure of spread, calculated as the average squared deviation of each number from the mean of a data set
adapted from: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/edu/power-pouvoir/glossary-glossaire/5214842-eng.htm#v
symbol: μ2
symbol: σ2
synonym: second moment

weighting function
type: Class
subclass of: expression
subclass of: statistical measure
definition: expression or function that determines the relative importance or influence of a given element of a set with respect to the whole
example: Given a sample size of 1000, and a population of 300M, then the chance that any individual is selected is 1 in 300K. In that case, 300K is the weight assigned to each of the elements in the sample. For certain indices, one of the most common weighting factor is by market capitalization. In that case, each of the elements in the basket is multiplied by its market cap to determine its relative importance to the basket overall.
explanatory note: With respect to discrete calculations, weighting functions are positive functions defined on discrete sets, such as weighted sums and weighted averages.

actual expression
type: AnnotationProperty
range: string
definition: specifies the calculation or expression used to determine the value of something
explanatory note: In cases where some expression can only be calculated in SPARQL or via rules, this property is useful for stating what that calculation should be using the input arguments to the expression.

has anchor date
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasExplicitDate
range: ExplicitDate
definition: specifies the base date against which the value of a numeric index for a more recent date is compared (i.e., the starting point from which it stems)

has applicable date period
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasDatePeriod
domain: statistical measure
range: DatePeriod
definition: indicates the date period for which the statistical measure is applicable

has argument
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has
range: variable
definition: indicates a specific input to a function, formula or expression, also known as an independent variable
synonym: has independent variable

has expression
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has
domain: Reference
range: expression
definition: specifies a mathematical or other formal expression, which may be part of a formula

has fixed comparative date
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasExplicitDate
range: ExplicitDate
definition: specifies the a specific date, such as the end of the last recession (e.g., March 2009) against which the scoped measure is compared

has formula
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has
range: formula
definition: specifies a concise way of expressing information symbolically, as in a mathematical or chemical formula

has measurement date time
type: DatatypeProperty
range: CombinedDateTime
definition: indicates the date and time that the measurement was taken

has measurement period in months
type: DatatypeProperty
range: integer
definition: indicates the coverage period for which the measure is applicable expressed in months

has minuend
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has argument
domain: difference
definition: specifies the quantity value from which something is subtracted; the value that is diminished

has number of entries
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasCount
range: nonNegativeInteger
definition: indicates the number of elements in some document, table, or other resource (e.g., in a report, table)

has observed value
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has argument
range: StructuredCollection
definition: specifies a collection of values over which some analysis is performed
explanatory note: For certain calculations, such as certain measures of dispersion, date value pairs are expected as input, in other words, a dated structured collection.

has periodicity
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasRecurrenceInterval
range: RecurrenceInterval
definition: specifies a recurrence interval (monthly, quarterly, annual) that a statistical measure reflects

has population size
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasCollectionSize
range: nonNegativeInteger
definition: indicates the number of elements in a given population

has reference period
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasRecurrenceInterval
range: RecurrenceInterval
definition: specifies a reference (baseline) recurrence interval for which a given measure applies

has relative comparative date
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasDate
range: RelativeDate
definition: specifies a date against which the value of a scoped measure is compared (e.g., one month prior, three months prior, etc., and typically against a prior release or average over prior releases)

has relative comparative period
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasDatePeriod
range: DatePeriod
definition: specifies a period (typically a prior period) against which the scoped measure is compared, such as an average set of values for some period of time compared with a more recent or projected average for a forward looking period of time

has release date
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasDate
range: Date
definition: specifies the date on which something is published
explanatory note: A release date is typically a date fixed in advance for the release of a film, recording, document, report, or product or publication.

has release date and time
type: DatatypeProperty
range: CombinedDateTime
definition: specifies the date and time on which something is published

has subtrahend
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has argument
domain: difference
definition: specifies the quantity value that is subtracted from something

has universe size
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasCollectionSize
range: nonNegativeInteger
definition: indicates the number of elements in a given universe

has weight
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasNumericValue
range: decimal
definition: indicates an amount given to increase or decrease the importance of an item

is calculated via methodology
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: statistical measure
definition: high-level description of the approach taken to obtain the result

is estimate
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: statistical measure
range: boolean
definition: indicates whether the measure reflects an estimate (approximation) or not

is value of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: appliesTo
domain: QuantityValue
definition: is the measure that the value represents