@prefix rdf: . @prefix : . @prefix dc: . @prefix owl: . @prefix xml: . @prefix xsd: . @prefix bibo: . @prefix foaf: . @prefix rdfs: . @prefix vann: . @prefix terms: . terms:bibliographicCitation a owl:AnnotationProperty . terms:contributor a owl:AnnotationProperty . terms:created a owl:AnnotationProperty . terms:creator a owl:AnnotationProperty . terms:date a owl:DatatypeProperty . terms:description a owl:AnnotationProperty . terms:issued a owl:AnnotationProperty . terms:license a owl:AnnotationProperty . terms:modified a owl:AnnotationProperty . terms:publisher a owl:AnnotationProperty . terms:source a owl:AnnotationProperty . terms:title a owl:AnnotationProperty . bibo:doi a owl:AnnotationProperty . bibo:status a owl:AnnotationProperty . vann:preferredNamespacePrefix a owl:AnnotationProperty . vann:preferredNamespaceUri a owl:AnnotationProperty . xsd:date a rdfs:Datatype . a owl:Class . a owl:Class . a owl:Class . a owl:ObjectProperty . a owl:ObjectProperty . a owl:ObjectProperty . a owl:ObjectProperty . a owl:DatatypeProperty . foaf:logo a owl:AnnotationProperty . terms:bibliographicCitation "Delaram Golpayegani, Harshvardhan J. Pandit, and Dave Lewis. AIRO: An ontology for representing AI risks based on the proposed EU AI Act and ISO risk management standards. Towards a Knowledge-Aware AI. IOS Press, 2022. 51-65." ; terms:contributor "Dave Lewis", "Harshvardhan J. Pandit" ; terms:created "2021-09-01"^^xsd:date ; terms:creator "Delaram Golpayegani" ; terms:description "AIRO represents AI risk concepts and relations based on the EU AI Act and ISO/IEC AI and risk management standards."@en ; terms:issued "2023-01-01"^^xsd:date ; terms:license ; terms:modified "2024-05-25"^^xsd:date ; terms:publisher "ADAPT Centre, Trinity College Dublin" ; terms:source "EU AI Act"@en, "ISO 31000 series"@en ; terms:title "AIRO" ; bibo:doi "10.5281/zenodo.10894750"@en ; bibo:status "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/status/published" ; vann:preferredNamespacePrefix "airo" ; vann:preferredNamespaceUri "https://w3id.org/airo#" ; a owl:Ontology ; rdfs:label "AI Risk Ontology"@en ; owl:versionIRI ; owl:versionInfo "1.0"@en ; foaf:logo . :AICapability a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "The capability of an AI system that enables realisation of the system's purposes."@en ; rdfs:label "AI Capability"@en . :AIComponent terms:source "ISO/IEC 22989, 3.1.2"@en ; a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Functional element that constructs an AI system."@en ; rdfs:label "AI Component"@en . :AIDeployer terms:source "EU AI Act, Article 3(4)"@en ; a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Any natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body using an AI system under its authority except where the AI system is used in the course of a personal non-professional activity."@en ; rdfs:label "AI Deployer"@en ; rdfs:subClassOf :AIOperator . :AIDeveloper terms:source "ISO/IEC 22989, 5.19.3.2"@en ; a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "An organisation or entity that is concerned with the development of AI services and products."@en ; rdfs:label "AI Developer"@en ; rdfs:subClassOf :Stakeholder . :AILifecyclePhase a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "A Phase of AI lifecycle which indicates evolution of the system from conception through retirement."@en ; rdfs:label "AI Lifecycle Phase"@en . :AIModel terms:source "ISO/IEC TR 24028, 3.24"@en ; a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Mathematical construct that generates an inference or prediction, based on input data."@en ; rdfs:label "AI Model"@en ; rdfs:subClassOf :AIComponent . :AIOperator terms:source "EU AI Act, Article 3(8)"@en ; a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Refers to a provider, product manufacturer, deployer, authorised representative, importer or distributor."@en ; rdfs:label "AI Operator"@en ; rdfs:subClassOf :Stakeholder . :AIProvider terms:source "EU AI Act, Article 3(3)"@en ; a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "A natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body that develops an AI system or a general-purpose AI model or that has an AI system or a general-purpose AI model developed and places it on the market or puts the AI system into service under its own name or trademark, whether for payment or free of charge."@en ; rdfs:label "AI Provider"@en ; rdfs:subClassOf :AIOperator . :AISubject a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "An entity that is subject to or impacted by the use of AI."@en ; rdfs:label "AI Subject"@en ; rdfs:subClassOf :Stakeholder . :AISystem terms:source "EU AI Act, Article 3(1)"@en ; a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "A machine-based system that is designed to operate with varying levels of autonomy and that may exhibit adaptiveness after deployment, and that, for explicit or implicit objectives, infers, from the input it receives, how to generate outputs such as predictions, content, recommendations, or decisions that can influence physical or virtual environments."@en ; rdfs:label "AI System"@en . :AITechnique a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Approaches or techniques used in development of a system."@en ; rdfs:label "AI Technique"@en . :AIUser terms:source "ISO/IEC TR 24028, 3.37"@en ; a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Individual or group that interacts with a system."@en ; rdfs:label "AI User"@en ; rdfs:subClassOf :Stakeholder . :AreaOfImpact a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Areas or aspects impacted by an AI system, e.g. physical health, right to privacy."@en ; rdfs:label "Area Of Impact"@en . :AutomationLevel a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Refers to the degree of automation under which an AI system operates."@en ; rdfs:label "Automation Level"@en . :Change a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "An alternation in an entity."@en ; rdfs:label "Change"@en . :CodeOfConduct a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "A non-binding set of norms and responsibilities."@en ; rdfs:label "Code Of Conduct"@en . :Consequence terms:source "ISO 31000, 3.6 [with modifications]"@en, "ISO 31073:2022, 3.3.18 [with modifications]"@en ; a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Direct outcome of risk affecting objectives."@en ; rdfs:label "Consequence"@en ; rdfs:subClassOf :RiskConcept . :Data a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Refers to dataset and the broad concept of data"@en ; rdfs:label "Data"@en ; rdfs:subClassOf :AIComponent, , . :Documentation a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Refers to documeneted information."@en ; rdfs:label "Documentation"@en . :Domain a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "An area, sector, or industry that is associated with economic activities."@en ; rdfs:label "Domain"@en . :Frequency terms:source "ISO 31073:2022, 3.3.20"@en ; a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Number of events or outcomes per defined unit of time."@en ; rdfs:label "Frequency"@en . :GPAIModel terms:source "EU AI Act, Article 3(63)"@en ; a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "An AI model, including where such an AI model is trained with a large amount of data using self-supervision at scale, that displays significant generality and is capable of competently performing a wide range of distinct tasks regardless of the way the model is placed on the market and that can be integrated into a variety of downstream systems or applications."@en ; rdfs:label "General Purpose AI Model"@en ; rdfs:subClassOf :AIModel . :HardwarePlatform a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "The hardware on which the system is run." ; rdfs:label "Hardware Platform" . :Hazard terms:source "ISO 31073:2022, 3.3.12"@en ; a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Source of potential harm."@en ; rdfs:label "Hazard"@en ; rdfs:subClassOf :RiskSource . :HumanInvolvement a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Indicates involvement of humans."@en ; rdfs:label "Human Involvement"@en . :Impact a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "The outcome of a consequence on individuals, groups, society, environment, etc."@en ; rdfs:label "Impact"@en ; rdfs:subClassOf :Consequence . :Input a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Input for which the system or component generates output."@en ; rdfs:label "Input"@en . :License a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Represents a copyright license."@en ; rdfs:label "License"@en . :Likelihood terms:source "ISO 31073:2022, 3.3.16"@en ; a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Chance of something happening."@en ; rdfs:label "Likelihood"@en . :LocalityOfUse a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "The area, e.g. facility or institution, in which an entity is used."@en ; rdfs:label "Locality Of Use"@en . :Misuse a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "The use of an AI system or component in a way that is not in accordance with its intended purpose."@en ; rdfs:label "Misuse"@en ; rdfs:subClassOf :Risk . :Modality a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "The form in which the system exists or is represented."@en ; rdfs:label "Modality"@en . :ModeOfOutputControllability a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "The level of control over AI outputs exercised by humans."@en ; rdfs:label "Mode Of Output Controllability"@en . :Output a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Output generated by the system."@en ; rdfs:label "Output"@en . :Purpose a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "The end goal for which an entity is used or an action is taken."@en ; rdfs:label "Purpose"@en . :Regulation a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "A binding legislative act."@en ; rdfs:label "Regulation"@en . :Risk a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "the state of uncertainty associated with an AI system, that has the potential to cause harms and is expressed in terms of risk sources, consequences, impacts, likelihood, and severity"@en ; rdfs:label "Risk"@en ; rdfs:subClassOf :RiskConcept . :RiskConcept a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "An umbrella term for refering to risk, risk source, consequence and impact."@en ; rdfs:label "Risk Concept"@en . :RiskControl terms:source "ISO/IEC 31073, 3.3.33 (with expansion of scope)" ; a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "A measure that maintains and/or modifies risk (and risk concepts)."@en ; rdfs:label "Risk Control"@en . :RiskSource terms:source "ISO 31073:2022, 3.3.10" ; a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "An element which alone or in combination has the potential to give rise to risk."@en ; rdfs:label "Risk Source"@en ; rdfs:subClassOf :RiskConcept . :Severity a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Indicates the level of severity."@en ; rdfs:label "Severity"@en . :Stakeholder a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Represents any individual, group or organization that can affect, be affected by or perceive itself to be affected by a decision or activity."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "ISO/IEC 22989, 3.5.13"@en ; rdfs:label "Stakeholder"@en . :Standard terms:source "Regulation (EU) No 1025/2012 on European standardisation" ; a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "A technical specification, adopted by a recognised standardisation body, for repeated or continuous application, with which compliance is not compulsory."@en ; rdfs:label "Standard"@en . :Threat terms:source "ISO 31073:2022, 3.3.13"@en ; a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Potential source of danger, harm, or other undesirable outcome."@en ; rdfs:label "Threat"@en ; rdfs:subClassOf :RiskSource . :Version a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "A unique number or name that is assigned to a unique state of an AI system."@en ; rdfs:label "Version"@en . :Vulnerability terms:source "ISO 31073:2022, 3.3.21 with modifications"@en ; a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Refers to properties of an entity, e.g. AI system or AI component, resulting in susceptibility to a risk source"@en ; rdfs:label "Vulnerability"@en . :compliesWithRegulation a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates compliance with a specific regulation."@en ; rdfs:label "complies with regulation"@en ; rdfs:range :Regulation . :conformsToStandard a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates conformance of an entity to a standard."@en ; rdfs:label "conforms to standard"@en ; rdfs:range :Standard . :detectsRiskConcept a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates the control used for detecting risks, risk sources, consequences, and impacts."@en ; rdfs:domain :RiskControl ; rdfs:label "detects risk concept"@en ; rdfs:range :RiskConcept ; rdfs:subPropertyOf :modifiesRiskConcept . :eliminatesRiskConcept a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates the control used for eliminating risks, risk sources, consequences, and impacts."@en ; rdfs:domain :RiskControl ; rdfs:label "eliminates risk concept"@en ; rdfs:range :RiskConcept ; rdfs:subPropertyOf :modifiesRiskConcept . :exploitsVulnerability a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates vulnerabilities exploited by a risk source."@en ; rdfs:domain :RiskSource ; rdfs:label "exploits vulnerability"@en ; rdfs:range :Vulnerability . :followsCodeOfConduct a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates the code of conduct followed."@en ; rdfs:label "follows code of conduct"@en ; rdfs:range :CodeOfConduct . :hasAISubject a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates the AI subject of an AI system."@en ; rdfs:domain :AISystem ; rdfs:label "has AI subject"@en ; rdfs:range :AISubject . :hasAIUser a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicate the end-user of an AI system."@en ; rdfs:domain :AISystem ; rdfs:label "has AI user"@en ; rdfs:range :AIUser . :hasAutomationLevel a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates the system's level of automation."@en ; rdfs:domain :AISystem ; rdfs:label "has automation level"@en ; rdfs:range :AutomationLevel . :hasCapability a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Specifies capabilities implemented within an AI system to materialise its purposes."@en ; rdfs:domain [ a owl:Class ; owl:unionOf (:AIComponent :AISystem ) ] ; rdfs:label "has capability"@en ; rdfs:range :AICapability . :hasChangedEntity a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates the entity that is being changed."@en ; rdfs:domain :Change ; rdfs:label "has changed entity"@en . :hasComponent a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates a component incorporating an AI system or another component."@en ; rdfs:label "has component"@en ; rdfs:range :AIComponent . :hasConsequence a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Specifies consequences caused by materialisation of a risk."@en ; rdfs:domain :Risk ; rdfs:label "has consequence" ; rdfs:range :Consequence . :hasControlOverAIOutput a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates the level of control a stakeholder has over outputs produced by an AI system."@en ; rdfs:domain :Stakeholder ; rdfs:label "has control over AI output"@en ; rdfs:range :ModeOfOutputControllability . :hasDocumentation a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates documentation associated with an entity, e.g. AI model, AI system."@en ; rdfs:label "has documentation"@en ; rdfs:range :Documentation . :hasFrequency a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates frequency of an event, e.g. change."@en ; rdfs:label "has frequency"@en ; rdfs:range :Frequency . :hasHumanInvolvement a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates the type involvement of a human."@en ; rdfs:domain :Stakeholder ; rdfs:label "has human involvement"@en ; rdfs:range :HumanInvolvement . :hasImpact a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Specifies the impact caused by materialisation of a consequence."@en ; rdfs:domain :Consequence ; rdfs:label "has impact"@en ; rdfs:range :Impact . :hasImpactOnArea a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Specifies the area (e.g. physical health) that is impacted by an AI system or component." ; rdfs:domain :Impact ; rdfs:label "has impact on area"@en ; rdfs:range :AreaOfImpact . :hasImpactOnEntity a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates entities, e.g. environment, impacted by AI systems."@en ; rdfs:label "has impact on entity"@en . :hasImpactOnStakeholder a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates the people that are (negatively) impacted by an AI system or component."@en ; rdfs:domain :Impact ; rdfs:label "has impact on stakeholder"@en ; rdfs:range :Stakeholder ; rdfs:subPropertyOf :hasImpactOnEntity . :hasInput a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates the input an AI system or componet need to process to generate output."@en ; rdfs:domain [ a owl:Class ; owl:unionOf (:AIComponent :AISystem ) ] ; rdfs:label "has input"@en ; rdfs:range :Input . :hasLicense a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates licenses associated with a resource."@en ; rdfs:label "has license"@en ; rdfs:range :License . :hasLifecyclePhase a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates the lifecycle phase of the AI system or component."@en ; rdfs:domain [ a owl:Class ; owl:unionOf (:AIComponent :AISystem ) ] ; rdfs:label "has lifecycle phase"@en ; rdfs:range :AILifecyclePhase . :hasLikelihood a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates the probability of occurrence of risks, risk sources, consequences, or impacts."@en ; rdfs:domain :RiskConcept ; rdfs:label "has likelihood"@en ; rdfs:range :Likelihood . :hasModality a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates the modality in which an entity exists."@en ; rdfs:label "has modality"@en ; rdfs:range :Modality . :hasModel a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates machine learning models used with a system or component."@en ; rdfs:label "has model"@en ; rdfs:range :AIModel ; rdfs:subPropertyOf :hasComponent . :hasPreDeterminedChange a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates the changes that are planned to be applied to the system, components, or context of use."@en ; rdfs:label "has pre-determined change"@en ; rdfs:range :Change . :hasPurpose a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates the purpose of an entity, e.g. AI system, components."@en ; rdfs:label "has purpose"@en ; rdfs:range :Purpose . :hasResidualRisk a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates the residual risk"@en, "has residual risk"@en ; rdfs:domain :Risk ; rdfs:range :Risk . :hasRisk a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates risks associated with an AI system, an AI component, etc."@en ; rdfs:label "has risk"@en ; rdfs:range :Risk . :hasRiskControl a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates the control measures associated with a system or component to modify risks."@en ; rdfs:label "has risk control"@en ; rdfs:range :RiskControl . :hasSeverity a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates severity of a consequence or an impact."@en ; rdfs:domain [ a owl:Class ; owl:unionOf (:Consequence :Impact ) ] ; rdfs:label "has severity"@en ; rdfs:range :Severity . :hasStakeholder a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates stakeholders of an AI system or component."@en ; rdfs:domain [ a owl:Class ; owl:unionOf (:AIComponent :AISystem ) ] ; rdfs:label "has stakeholder"@en ; rdfs:range :Stakeholder . :hasTestingData a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates datasets used for testing."@en ; rdfs:label "has testing data"@en ; rdfs:range :Data ; rdfs:subPropertyOf :hasComponent . :hasTrainingData a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates datasets used in training."@en ; rdfs:label "has training data"@en ; rdfs:range :Data ; rdfs:subPropertyOf :hasComponent . :hasValidationData a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates datasets used for validation."@en ; rdfs:label "has validation data"@en ; rdfs:range :Data ; rdfs:subPropertyOf :hasComponent . :hasVersion a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates the version of an entity."@en ; rdfs:label "has version"@en ; rdfs:range :Version . :hasVulnerability a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates vulnerabilities associated with an entity, e.g. AI system and its components."@en ; rdfs:label "has vulnerability"@en ; rdfs:range :Vulnerability . :isAppliedWithinDomain a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Specifies the domain an AI system or component is used within."@en ; rdfs:domain [ a owl:Class ; owl:unionOf (:AIComponent :AISystem ) ] ; rdfs:label "is applied within domain"@en ; rdfs:range :Domain . :isDeployedBy a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates the deployer of an AI system or component."@en ; rdfs:domain [ a owl:Class ; owl:unionOf (:AIComponent :AISystem ) ] ; rdfs:label "is deployed by"@en ; rdfs:range :AIDeployer . :isDevelopedBy a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates the developer of a system or component."@en ; rdfs:domain [ a owl:Class ; owl:unionOf (:AIComponent :AISystem ) ] ; rdfs:label "is developed by"@en ; rdfs:range :AIDeveloper . :isFollowedByControl a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Specifies the order of controls."@en ; rdfs:domain :RiskControl ; rdfs:label "is followed by control"@en ; rdfs:range :RiskControl . :isPartOfControl a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Specifies composition of controls"@en ; rdfs:domain :RiskControl ; rdfs:label "is part of control"@en ; rdfs:range :RiskControl . :isProvidedBy a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates the provider of an AI system or component."@en ; rdfs:domain [ a owl:Class ; owl:unionOf (:AIComponent :AISystem :Input ) ] ; rdfs:label "is provided by"@en ; rdfs:range :AIProvider . :isRiskSourceFor a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Specifies risks caused by materialisation of a risk source."@en ; rdfs:domain :RiskSource ; rdfs:label "is risk source for"@en ; rdfs:range :Risk . :isUsedWithinLocality a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates the locality of use."@en ; rdfs:domain [ a owl:Class ; owl:unionOf (:AIComponent :AISystem ) ] ; rdfs:label "is used within locality"@en ; rdfs:range :LocalityOfUse . :mitigatesRiskConcept a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates the control used for mitigating risks, risk sources, consequences, and impacts."@en ; rdfs:domain :RiskControl ; rdfs:label "mitigates risk concept"@en ; rdfs:range :RiskConcept ; rdfs:subPropertyOf :modifiesRiskConcept . :modifiesRiskConcept a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates the control employed to modify risks, risk sources, consequences, and impacts."@en ; rdfs:domain :RiskControl ; rdfs:label "modifies risk concept"@en ; rdfs:range :RiskConcept . :producesOutput a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Specifies an output generated by an AI system or component."@en ; rdfs:domain [ a owl:Class ; owl:unionOf (:AIComponent :AISystem ) ] ; rdfs:label "produces output"@en ; rdfs:range :Output . :runsOnHardware a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates the hardware on which the system runs."@en ; rdfs:domain :AISystem ; rdfs:label "runs on hardware"@en ; rdfs:range :HardwarePlatform . :usesTechnique a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Indicates the AI techniques used in an AI system or component."@en ; rdfs:domain [ a owl:Class ; owl:unionOf (:AIComponent :AISystem ) ] ; rdfs:label "uses technique"@en ; rdfs:range :AITechnique . a owl:Class . a owl:Class . a owl:Class . a owl:Class . a owl:Class . a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf . a owl:ObjectProperty . a owl:ObjectProperty . a owl:ObjectProperty . a owl:ObjectProperty . a owl:ObjectProperty . a owl:Class .